Creator: Dr. Mohammed hutaif
Published: 2026-04-12T14:35:52.093570+00:00

Index

A Abbott and Carpenter technique, for knee exposure, 51–52, 53f Abbott and Gill technique, for physeal exposure at knee, 1147–1148, 1147f Abbott and Lucas technique, for shoulder exposure, 99–100, 99f, 100f Abbott et al. technique, for hip arthrodesis, 200–201 Abdominal ﬂ ap, 3840–3845 for adducted thumb reconstruction, 4425, 4425f axial pattern, 3826, 3842–3843, 3843f hypogastric, 3844–3845, 3844f random pattern, 3826, 3841–3842, 3841f, 3842f Abduction (valgus) stress test, for knee ligament injury, 2439, 2439f Abductor digiti minimi, testing of, 3983, 3983f Abductor digiti minimi opponensplasty, 4387, 4389, 4389f, 4390f Abductor digiti quinti opponensplasty, 4428 Abductor digiti quinti transfer, for pinch restoration, 4133, 4135f Abductor pollicis longus tendon anatomy of, 4299, 4300f stenosing tenosynovitis of. See de Quervain disease transfer of, for index ﬁ nger abduction, 4139, 4139f Abnormal illness behavior, 2218–2223, 2218t Abraham and Pankovich technique, for Achilles tendon repair, 2755–2756, 2756f Abraham et al. technique, for extracapsular base-of-neck osteotomy, 1644–1646, 1644f, 1645f

Abrasion chondroplasty for knee cartilage injury, 2554–2555, 2554t for knee osteoarthritis, 1002 Abscess. See also Infection actinomycotic, 765 Brodie, 701–702, 702f cervical, 2252–2253 débridement and arthrodesis for, 2258–2264, 2259f, 2260f drainage for, 2254–2255, 2254f collar button, 4350, 4350f digital pulp, 4348–4349, 4349f epidural, 2240, 2241f, 2248 ﬁ ngernail, 4347–4348, 4347f, 4348f in HIV infection, 687 magnetic resonance imaging of, 682– 683, 682f metaphyseal, 696, 696f. See also Osteomyelitis midpalmar, 4350–4351, 4351f, 4352f paraspinal, 2243 paravertebral, 2240, 2241f, 2256– 2258, 2257f pelvic coccygectomy for, 2258 computed tomography of, 680, 680f septic arthritis and, 737–738 posterior triangle of neck, 2254 psoas, 764, 2256–2258, 2257f retropharyngeal, 2254–2255, 2254f spinal, 2243. See also Spinal infection anterolateral decompression for, 2265–2267, 2266f brucellosis and, 764 costotransversectomy for, 2255– 2256, 2255f, 2256f débridement and arthrodesis for, 2258–2264, 2259f, 2260f dorsolateral approach to, 2264– 2265, 2265f drainage of, 2254–2258, 2254f, 2255f, 2256f, 2257f

Abscess—cont’d spinal cord, 2248 subdural, 2248 subperiosteal, 696, 696f. See also Osteomyelitis thenar, 4350–4351, 4351f, 4352f tuberculous, 761 Abuse, child, fracture with, 1537–1538, 1537f Accessory navicular. See Navicular, accessory Acetabular labrum injury to, 2909–2911, 2910f magnetic resonance imaging of, 144 Acetabuloplasty for developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip, 1202, 1204t, 1207–1208, 1207f, 1208f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1266, 1268, 1269f Acetabulum anatomy of, 3311–3313, 3311f, 3312f, 3313f approach to, 75–89 anterior, 75–79, 76f–78f, 79f, 80f extensile Carnesale, 87–88, 88f–89f triradiate, 85–87, 85f–86f iliofemoral, 79, 80f extended, 81–85, 82f, 83f–84f ilioinguinal, 75–79, 76f–78f, 79f posterior, 79–81, 80f bipolar component removal from, 446, 447f cement removal from, 445–446 cementless component removal from, 446, 446f, 447f dome (roof) of, 3311, 3312f, 3313– 3314, 3316f dysplasia of, 1024–1029, 1026f osteotomy for, 1024–1029, 1027f, 1028f

Note: Page numbers followed by b refer to boxes; page numbers followed by f refer to ﬁ gures; page numbers followed by t refer to tables.

Vol. I: pages 1-1060; Vol. II: pages 1061-2350; Vol. III: pages 2351-3632; Vol. IV: pages 3633-4900

Acetabulum—cont’d fracture of, 3309–3334 alphanumerical classiﬁ cation of, 3316–3317, 3319f anatomy of, 3311–3313, 3311f, 3312f, 3313f anterior column, 3318f, 3325f, 3327, 3327f anterior column and posterior hemitransverse, 3318f, 3326f, 3329 anterior wall, 3318f, 3327 arthroplasty for, 382, 384, 384f, 3323, 3334, 3335f associated, 3316, 3318f both-column, 3316, 3317f, 3318f, 3320, 3321f, 3326f, 3329, 3332f central, 3310–3311, 3310f classiﬁ cation of, 3316–3317, 3318f closed reduction for, 3309–3310, 3311, 3320 incarcerated fragments after, 3322 compression boots in, 3334 computed tomography in, 3311, 3311f, 3313–3315, 3317f corona mortis artery in, 3312–3313, 3313f deep venous thrombosis and, 3334 gull sign in, 3322, 3322f heparin in, 3334 ilioischial line in, 3313, 3313f iliopectineal line in, 3313, 3313f, 3315f infection with, 3333 initial treatment of, 3309–3311 magnetic resonance venography in, 3334 Morel-Lavallée lesion in, 3321 nonoperative treatment of, 3318, 3320 nonunion of, 384, 3558 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3320 anterior column, 3325f, 3327, 3327f anterior column and posterior hemitransverse, 3326f, 3329 anterior wall, 3327 approach for, 3323 both-column, 3326f, 3329, 3332f care after, 3330 contraindications to, 3320–3322 deep venous thrombosis and, 3334 in elderly patients, 3320–3322 extensile approach for, 3323 heterotopic ossiﬁ cation and, 3333–3334, 3333f indications for, 3322–3323 infection and, 3333 instruments for, 3324, 3324f osteonecrosis and, 3333 osteoporosis and, 3320–3322

Acetabulum—cont’d fracture of—cont’d open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for—cont’d posterior column, 3324, 3325f, 3327, 3327f posterior column and posterior wall, 3328–3329, 3329f posterior wall, 3324, 3325f, 3326f pulmonary embolism and, 3334 results of, 3309, 3310f, 3324, 3330, 3333–3334, 3333f sciatic nerve injury and, 3333 T-shaped, 3325f, 3329, 3331f timing of, 3323 transverse, 3325f, 3327–3328, 3328f transverse and posterior wall, 3325f, 3329, 3330f osteonecrosis with, 3333 osteoporosis and, 3320–3322 pediatric, 1611–1613, 1613f, 1614f percutaneous ﬁ xation for, 3320, 3322f, 3323 periprosthetic, 411, 412f, 412t posterior column, 3318f, 3324, 3325f, 3327, 3327f posterior column and posterior wall, 3318f, 3328–3329, 3329f posterior wall, 3318f, 3320, 3324, 3325f, 3326f pulmonary embolism and, 3334 radiographic evaluation of, 3313– 3316, 3313f, 3314f, 3315f roof arc measurement in, 3314, 3316f, 3320 sciatic nerve injury with, 3312, 3312f, 3333 simple, 3316, 3318f soft-tissue lesions in, 3321 spring plates for, 3324, 3326f spur sign in, 3318f suprapubic catheter and, 3321 T-shaped, 3318f, 3325f, 3329, 3331f traction for, 3309–3310 transverse, 3318f, 3322f, 3325f, 3327–3328, 3328f transverse and posterior wall, 3318f, 3325f, 3329, 3330f type A, 3316–3317, 3319f type B, 3316–3317, 3319f type C, 3316–3317, 3319f iliopectineal eminence of, 3311, 3312f impaction grafting of, 372 metastatic carcinoma of, 927f neurovascular structures of, 3311– 3313, 3312f, 3313f osteolysis of, postarthroplasty, 429–430, 430f osteophytes of, 368–369, 369f, 403– 404, 404f Paget disease of, 388–389, 389f

Acetabulum—cont’d periprosthetic fracture of, 411, 412f, 412t polyethylene cup removal from, 444– 445, 445f postarthroplasty deﬁ ciency of, 446– 453, 447f, 448t cavitary, 447f, 448, 449f segmental, 447f, 448, 450–453, 450f, 451f, 452f prosthetic. See Hip arthroplasty, acetabular component for quadrants of, 347, 347f quadrilateral surface of, 3311, 3312f reaming of, 346–347, 346f resection of, 818, 819f shelf procedure for, 1203, 1204t, 1215–1217, 1216f, 1217f two-column structure of, 3311, 3311f Achilles tendon, 4822–4825 age-related changes in, 2748 anatomy of, 4822 calcaneal fracture and, 4833–4834, 4834f contracture of in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1506–1507, 1507f percutaneous release of, 1506–1507, 1507f débridement of, 2758–2759, 2758f, 4823–4824, 4824f inﬂ ammation/degeneration of, 2758– 2759, 2758f, 4822–4825 differential diagnosis of, 4822–4823 extracorporeal shock wave therapy for, 4822 ﬂ exor hallucis longus tendon transfer for, 4825, 4826f insertional, 4823–4824, 4824f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132 noninsertional, 4824–4825, 4826f nonoperative treatment of, 4822, 4823 topical glyceryl trinitrate for, 4822 lengthening of. See Achilles tendon lengthening in midfoot amputation, 587–588 percutaneous tendotomy of, for congenital clubfoot, 1084, 1086–1087, 1087f rupture of, 2748–2753 delayed repair of, 2753–2758, 2754f, 2755f, 2756f, 2757f diagnosis of, 2748 etiology of, 2748 magnetic resonance imaging of, 132, 133f neglected, 2753–2758, 2754f, 2755f, 2756f, 2757f Abraham and Pankovich technique for, 2755–2756, 2756f Bosworth technique for, 2755, 2755f

Vol. I: pages 1-1060; Vol. II: pages 1061-2350; Vol. III: pages 2351-3632; Vol. IV: pages 3633-4900

Achilles tendon—cont’d rupture of—cont’d neglected—cont’d Wapner et al. technique for, 2756–2758, 2756f White and Kraynick technique for, 2754–2755, 2754f nonoperative treatment of, 2748–2749 O’Brien needle test for, 2748 open repair for, 2748–2752, 2749f Krackow et al. technique of, 2750, 2750f Lindholm technique of, 2750– 2751, 2751f Lynn technique of, 2751–2752, 2751f Teuffer technique of, 2752, 2752f Turco and Spinella technique of, 2752, 2752f pathophysiology of, 2748 percutaneous repair of, 2753, 2753f rehabilitation after, 2749 Thompson squeeze test for, 2748 tenodesis of, 1407, 1407f, 1422–1423, 1422f, 1423f, 1461 vascular anatomy of, 4822 Achilles tendon graft, for patellar tendon reconstruction, 2762–2764, 2763f Achilles tendon lengthening for congenital clubfoot, 1093, 1093f for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1509 open, 1366–1367, 1367f percutaneous, 1368, 1368f Z -plasty, 1367–1368, 1367f Achondroplasia, kyphosis in, 2126, 2127f Acquired immunodeﬁ ciency syndrome. See Human immunodeﬁ ciency virus (HIV) infection Acrocephalopolysyndactyly, 4409 Acrocephalosyndactyly, 4368t, 4408– 4410, 4411f Acromioclavicular joint approach to, 92, 92f arthroscopic examination of, 2934 arthroscopic procedures on, 2988– 2990, 2989f dislocation of, 3586–3592 acromioclavicular ligament reconstruction for, 3610– 3611, 3611f acromioclavicular pin ﬁ xation for, 3589–3590, 3590f classiﬁ cation of, 3586–3587, 3587f clavicular resection for, 3610 clinical features of, 3587, 3588f coracoacromial ligament for, 3611– 3613, 3613f coracoclavicular screw ﬁ xation for, 3590–3591, 3591f

Acromioclavicular joint—cont’d dislocation of—cont’d coracoclavicular suture ﬁ xation for, 3590, 3591, 3592f coracoid transfer for, 3611, 3612f distal clavicular excision for, 3591– 3592, 3592f etiology of, 3586, 3586f nonoperative treatment of, 3587–3588 pediatric, 1601–1602, 1602f radiography of, 3587 severity of, 3586 unreduced (old), 3610–3613 acromioclavicular ligament reconstruction for, 3610– 3611, 3611f clavicular resection for, 3610 coracoacromial ligament for, 3611–3613, 3613f coracoid transfer for, 3611, 3612f septic arthritis of, 740 Acromioclavicular ligament reconstruction of, for chronic unreduced acromioclavicular dislocation, 3610–3611, 3611f rupture of, 3586 Acromioclavicular pin ﬁ xation, 3589– 3590, 3590f Acromion morphology of, 2610–2611, 2611f os acromiale, 2966–2968, 2966f, 2967f ossiﬁ cation of, 2966, 2966f Acromioplasty arthroscopic, 2966–2968, 2967f open, 2612–2614, 2612f, 2613f Acrosyndactyly, 4368t, 4403 Actinomycosis, 765 Adactyly. See Cleft foot; Cleft hand Adamantinoma, 915–916, 915f Adamkiewicz, artery of, 1734 Adams and Berger technique, for distal radioulnar ligament reconstruction, 4054–4057, 4054f–4055f Adduction (varus) stress test, for knee ligament injury, 2439, 2440f Adductor longus muscle, rupture of, 2772 Adductor tenotomy, for cerebral palsyrelated hip deformity, 1348– 1349, 1350f Adductor transfer, for hip subluxation/ dislocation, 1469–1471, 1470f Adhesions in ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3852, 3897– 3898, 3898f knee, 2892 Adhesive capsulitis, 2625–2627 arthroscopic release of, 2627 closed manipulation of, 2626–2627 diagnosis of, 2625 phases of, 2625–2626

Adipofascial turnover ﬂ ap, 643, 644f, 646, 3830, 3832, 3832f Adkins technique, for lumbar fusion, 1868–1869 Adolescent. See also Children aponeurotic ﬁ broma in, 4316, 4317f hallux valgus in. See Hallux valgus, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in, 990–992, 990b, 991f, 992b scoliosis in. See Scoliosis (idiopathic), adolescent Adult idiopathic scoliosis. See Scoliosis (idiopathic), adult Advanced Trauma Life Support system, 3024 Adventitious bursae, 973, 981 Agee technique for carpal tunnel release, 4292–4297, 4293f–4294f for proximal interphalangeal joint fracture reduction, 3960– 3962, 3961f Aggarwal and Singh technique, for intertrochanteric osteotomy, 3606–3607 Aglietti et al. technique, for supracondylar femoral osteotomy, 1015–1016, 1016f Aiche et al. technique, for buttonhole deformity, 3907, 3909f AIDS. See Human immunodeﬁ ciency virus (HIV) infection Akin osteotomy, 4522–4526, 4523f, 4524f, 4525f chevron osteotomy with, 4508–4509, 4509f Alar slope, 3357, 3359f Albert technique, for intramedullary hip screw nailing, 3254–3261, 3256f–3257f, 3259f–3260f Albumin, serum, in tumor, 777 Alcohol, for skin preparation, 9, 677, 677t Alcoholism, Dupuytren contracture in, 4277 Aldolase, in muscular dystrophy, 1501 All-inside technique, for arthroscopic meniscal tear repair, 2832– 2833, 2833t, 2840f, 2841–2842 Allen and Ferguson technique, for sacropelvic ﬁ xation, 2013– 2015, 2013f, 2014f, 2015f Allen test digital arteries, 4103, 4105f radial artery, 4103, 4104f ulnar artery, 4103, 4104f Allis maneuver, 3279f, 3289, 3582, 3583f Allomatrix, 17t Almquist et al. technique for carpal ligament reconstruction, 4081f, 4082–4083

Vol. I: pages 1-1060; Vol. II: pages 1061-2350; Vol. III: pages 2351-3632; Vol. IV: pages 3633-4900

Almquist et al. technique—cont’d for epicondylar resection and anconeus transfer, 2636–2638, 2638f Altchek et al. technique, for medial collateral ligament reconstruction, 2721, 2723– 2726, 2725f Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, 952 Amis technique, for interdigital neuroma excision, 4727–4729, 4727f, 4728f Amputation (nonsurgical) congenital lower extremity, 1118–1127. See also Hemimelia ﬁ bular, 1118f, 1125–1127, 1125f, 1126f, 1127f, 1128f tibial, 1118–1125, 1118f, 1119f, 1120f, 1121f, 1123f, 1124f thumb. See Thumb, congenital absence of upper extremity longitudinal, 4374–4403. See also Cleft hand; Clubhand; Phocomelia transverse, 4369–4374, 4370f Krukenberg reconstruction for, 4371–4373, 4372f metacarpal lengthening for, 4374, 4374f Nathan and Trung reconstruction for, 4373– 4374, 4373f prosthesis for, 4370, 4371f traumatic, upper extremity. See Hand injury replantation after. See Replantation Amputation (surgical), 561–575 ankle Boyd, 596, 597f, 951 for ﬁ bular hemimelia, 1127, 1128f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1138, 1139– 1140, 1140f Syme, 590–591, 591f, 592–596, 593f–594f, 596f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1139, 1139f arm. See also Amputation (surgical), upper extremity transhumeral, 629–630, 630f bone contouring in, 569 bony prominences in, 569 Boyd, 591, 596, 597f for ﬁ bular hemimelia, 1127, 1128f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1138, 1139– 1140, 1140f for brachial plexus injury, 3667 for burns, 564 care after, 569–571 Chopart, 580f, 588, 590, 590f for diabetic foot, 4713, 4713f

Amputation (surgical)—cont’d complications of, 571–573, 571f contracture after, 572 dermatological problems after, 573 epidermoid cyst after, 573 ﬁ nger, 639–671. See also Fingertip, amputation of; Thumb, amputation of evaluation for, 639–640 for frostbite, 564–565 multiple-digit, 656–658, 657f reconstruction after, 660 painful stump after, 658 principles of, 641 ﬂ aps for, 568–569 folliculitis after, 573 foot, 587–597. See also Amputation (surgical), toe Achilles tenectomy in, 587–588 Boyd, 591, 596, 597f for ﬁ bular hemimelia, 1127, 1128f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1138, 1139– 1140, 1140f Chopart, 580f, 581, 588, 590, 590f for diabetic foot, 4713, 4713f hindfoot, 590–597, 591f, 593f–594f Lisfranc, 580f, 581, 581f, 582f, 587 midfoot, 587–588, 590, 590f Pirogoff, 587, 591–592 Syme, 590–591, 591f, 592–596, 593f–594f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1139, 1139f transmetatarsal, 587, 589f Wagner-Syme, 595–596, 596f forequarter, 634–637, 635f, 636f for frostbite, 564–565 hand, 639–671. See also Finger(s), amputation of; Fingertip, amputation of; Thumb, amputation of reconstruction after, 658–660, 659f hematoma and, 571 hemostasis for, 569 hindfoot, 590–597, 591f Boyd, 596, 597f Syme, 590–591, 591f, 592–596, 593f–594f, 596f hip, 615–617, 616f historical perspective on, 561 indications for, 562–567, 563t, 565t for infection, 565–566, 565f, 565t infection after, 571, 571f level of, 567–568 limb salvage vs., 785–788, 787f, 788f, 3028–3030, 3029t lower extremity, 599–612 ambulation after, 570–571 care after, 569–571 in children, 573–575, 574f complications of, 571–573, 571f contracture after, 572 infection after, 571, 571f

Amputation (surgical)—cont’d lower extremity—cont’d knee disarticulation, 605–608, 606f, 607f, 608f level of, 562, 567–568, 599–600, 600f low back pain after, 572 morbidity and, 599 mortality and, 599 myodesis in, 569, 569f oxygen tension measurement for, 568, 599–600 pain after, 572–573 for peripheral vascular disease, 562 rigid dressing after, 570–571 stump management after, 570, 571– 572, 572f, 573 transfemoral, 608–612, 609f, 610f, 611f Gottschalk technique of, 610– 611, 611f in ischemic limb, 611–612 level of, 608–609, 609f myodesis in, 569, 569f in nonischemic limb, 609–611, 610f for osteosarcoma, 566–567, 566f rehabilitation after, 611–612 transtibial, 600–605, 600f, 602f, 604f bone length in, 601 Burgess technique of, 603–605, 604f in children, 574, 574f infection after, 571, 571f in ischemic limb, 603–605, 604f in nonischemic limb, 600–603, 602f prosthesis after, 603 rehabilitation after, 603, 604–605 trauma and, 562–564, 563t in tuberculosis, 763 midfoot, 580f, 587–590 Chopart, 580f, 588, 590, 590f, 4713, 4713f myodesis in, 569, 569f neuroma after, 572 prevention of, 569 open, 569 osteoarthritis after, 572–573 for osteomyelitis, 716 pain after, 572–573 pediatric, 573–575, 574f pelvic, 617–622, 620f–621f, 622f for peripheral vascular disease, 562 phantom limb sensation after, 573 Pirogoff, 591–592 rigid dressings after, 570–571 stump management after, 570, 571– 572, 572f, 573 Syme, 590–591, 591f, 592–596, 593f– 594f, 596f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1139, 1139f

Vol. I: pages 1-1060; Vol. II: pages 1061-2350; Vol. III: pages 2351-3632; Vol. IV: pages 3633-4900

Amputation (surgical)—cont’d toe, 579–587 central ray, 586–587, 588f ﬁ fth, 579, 580f, 585, 585f, 586f ﬁ rst, 565, 565f, 582, 583f, 585, 586f for macrodactyly, 1067, 1067f metatarsophalangeal joint disarticulation in, 583–585, 583f, 584f for polydactyly, 1064, 1065f proximal phalangeal base preservation in, 582–583, 583f second, 579, 580f, 581, 582f technique of, 581 total, 579–580, 581, 581f, 582f, 587, 589f transmetatarsal, 587, 589f for trauma, 562–564, 563t for tumors, 566–567, 566f, 785–787, 788, 788f upper extremity, 625–637 forequarter, 634–637, 635f, 636f hand, 639–673. See also Finger(s), amputation of; Fingertip, amputation of; Thumb, amputation of shoulder, 630–633, 632f, 633f transhumeral, 629–630, 630f transradial, 626–628, 628f wrist, 625–626, 626f, 627f vacuum-assisted closure in, 569 verrucous hyperplasia after, 573 wound necrosis after, 571–572, 572f Amputation stump, management of, 570, 571–572, 572f, 573 Amspacher and Messenbaugh technique, for humeral osteotomy, 1595 Amyloid, in multiple myeloma, 919 Anal wink, 1766, 1767f Anastomosis arteriovenous, for ﬁ ngertip replantation, 3731 microvascular, 3708–3710 end-to-end, 3708–3710, 3709f end-to-side, 3710, 3710f Anconeus muscle transfer, for lateral epicondylitis, 2636–2638, 2638f Anderson and McBryde technique, for bone graft for hallucal sesamoid nonunion, 4892 Anderson et al. technique for posterior cervical plating, 1804, 1805f for tibial Williams intramedullary rod insertion, 1110–1111, 1110f Anderson technique, for transepiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2873–2876, 2874b, 2876f

Andrews et al. technique, for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, 2722–2723, 2723f Andrews technique, for iliotibial band tenodesis, 2504–2505, 2504f Anesthesia for arthroscopy, 2800–2801 for foot and ankle surgery, 4464– 4468, 4465f, 4467f, 4468f for hand surgery, 3801–3804, 3803f, 3804f, 3805f hypotensive, for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment, 1943–1944 for knee arthroplasty, 261–262 for knee arthroscopy, 2812 local inﬁ ltration, for hand surgery, 3803–3804 for neurorrhaphy, 3654 in osteogenesis imperfecta, 2122 regional intravenous, for hand surgery, 3802, 3803f for shoulder arthroscopy, 2925, 2927 Anesthetic injection, for sinus tarsi syndrome, 2374 Aneurysm false, hip arthroplasty and, 398–399, 399f hand and wrist, 4103–4104, 4105f ulnar artery, 4298, 4299f Aneurysmal bone cyst, 868–870, 869f– 870f, 871f hand, 4321–4322, 4323f spine, 2116, 2323–2324 Angiography femoral, for knee dislocation, 2548– 2549, 2548f in tumor diagnosis, 777 Angiomyolipoma, 940 Angiosarcoma, 916–917 Anhidrosis, 3644 Ankle. See also Fibula, distal; Foot (feet); Malleolus (malleoli); Tibia, distal amputation of Boyd, 591, 596, 597f for ﬁ bular hemimelia, 1127, 1128f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1138, 1139– 1140, 1140f Syme, 590–591, 591f, 592–596, 593f–594f, 596f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1139, 1139f approach to, 27–32 anterior, 28, 29f anterolateral, 27–28, 28f Kocher lateral, 29, 29f medial, 32, 32f posterior, 31, 31f posterolateral, 30, 30f

Ankle—cont’d arthritis of. See Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in arthrodesis of. See Ankle arthrodesis arthroplasty of. See Ankle arthroplasty arthroscopy of. See Ankle arthroscopy aspiration of, 728, 728f deformity of myelomeningocele-related, 1450f, 1460–1463, 1461f, 1462f, 1463f screw epiphysiodesis for, 1462 supramalleolar varus derotation osteotomy for, 1463, 1464f, 1465f poliomyelitis-related. See Poliomyelitis, foot and ankle deformity in rheumatoid arthritis–related. See Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in septic arthritis and, 743 valgus. See Ankle, valgus deformity of dislocation of, 3576. See also Ankle, fracture of; Ankle, ligamentous injury of unreduced, 3603–3604 dorsiﬂ exion-eversion test of, 4719 drainage of, 728–729 anterolateral, 728, 728f anteromedial, 729, 729f posterolateral, 728f, 729 posteromedial, 729, 729f fracture-dislocation of. See also Ankle, fracture of; Ankle, ligamentous injury of posterior, 3096, 3097f unstable, 3101 fracture of, 3086–3117 anterior tibial margin fracture with, 3099–3100 bimalleolar, 3089–3090, 3092–3093, 3093f malunion of, 3472f arthrodesis for, 3476, 3476f osteotomy for, 3472, 3473– 3474, 3473f Bosworth, 3096, 3097f classiﬁ cation of, 3086–3087, 3086b, 3087f, 3088b deltoid ligament entrapment with, 3096, 3096f diabetes-associated, 3100 ﬁ bular entrapment with, 3096, 3097f irreducible, 3096, 3096f lateral, 3089, 3092–3093, 3093f deltoid ligament tear and, 3094– 3095, 3094f ﬁ xation for, 3091, 3091f, 3092– 3093, 3093f, 3095 lag screw only for, 3090

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Ankle—cont’d fracture of—cont’d lateral—cont’d malunion of, 3473, 3473f nonunion of, 3553 malunion of, 3471–3476 arthritis and, 3473 arthrodesis for, 3472–3473, 3476, 3476f osteotomy for, 3472, 3473–3474, 3473f prognosis for, 3473 supramalleolar osteotomy for, 3475–3476, 3476f tibia-ﬁ bula diastasis with, 3474–3475 mechanisms of, 3086–3087, 3086f, 3087f, 3101 medial, 3087–3089, 3088f bioabsorbable screws for, 3088–3089 ﬁ xation for, 3093–3094, 3093f, 3094f nonunion of, 3545, 3547–3549, 3547f, 3548f stress, 3089 open, 3100–3101 os subﬁ bulare and, 2356 posterior tibial margin fracture with, 3097–3099, 3098f posterior tibial tendon entrapment with, 3096, 3096f, 3097f syndesmotic injury with, 3090– 3092, 3091f, 3092f trimalleolar, 3096–3097, 3099, 3099f idiopathic transient osteoporosis of, 1042 instability of. See Ankle, ligamentous injury of internal derangement of, 2372–2390 osteochondral ridges, 2374–2377, 2375f, 2376f, 2377f osteochondritis dissecans, 2377– 2390. See also Talus, osteochondritis dissecans of sinus tarsi, 2373–2374 talar, 2373, 2373f, 2374f ligamentous injury of, 2353–2372 anatomy of, 2353–2355, 2354f anterior drawer sign in, 2356, 2357f anterior taloﬁ bular ligament, 2360–2361 anteroposterior stress test in, 2356, 2357f bone bruises with, 2358 calcaneoﬁ bular ligament, 2361 chronic instability after, 2361–2372 arthroscopic thermal ligament shrinkage for, 2365 Chrisman-Snook procedure for, 2362, 2363f, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367–2369, 2368f

Ankle—cont’d ligamentous injury of—cont’d chronic instability after—cont’d collateral ligament augmentation for, 2364–2365, 2366f, 2370–2372 conservative therapies for, 2361–2362 Elmslie procedure for, 2362, 2363f Evans procedure for, 2362, 2363, 2364, 2367, 2367f Eyring and Guthrie procedure for, 20–22, 2364–2365, 2366f Larsen procedure for, 2363, 2364f ligament imbrication for, 2364, 2369–2370, 2369f medial repair for, 2372 modiﬁ ed Broström procedure for, 2365, 2366–2367, 2366f, 2370, 2371f Sammarco and DiRaimondo procedure for, 2363–2364, 2365f shortening procedures for, 2364, 2366f stress radiography for, 2362, 2362f taping for, 2362 Watson-Jones procedure for, 2362–2363, 2364, 2365, 2367, 2367f classiﬁ cation of, 2353, 2354b delayed surgery in, 2358 deltoid ligament, 2358–2359, 2359f diagnosis of, 2355–2358, 2356f, 2357f, 2359, 2360f eversion stress test in, 2355 external rotation test in, 2359, 2360f inversion stress test in, 2355–2356, 2356f lateral malleolar fracture and, 3094– 3095, 3094f magnetic resonance imaging in, 2357–2358 nonoperative treatment of, 2358 palpation in, 2355 squeeze test in, 2359, 2360f stability of, 2353, 2354b subtalar sprain vs., 2356 talar tilt in, 2355–2356 tibioﬁ bular syndesmosis, 2359–2360, 2359f treatment of, 2356, 2358–2361 anterior taloﬁ bular ligament, 2360–2361 calcaneoﬁ bular ligament, 2361 deltoid ligament, 2358–2359, 2359f goal of, 2358 nonoperative, 2358

Ankle—cont’d ligamentous injury of—cont’d treatment of—cont’d tibioﬁ bular syndesmosis, 2359– 2360, 2359f ligaments of, 2353–2355, 2354f. See also Calcaneoﬁ bular ligament; Deltoid ligament; Taloﬁ bular ligament magnetic resonance imaging of, 132– 134, 133f, 134f, 135f, 2357–2358 metastatic carcinoma of, 931f neuropathic arthropathy of, 1043 os subﬁ bulare of, 2356 osteochondral ridges (spurs) of, 2374– 2377, 2375f, 2376f, 2377f osteochondritis dissecans of, 2377– 2390. See also Talus, osteochondritis dissecans of plantar ﬂ exion of, posterior bone block for, 1416–1417 poliomyelitis-related deformity of. See Poliomyelitis, foot and ankle deformity in posttraumatic arthritis of, 163, 164f resection-arthrodesis of, 838. See also Ankle arthrodesis rheumatoid arthritis of. See Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in rotation testing of, in syndesmosis sprain, 2359, 2360f septic arthritis of, 728–729, 728f, 729f, 743, 2899 sprain of. See Ankle, ligamentous injury of synovectomy of, 2899 for anterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4800–4801, 4801f for hemophilic arthropathy, 1285, 1288–1289 for peroneal tendon tear, 4806– 4807, 4806f, 4807f for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4790, 4792f tibial nerve constriction at. See Tarsal tunnel syndrome tuberculosis of, 759 valgus deformity of, 1460–1463, 1460f Achilles tendon tenodesis for, 1461 classiﬁ cation of, 1461, 1461f distal tibioﬁ bular fusion prevention of, 3765, 3767f radiographic evaluation of, 1461, 1462f screw epiphysiodesis for, 1462, 1463f supramalleolar varus derotation osteotomy for, 1463, 1464f, 1465f tibial pseudarthrosis treatment and, 1461

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Ankle—cont’d varus supramalleolar osteotomy of, 1127, 1127f Ankle arthrodesis, 163–187 anterior approach to, 165 approaches to, 165 arthroscopic, 171, 2901–2904, 2903f bone grafting for, 169–171, 170f Charnley compression device for, 164f, 166–167 Chuinard and Peterson technique for, 169, 170f, 171, 172f ﬁ xation methods for, 165–169 external, 166–167, 166f internal, 167–169, 167f, 168f, 169f for fracture malunion, 3472–3473, 3476, 3476f for hemophilic arthropathy, 1286, 1287f indications for, 163, 164f miniarthrotomy for, 170, 174–175, 175f, 176f pantalar, 1416 pediatric, 1416 position for, 163 posterior, 165, 186–187, 187f surface preparation for, 165 for tibial pilon fracture, 3117 tibiocalcaneal, 181–186 Calandruccio II external ﬁ xation device for, 181–184 intramedullary nailing for, 184–186, 184f, 185f, 186f tibiotalar, 171–181, 172f Calandruccio II external ﬁ xation device for, 175–179, 177f–178f iliac crest bone graft for, 171, 172f miniarthrotomy for, 174–175, 175f, 176f narrowing osteotomy of malleolus for, 179–180, 180f screw ﬁ xation for, 171–174, 173f sliding bone graft for, 180–181, 181f transmalleolar (transﬁ bular) approach to, 165 Ankle arthroplasty, 235–240 Agility, 238–239, 238f Beuchel-Pappas, 239–240, 240f care after, 237 complications of, 237–238 evaluation for, 235–236 failed, Chuinard and Peterson arthrodesis for, 169, 170f fracture during, 238 infection after, 238 intraoperative complications of, 237–238 malalignment during, 237–238 outcomes of, 238–240 patient selection for, 235 prostheses for, 235, 236f, 238–240, 238f, 239f

Ankle arthroplasty—cont’d Scandinavian, 239, 239f syndesmotic nonunion after, 238 technique of, 236–237 tendon injury during, 238 wound healing after, 238 Ankle arthroscopy, 2894–2905 anterior portals for, 2894, 2895f, 2896f diagnostic, 2896–2897, 2898f ligament injury with, 2806 portal placement for, 2894–2896, 2895f, 2896f posterior portals for, 2894–2895, 2895f, 2896f surgical, 2898–2904 for anterior impingement syndrome, 2901, 2902f for arthrodesis, 171, 2901–2904, 2903f for bone spur, 2375 for bony disorders, 2900–2904, 2901f, 2902f, 2903f for chondral lesions, 2900–2901, 2901f complications of, 2904–2905 for ligament instability, 2899–2900 for osteochondritis dissecans, 2900–2901 for septic arthritis, 2899 for soft tissue disorders, 2898–2900, 2899f for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2380, 2380f, 2389–2390, 2389f, 2390f, 2900–2901, 2901f transmalleolar portals for, 2895–2896, 2896f vascular injury with, 2805 Ankle block, 4464, 4466, 4467f Ankle-brachial index in diabetes mellitus, 4699, 4699f, 4700f, 4701 in knee dislocation, 2548 Ankle-foot orthosis, for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4791, 4793f Ankle sprain. See Ankle, ligamentous injury of Ankylosing spondylitis, 2314–2319 cervical osteotomy for, 2318–2319, 2320f fracture and, 2315–2316 lumbar osteotomy for, 2316–2317, 2317f, 2318f, 2319f spinal infection vs., 2246 Antebrachial cutaneous nerve, for interfascicular grafting, 3658 Anterior cord syndrome, 1770, 1770t, 1771f Anterior cruciate ligament allograft, 2521, 2857 anatomy of, 2497

Anterior cruciate ligament—cont’d arthroscopy of, 2818f, 2820–2821, 2820f. See also Anterior cruciate ligament, reconstruction of, arthroscopic artiﬁ cial, 2519–2521 biomechanics of, 2497 drawer test of, 2440, 2441f, 2442f, 2446, 2448f, 2821 fracture-related injury to, 3157 Lachman test of, 2440–2441, 2443f, 2821 magnetic resonance imaging of, 138, 139f reconstruction of arthroscopic, 2855–2881, 2857t allografts for, 2857 bone-patellar tendon-bone graft for, 2858–2865, 2860f–2861f, 2862f, 2863t, 2865b, 2866b rehabilitation protocol after, 2866b two-incision technique of, 2865, 2867–2869, 2868f complications of, 2858f, 2879–2881 donor morbidity in, 2857 dropped graft handling in, 2893–2894 failure of, 2879–2881 infection after, 2880–2881, 2894 physeal-sparing, 2877–2881, 2878f–2879f preparation for, 2858, 2859f quadriceps tendon graft for, 2873 quadruple hamstring graft for, 2869–2871, 2870f, 2873– 2876, 2874b, 2876f revision, 2879–2880 in skeletally immature individuals, 2873–2877, 2874f two-bundle, 2871–2873, 2872f open, 2501–2521 allografts for, 2521 attachment points for, 2501, 2501f bone-patellar tendon-bone graft for, 2510–2517, 2511f–2516f combined instabilities and, 2519 complications of, 2523–2524, 2524f failure of, 2523–2524, 2524–2527, 2524f, 2525f, 2526f graft ﬁ xation for, 2509–2510, 2509f, 2510f graft placement for, 2506–2509, 2508f graft selection for, 2506, 2525–2526 graft tension for, 2509 hamstring tendon graft for, 2506, 2517–2519, 2518f, 2519f

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Anterior cruciate ligament—cont’d reconstruction of—con’d open—cont’d iliotibial band tenodesis for, 2502–2505, 2502f, 2503f, 2504f, 2505f ligament augmentation device for, 2520–2521 motion loss after, 2524 pain after, 2524 rehabilitation after, 2521–2522 results of, 2522–2523 revision, 2524–2527, 2525f, 2526f synthetic materials for, 2519–2521 repair of, 2500–2501, 2501f tear of, 2496–2527, 3579 anatomy of, 2497 arthroscopy of, 2818f, 2819, 2819f, 2820–2821, 2820f biomechanics of, 2497 cytokines in, 2499 diagnosis of, 2497–2498, 2498f. See also Knee ligaments, injury to, diagnosis of epidemiology of, 2499–2500 incidence of, 2496–2497 magnetic resonance imaging in, 138, 139f, 2498–2499, 2499f medial collateral ligament injury with, 2454 natural history of, 2498–2500, 2499f notch width index in, 2499, 2499f osteochondral injury with, 2498– 2499, 2499f radiography of, 2498, 2498f repair of, 2500–2501, 2501f. See also Anterior cruciate ligament, reconstruction of Anterior drawer test for ankle sprain, 2356, 2357f for knee ligament injury, 2440, 2441f, 2442f, 2443f Anterior horn cell, 3638 Anterior impingement syndromes, talar, 2374–2377, 2375f, 2849f, 2901, 2902f anterior inferior tibioﬁ bular ligament resection for, 2376, 2376f, 2377f Anterior interosseous nerve transfer, for ulnar nerve reconstruction, 3681, 3681f Anterior interosseous syndrome, 3684 Anterior retropharyngeal approach, for cervical spine exposure, 1896–1898, 1897f Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 4721– 4723, 4722f Anterior tarsal wedge osteotomy, 4745, 4745f Anterior tibial tendon. See Tibial tendon, anterior

Anterolateral thigh ﬂ ap, 3740–3741, 3741f Antibiotics, 684–685 bacterial sensitivity to, 683–684 beads with, 685 for chronic osteomyelitis treatment, 707–708 for fracture nonunion treatment, 3541–3542 biodegradable delivery systems for, 685, 708–709, 709t for chronic osteomyelitis, 705, 707–709 fracture healing and, 3046 for gunshot wound, 3026 for hand infection, 4344, 4345t iliac crest graft with, 685 intravenous, 685 for irrigation, 9, 3036–3037, 3037t minimum bactericidal concentration of, 683–684 minimum inhibitory concentration of, 683–684 for open fracture, 3030–3032, 3031f, 3032f for postarthroplasty infection, 283 prophylactic, 678, 3242–3243 for hip arthroplasty, 415–416, 416t for knee arthroplasty, 282 for septic arthritis, 726–728, 727t for spinal infection, 2246 topical, 678 Anticoagulation for foot and ankle surgery, 4463 for free ﬂ aps, 3736 after hip arthroplasty, 395–396 after replantation, 3729 Antifungals, for hand infection, 4344, 4346t Antiseptics for irrigation, 3036–3037, 3037t for skin preparation, 677, 677t Antivirals, for hand infection, 4344, 4346t Antoniou et al. technique, for capsulolabral augmentation and rotator interval closure, 2953–2956, 2955f, 2958, 2958f AO fracture classiﬁ cation, 3020, 3022b AO techniques for condylar blade plate ﬁ xation, 3179–3181, 3180f, 3181f for elbow arthrodesis, 224 for femoral neck fracture reduction and ﬁ xation, 3277–3278, 3278f for olecranon fracture ﬁ xation, 3412– 3414, 3413f for screw ﬁ xation, 3053–3054, 3055f for shoulder arthrodesis, 217, 217f for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3263–3264

AO techniques—cont’d for tension band wiring patellar ﬁ xation, 3166–3168, 3166f, 3167f for tibial pilon fracture, 3106–3108, 3106f, 3107f, 3108f, 3109f for wrist arthrodesis, 225, 225f, 226f Apert syndrome, 4368t, 4408–4410, 4411f Apley grind test, 2424, 2425f Apprehension test for patellar dislocation, 2656–2657, 2657f for shoulder dislocation, 2682, 2683 Araﬁ les technique, for elbow arthrodesis, 221–222, 222f Arata et al. technique, for ﬁ ngertip reattachment, 3731 Arcuate ligament, 2397, 2397f, 2399f Argon beam coagulation, for benign tumor, 789f, 790, 791 Arm. See also Elbow; Forearm; Humerus; Radius; Ulna; Wrist amputation of congenital, 4369–4374, 4371f surgical, 629–630, 630f embryology of, 4369, 4369f full-thickness skin graft from, 3829, 3829f positioning of, 7, 8f replantation of, 3720, 3725. See also Replantation Arnold-Chiari malformation, 1452 Aronson and Prager technique, for supracondylar fracture reduction, 1588, 1589f Aronson et al. technique, for modiﬁ ed Peterson metatarsal osteotomy, 4537–4539, 4538f Arroyo technique, for total shoulder arthroplasty, 506–509, 507f, 508f, 509f Arterial insufﬁ ciency, postreplantation, 3729 Arterial thrombosis, free ﬂ ap, 3737 Arteriovenous ﬁ stula, hand, 4334–4335 Artery of Adamkiewicz, 1734 Arthritis degenerative. See Osteoarthritis infectious. See Septic arthritis posttraumatic ankle, 163, 164f hip, 3298 shoulder, 490 psoriatic, hand deformity in, 4198– 4199, 4199f reactive, in HIV infection, 686, 687t rheumatoid. See Rheumatoid arthritis septic. See Septic arthritis

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Arthrodesis ankle. See Ankle arthrodesis calcaneocuboid. See also Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4795 for rheumatoid deformity, 4687–4688 cervical spine. See Atlantoaxial fusion; Cervical spine arthrodesis; Occipitocervical fusion deﬁ nition of, 163 distal interphalangeal joint, 4219, 4220, 4221–4222, 4221f elbow. See Elbow arthrodesis ﬁ rst metatarsocuneiform, 4531–4533, 4532f ﬁ rst metatarsophalangeal joint, 4526– 4531, 4526f, 4527f, 4540 complications of, 4563 for hallux rigidus, 4565, 4566f, 4567f Kirschner wire, 4530–4531, 4531f molded (ball-and-socket), 4533 small plate ﬁ xation with, 4527– 4529, 4528f truncated cone, 4529, 4530f great toe for claw toe, 4561, 4739, 4740f for hallux rigidus, 4565, 4566f, 4567f, 4571 for hallux valgus, 4526–4533, 4526f, 4527f, 4528f, 4530f, 4531f, 4532f, 4563 for hallux varus, 4554–4557, 4556f–4557f hip. See Hip Arthrodesis knee. See Knee arthrodesis Lambrinudi, 1415–1416, 1416f lumbar spine. See Lumbar spine arthrodesis lunotriquetral, 4089–4090, 4090f McKeever, 4566, 4567f metacarpophalangeal joint, 4219–4221, 4220f metatarsocuneiform, 4531–4533, 4532f, 4684 metatarsophalangeal joint, 4677–4679, 4678f cone, 4679–4680, 4681f metatarsal resection with, 4680, 4682–4683, 4682f, 4683f pantalar, 1416 in poliomyelitis, 1404 proximal humerus, 805, 805f proximal interphalangeal joint, 4219– 4221, 4220f radioulnar joint, 4065–4066, 4065f, 4066f scaphocapitate, 4088 scaphocapitolunate, 4088–4089, 4089f

Arthrodesis—cont’d scaphotrapezial-trapezoid, 4086–4088, 4087f shoulder. See Shoulder arthrodesis spinal. See Cervical spine arthrodesis; Lumbar spine arthrodesis; Spinal arthrodesis subtalar, 1410–1411, 1411f, 1412f arthroscopic, 2904 calcaneocuboid and talonavicular arthrodesis with. See Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis for calcaneovalgus deformity, 1377– 1378, 1378f for rheumatoid deformity, 4685– 4686, 4685f talonavicular, 4686–4687, 4687f tarsometatarsal, 4742–4745, 4743f thumb interphalangeal joint, 4241 metacarpophalangeal joint, 4240, 4240f, 4242 trapeziometacarpal joint, 4230– 4231, 4242–4244, 4243f, 4244f trapeziometacarpal joint, 4230–4231, 4242–4244, 4243f, 4244f triple. See Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis triquetrohamate, 4090 wrist. See Wrist arthrodesis Arthrodiastasis, for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1266, 1274–1275, 1275f Arthroﬁ brosis, elbow, 3004–3006, 3005f Arthrography elbow, in pediatric fracture, 1568 hip, in congenital dysplasia of hip, 1186–1188, 1187f, 1188f in infection, 679–680 knee, in meniscal injury, 2425, 2425f rotator cuff, 2609 shoulder, 2684, 2684f subtalar, in sinus tarsi syndrome, 2374 wrist, 4005, 4006f Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, 1474–1480, 1475f, 1476t lower extremity in, 1475–1477, 1477f scoliosis in, 1480, 2029–2030 upper extremity in, 1477–1480, 1479f, 1480f Arthrokatadysis, 370–372, 370f, 1045– 1046, 1045f Arthropathy neuropathic. See Charcot joint; Diabetic foot, neuropathic arthropathy of rotator cuff, 490, 2624–2625, 2624f, 2625f arthroplasty for, 490, 496t

Arthroplasty ankle. See Ankle arthroplasty cervical spine, 2195, 2223 distal radioulnar joint hemiresection, 4059–4061, 4062f matched resection, 4062–4063, 4062f elbow. See Elbow arthroplasty forefoot, 4670, 4673–4677, 4674f, 4675f goals of, 4676 preparation for, 4673 results of, 4673–4674, 4673f, 4676– 4677, 4677f great toe complications of, 4562–4563, 4563f for hallux rigidus, 4566–4567, 4567f for hallux valgus, 4487–4495, 4491f, 4493f–4494f, 4495f, 4547 hip. See Hip arthroplasty interphalangeal joint, 4209–4211, 4210f, 4211f, 4212f, 4213f Keller, 4487–4495, 4491f, 4493f– 4494f, 4495f, 4547 complications of, 4562–4563, 4563f knee. See Knee arthroplasty lumbar spine, 2223, 2223f metacarpophalangeal, 4216, 4217f thumb, 4225, 4227–4228, 4227f, 4228f metatarsophalangeal, 4637–4639, 4637f, 4638f, 4639f, 4648– 4649, 4648f patellofemoral, 1019 shoulder. See Shoulder arthroplasty sternoclavicular joint, 2674–2676, 2675f trapeziometacarpal, 4230–4241, 4230t excisional, 4231 implant, 4236–4241, 4237f, 4238f, 4239f, 4240f infection after, 4241 interpositional, 4241 tendon interposition, 4231–4236, 4232f, 4235f trochanteric, 748 ulnohumeral, 1032, 1033f wrist, 4248–4252, 4248f, 4249f, 4250f Arthroscopy, 2789–2808. See also Ankle arthroscopy; Elbow arthroscopy; Hip arthroscopy; Shoulder arthroscopy; Wrist arthroscopy accessory instruments for, 2791–2794, 2791f, 2792f advantages of, 2801–2802 anesthesia for, 2800–2801 arthroscope for, 2789–2791, 2790f basket forceps for, 2792, 2792f complications of, 2803–2808 contraindications to, 2802 disadvantages of, 2802

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Arthroscopy—cont’d documentation systems for, 2801, 2801f electrosurgical instruments for, 2793 fat pad injury with, 2804–2805 ﬁ beroptic light sources for, 2791 ﬂ uid extravasation with, 2806 grasping forceps for, 2792, 2792f hemarthrosis with, 2806 implants for, 2794 indications for, 2802 infection with, 2807 instrument breakage during, 2807–2808 intraarticular structure injury with, 2804 irrigation systems for, 2795–2796, 2798–2799, 2798f knife blades for, 2793 laser instruments for, 2793–2794 leg holders for, 2799–2800, 2800f ligament ﬁ xation devices for, 2794, 2797t, 2798t ligament injury with, 2806 meniscal injury with, 2804–2805, 2804f meniscal repair devices for, 2794, 2797t motorized shaving systems for, 2793, 2793f nerve injury with, 2805–2806 probe for, 2791–2792, 2791f radiofrequency instruments for, 2794 scissors for, 2792, 2792f sheaths and trocars for, 2794 site marking for, 2803–2804, 2804f sterilization procedures for, 2794–2795 subtalar joint, 2904, 2904f suture anchors for, 2794, 2795t, 2796t synovial ﬁ stula with, 2807 synovial herniation with, 2807 television cameras for, 2791 tendon injury with, 2806 thrombophlebitis with, 2806–2807 tourniquet for, 2799, 2807 training for, 2802–2803 triangulation technique for, 2803 vascular injury with, 2805 Ashworth technique, for trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty, 4238, 4238f Aspergillosis, spinal, 2250 Aspiration (joint), 726 ankle, 728, 728f elbow, 741, 741f in gout, 4200 hip, 733–734, 733f knee, 282, 728f, 730f sacroiliac joint, 740 shoulder, 740–741, 740f wrist, 742, 742f Aspirin, prophylactic, 281, 395–396

Atasoy V Y ﬂ ap, for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 641, 643f, 646 Ataxia, Friedreich, 1520 Atelectasis, after scoliosis surgery, 1977 Atlantoaxial fusion Brooks and Jenkins technique for, 1791–1792, 1791f, 1793f, 1884, 1885f Fielding’s technique for, 1884, 1884f Gallie technique for, 1790–1791, 1792f, 1883–1884, 1883f, 1884f for odontoid anomalies, 1883–1884, 1883b, 1883f, 1884f, 1885f for odontoid fracture, 1789–1792, 1791f, 1792f, 1793f Atlantoaxial joint fracture-dislocation of, 1605 fusion of. See Atlantoaxial fusion instability of Down syndrome and, 1913–1915, 1914f odontoid anomalies and. See Odontoid, congenital anomalies of rotatory subluxation of, 1787–1788, 1788f, 1789f closed reduction for, 1788 pediatric, 1911–1913 classiﬁ cation of, 1911–1912, 1911f dynamic computed tomography of, 1912 etiology of, 1912 radiography of, 1912, 1912f, 1913f treatment of, 1912–1913, 1912b, 1913f rheumatoid arthritis and, 2313, 2314, 2315f treatment of, 2314 Atlantodens interval, 2312 Atlantooccipital fusion, 1902–1903, 1904–1911. See also KlippelFeil syndrome radiography of, 1903, 1903f treatment of, 1903 Atlantooccipital joint dislocation of, 1781–1784, 1781f occipitocervical fusion for, 1781– 1784, 1782f, 1783f, 1785f instability of, measurement of, 1914, 1914f Atlas (C1). See also Atlantoaxial joint; Axis (C2); Cervical spine anterior subluxation of, 1786, 1787f Clark stations of, 1902, 1902f congenital anomalies of, 1915 familial dysplasia of, 1915 fracture of, 1784–1785 immobilization for, 1785, 1786f transverse ligament tear with, 1785, 1787f hypoplasia of, 1915

Atlas (C1)—cont’d pediatric, 1604–1605, 1604f ring fracture of, 1790 Avascular necrosis. See Osteonecrosis Avila technique, for sacroiliac joint exposure, 91 Avulsion fracture calcaneal, 4833–4834, 4834f distal femoral physis, 1663 distal tibial physis, 1690–1693, 1691f, 1692f pelvic, 1610–1611, 1611f ring ﬁ nger, 655 talar, 2373f, 2374f, 2373f tibial tuberosity, 1671–1673, 1671f, 1672f Axer technique, for lateral opening wedge femoral osteotomy, 1273–1274, 1274t Axial ﬁ xation, for calcaneal tongue-type fracture, 4846–4847, 4847f Axial line, of dermatomes, 3637, 3637f Axillary nerve anatomy of, 3663, 3663f, 3672–3673 examination of, 3673 injury to, 3647, 3672–3674 approach to, 3673 humeral fracture ﬁ xation and, 3395 shoulder arthroplasty and, 519 shoulder arthroscopy and, 2928, 2928f quadrilateral space compression of, 2630–2631, 2631f, 2632f Axis (C2). See also Atlantoaxial joint; Atlas (C1); Cervical spine fracture of, 1795–1797, 1796f, 1797f lateral rotary displacement of, 1605 pediatric, 1604–1605, 1604f traumatic spondylolisthesis of, 1795– 1797, 1796f, 1797f Axon(s) anatomy of, 3638, 3638f sprouting of, 3639f, 3640 Axonotmesis, 3640. See also Peripheral nerve injury

B Back pain in adult idiopathic scoliosis, 1931 in intervertebral disc disease, 1871– 1872, 2159–2161, 2199– 2200, 2201f. See also Intervertebral disc, internal derangement of; Intervertebral disc disease, lumbar magnetic resonance imaging in, 144, 145f, 146f postoperative, 144–147, 146f in spinal infection, 2242 in spinal stenosis, 2276–2277, 2277t Baclofen, for cerebral palsy, 1342–1343, 1342f

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Bacteremia, 725 Bacterial infection. See Abscess; Infection; Osteomyelitis Bailey and Badgley technique, for anterior cervical spine arthrodesis, 1857f, 1860– 1861, 1861f Bailey and Dubow technique, for osteotomy, 1306, 1306f, 1308–1309, 1309f Baker and Cummings technique for lateral epicondylitis release, 3006–3007 for olecranon bursectomy, 3007 Baker cyst, 975–977 arthroscopic examination of, 975 differential diagnosis of, 976 dissecting, 976 excision of, 975–977, 977f, 978f magnetic resonance imaging of, 139– 140, 140f Baker technique, for gastrocnemiussoleus muscle lengthening, 1369, 1370f, 1371f Ball-and-socket trochanteric osteotomy, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1646–1647, 1646f Balloon kyphoplasty, 1817, 1818f Bankart lesion, 2680. See also Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of Bankart procedure arthroscopic, 2952–2953, 2953f, 2954f, 2956t–2957t open, 2686, 2688–2689, 2688b, 2688f, 2689f Banks and Laufman technique, for tibia exposure, 33, 35, 36f Banks technique, for tibial nonunion bone graft, 3548–3549, 3548f Barlow maneuver, 1181 Barnes and Scott technique, for unicondylar knee arthroplasty, 277–278, 277f, 278f Barr et al. technique, for vertebroplasty, 1815–1816, 1816f Barr technique, for posterior tibial tendon transfer, 1417–1418, 1417f, 1418f Barrel vault (dome) tibial osteotomy, 1003, 1004f Barrett et al. technique, for plantar fascia release, 4820–4822, 4821f Barsky technique for digital shortening, 4423, 4423f for hand cleft closure, 4394, 4396, 4396f Bartlett technique, for nail fold removal, 4773, 4773f Barton fracture, 3441–3442, 3442f, 3446–3447 dorsal, 3446, 3446f volar, 3446, 3446f

Barton fracture—cont’d volar buttress plate ﬁ xation for, 3446– 3447, 3447f Basal cell carcinoma, hand, 4329 Basilar impression (invagination), 1899– 1902, 1900f radiography of, 1901–1902, 1901b, 1901f, 1902f rheumatoid arthritis and, 1902, 1902f, 2312, 2313, 2314 treatment of, 1902, 2314 vertebral artery compression in, 1900, 1900f Batch et al. technique, for knee disarticulation, 605–607, 606f Bateman technique, for trapezius transfer, 1439, 1440f, 1441–1442 Batson plexus, 1734–1735 Bauer et al. technique, for syndactyly release, 4407, 4408f Baumann angle, 1583, 1583f Baxter and D’Astous technique, for proximal femoral resection and interposition arthroplasty, 1471–1472 Baxter ligament, 2354 Baxter technique, for plantar fascia release, 4818–4820, 4819f Bayne and Klug technique, for hand centralization, 4384–4385, 4384f Beads, antibiotic, 685, 707–708, 3541–3542 Beals technique, for hamstring tendon lengthening, 1363, 1363f Beaty technique for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1191– 1193, 1192f for patellar tendon transfer, 1117 Beckenbaugh technique, for swan-neck deformity correction, 4205, 4206f Becker muscular dystrophy, 1505f, 1510 Becton et al. technique, for metacarpophalangeal joint reduction, 3943–3944, 3944f Bednar and Lane technique, for eponychial marsupialization, 4347–4348, 4348f Bell Tawse procedure, for Monteggia fracture reduction, 1554, 1554f, 1555–1556, 1555f Belly press test, in shoulder injury, 2607, 2608f Belsky and Eaton technique, for proximal phalangeal fracture, 3949, 3951, 3953f Benign ﬁ brous histiocytoma, 863 Benirsche and Sangeorzan technique, for calcaneal fracture reduction, 4839–4842, 4840f, 4841f

Bennett fracture, 3925–3927, 3925f metacarpal osteotomy for, 3927, 3927f open reduction for, 3926–3927, 3926f pediatric, 1541–1542, 1542f percutaneous pinning for, 3926, 3926f Bennett lesion, 2991 Berg technique, for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2543–2545, 2544f Berger and Buckwalter technique, for proximal humerus exposure, 102–103, 103f Berger technique, for forequarter amputation, 634, 635f Berman and Gartland technique, for dome-shaped metatarsal osteotomy, 1077–1078, 1078f, 1079f Beskin and Baxter technique, for interdigital neuroma excision, 4729, 4729f Beskin technique, for proximal phalangeal osteotomy, 4524– 4525, 4525f Betatricalcium phosphate scaffold, for fracture treatment, 3043 Betz technique, for posterior thoracoplasty, 1979–1981, 1980f, 1981f, 1982f Biaxial compression plate ﬁ xation, for intertrochanteric fracture ﬁ xation, 3252, 3253f Biceps brachii muscle paralysis of, 1443–1447 ﬂ exorplasty for, 1443–1444, 1444f latissimus dorsi transfer for, 1445, 1447–1448, 1447f pectoralis major tendon transfer for, 1445, 1446f triceps tendon transfer for, 1444– 1445, 1445f rupture of, 2772 Biceps brachii tendon arthroscopy of diagnostic, 2931f, 2932 surgical, 2944, 2946–2948, 2948f, 2950f–2951f displacement of, 2780–2782, 2781f inﬂ ammation of, 981–983, 983f lesions of, 2942, 2944–2949 classiﬁ cation of, 2945f magnetic resonance imaging of, 150, 151f tendon release for, 2942, 2944 tenodesis for, 2773, 2773f, 2944, 2946–2949, 2948f, 2950f–2951f release of, 2942, 2944 rerouting of, for supination deformity, 1448–1450, 1449f rupture of, 2772–2776, 2773f, 2775f distal, 2773–2776, 2775f proximal, 2772–2773, 2773f

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Biceps brachii tendon—cont’d tenodesis of arthroscopic, 2944, 2946–2948, 2948f keyhole, 2773, 2773f, 2781–2782, 2781f mini open, 2949, 2950f–2951f transfer of, 982–983, 983f Biceps femoris muscle, 2396–2397 Biceps femoris tendon snapping, 966–967, 967f transfer of for posterolateral rotary instability, 2488–2490, 2489f for quadriceps paralysis, 1426–1427, 1426f Bicipital syndrome, 2780–2782, 2781f Biﬁ d thumb, 4410–4414, 4411f, 4413f anatomy of, 4411 division for, 4413–4414, 4414f, 4415f incidence of, 4368t radiography of, 4412f Bigelow maneuver, 3289, 3289f Bigliani et al. technique, for total shoulder arthroplasty, 506– 509, 507f, 508f, 509f Bilhaut-Cloquet technique, for biﬁ d thumb, 4413, 4414f Bioabsorbable materials, 3042t, 3044, 3048–3049 biomechanical properties of, 3048– 3049, 3049b complications of, 3049 indications for, 3049, 3049b Biopsy in carpal tunnel syndrome, 4286 core needle, 780–781 ﬁ ne needle, 780–781 incisional, 780–781 in metastatic carcinoma, 924 muscle, 1499, 1501–1504, 1502f, 1503f open, 1503 percutaneous, 1503–1504 nerve, 1499 in osteomyelitis, 704 resection vs., 781, 783f spinal in infection, 2245–2246 in tumor, 2113–2114, 2114f synovial, 988 in tuberculosis, 755 tumor, 780–781, 780f, 781f Bipolar release, for congenital muscular torticollis, 1237–1238, 1238f Birth brachial plexus injury at. See Brachial plexus injury, obstetric fracture at, 1536–1537 Bisphosphonates, in osteogenesis imperfecta, 1305 Bites cat, 4357 dog, 4357 human, 4356–4357, 4357f

Blackburn et al. technique, for osteoclasis, 3508–3509 Bladder exstrophy of, 1222–1224, 1223f, 1224f myelomeningocele-related dysfunction of, 1452 Blair and Omer technique, for ﬂ exor pollicis longus rerouting, 4429, 4429f Blair technique, for tibiotalar arthrodesis, 180–181, 181f, 4859, 4859f, 4862–4863, 4862f Blastomycosis, 766 Blatt technique, for dorsal capsulodesis, 4083–4086, 4085f, 4086f Bleck technique, for forefoot adduction correction, 1379–1380 Bleeding hand inujury and, 3822–3823 hip arthroplasty and, 392–393 ilium, 23 pelvic fracture and, 3335, 3337 shoulder arthroscopy and, 2926–2927 Blood blisters, fracture-related, 3075, 3075f Blood transfusion, HIV transmission with, 686 Blount disease. See Tibia vara Blumensaat line, 2657, 2657f Boachie-Adjei et al. technique, for combined anterior and posterior spinal fusion, 2298–2300, 2299f Böhler angle, 4835, 4835f Bohlman technique, for cervical arthrodesis, 1799–1801, 1800f Boitzy technique, for hip fracture reduction, 1624 Bonar and Marsh technique, for tibial pilon fracture ﬁ xation, 3112– 3114, 3113f, 3114f Bone(s) fracture of. See Fracture(s) grafts of. See Bone graft/grafting infection/inﬂ ammation of. See Osteomyelitis regeneration of, 3039–3045. See also Fracture(s), healing of tendon ﬁ xation to, 11–13 Chinese ﬁ nger-trap suture in, 11– 12, 11f Cole’s method of, 12–13, 13f Krackow, Thomas, and Jones technique of, 12, 12f Krackow and Cohn technique of, 11–12, 11f locking loop suture in, 12, 12f osseous attachment in, 13–14, 14f screw for, 13, 14f staples in, 14, 14f suture-anchoring device in, 13, 13f, 14f

Bone(s)—cont’d tendon ﬁ xation to—cont’d suture placement in, 11–12, 11f, 12f, 13f wire loops for, 14, 14f transplantation of, 18 ﬁ bula for, 19–20, 20f, 21f tumors of. See Tumor(s) and speciﬁ c sites and tumors Bone bank, 15–16 Bone bruises, ankle sprain and, 2358 Bone cement, in curettage cavity, 790– 791, 790f Bone chip graft, 18 Bone cyst aneurysmal, 868–870, 869f–870f, 871f hand, 4321–4322, 4323f spine, 2116, 2323–2324 unicameral, 866, 868, 868f Bone graft/grafting, 14–23 allogenic, 15, 16t bone bank for, 15–16 for femoral reconstruction, 460– 464, 462f for fracture treatment, 3041, 3042– 3043, 3042t fracture with, 16 indications for, 16 oncological reconstruction with, 791–793, 792f osteoarticular, 791 osteochondral for articular cartilage injury of knee, 2555, 2557f for lateral tibial condylar fracture, 3161 for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2381, 2383–2384, 2383f, 2386–2389, 2387f–2388f prosthesis with, 791, 792f ankle arthrodesis with Blair technique of, 180–181, 181f Chuinard and Peterson technique of, 169, 170f, 171, 172f autogenous, 15, 16t osteochondral, 2852–2855, 2854f– 2855f, 2856f for spinal arthrodesis, 1852 for tibial fracture, 3161 for wrist arthrodesis, 226–228, 227f bone bank for, 15–16 bone–patellar tendon–bone graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2858–2869, 2860f–2861f, 2862f, 2863t, 2865b, 2866b, 2868f for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2542–2545, 2544f cancellous, 15, 16t for fracture nonunion treatment, 3534–3536 multiple chip, 18

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Bone graft/grafting—cont’d cancellous—cont’d preparation of, 20–23, 21f, 22f, 23f substitutes for, 16, 17t for chronic osteomyelitis, 706–707, 707f for clavicular fracture nonunion, 3559, 3559f for comminuted forearm fracture, 3428 for congenital clavicular pseudoarthrosis, 1239–1240, 1240f for congenital kyphosis, 2072–2076, 2074f, 2075f for congenital radial pseudarthrosis, 1241–1242, 1241f for congenital ulnar pseudarthrosis, 1242 cortical, 15, 16–17, 16t dual onlay, 17–18 hemicylindrical, 18 single onlay, 18 in curettage cavity, 790–791 dual onlay, 17–18 for fracture nonunion treatment, 3534, 3535f, 3536f for tibial fracture nonunion, 3549, 3549f, 3550f extenders of, 1852–1853 for femoral condyle osteochondritis dissecans, 2853–2855 for femoral head osteonecrosis, 1036, 1036f for femoral reconstruction, 460–464, 462f ﬁ bular, 15, 19–20, 20f, 21f for anterior cervical arthrodesis, 1864–1865 for femoral head osteonecrosis, 1036–1039 for fracture nonunion, 3536–3538, 3537f, 3538f for fracture, 3041–3044, 3042t for fracture nonunion, 3533–3538, 3535f, 3536f, 3537f, 3538f for giant cell tumor treatment, 886 hemicylindrical, 18 heterogeneous, 15 hip arthrodesis with, 196–197, 197f iliac crest, 15, 20–23, 21f, 22f, 23f. See also Iliac crest graft indications for, 14–15 inlay, 18 for ﬁ fth metatarsal fracture, 4883–4884 for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2885–2886, 2887f for medial malleolar fracture nonunion, 3546–3548, 3547f, 3548f medullary, 18

Bone graft/grafting—cont’d for metacarpal fracture nonunion, 3973–3974, 3974f multiple chip, 18 onlay, 16–18 for fracture nonunion treatment, 3533–3534, 3535f, 3536f osteoconduction in, 16, 17t osteogenesis in, 16, 17t osteoinduction in, 16, 17t osteoperiosteal, 18 peg, 18 periosteum in, 15 preparation of, 18–23 prosthesis ﬁ xation to, oncological reconstruction with, 791– 793, 792f for scaphoid fracture nonunion, 4026– 4034. See also Scaphoid, fracture of, nonunion of, bone grafting in single onlay, 16–17 sliding for fracture nonunion treatment, 3536, 3536f for medial malleolar fracture nonunion, 3547–3548, 3547f source of, 15–16 for spinal arthrodesis, 1851–1853, 1948–1949, 1949f, 1950f structure of, 15 synthetic, for fracture treatment, 3042t, 3043–3044 for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2381, 2383–2384, 2383f, 2386–2389, 2387f–2388f tibial, 15, 18–19, 19f for tibial pseudarthrosis, 1108, 1109, 1109f, 1110–1111, 1110f vascularized, 3759–3768 ﬁ bular, 3761–3765, 3763f–3764f, 3766f, 3767f for fracture nonunion, 3537– 3538, 3537f, 3538f iliac crest, 3760f, 3765, 3767 indications for, 3761 for Kienböck disease, 4042–4043, 4043f planning for, 3761 rib, 2072–2076, 2074f, 2075f, 3760f, 3767–3768 for scaphoid nonunion, 4032–4034, 4033f, 4034f sites for, 3759–3761, 3760f whole bone, 18 wrist arthrodesis with, 225, 4072, 4073f Bone infarction, 875, 875f Bone island, 857–858, 858f Bone marrow, inﬂ ammation of. See Osteomyelitis Bone marrow edema pattern, in osteonecrosis, 142

Bone marrow injection for fracture nonunion, 3042, 3042t for tibial fracture nonunion, 3551 for unicameral bone cyst, 868, 868f Bone matrix, demineralized, in curettage cavity, 790–791 Bone morphogenetic proteins for femoral head necrosis, 1035 for fracture treatment, 3044 for spinal arthrodesis, 1852–1853 Bone pegs, 18 for Osgood-Schlatter disease, 1256, 1256f for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1638, 1639f Bone scan aneurysmal bone cyst, 868 Ewing sarcoma, 912f femoral neck fracture, 3273 ﬁ bular stress fracture, 2362f osteomyelitis, 698, 698f, 703–704 Paget disease, 873, 874f patellar osteochondritis dissecans, 1258, 1259f reﬂ ex sympathetic dystrophy, 3645 septic arthritis, 725 spinal infection, 2244–2245 talar avulsion fracture, 2373, 2374f tuberculosis, 755 tumor, 776–777 Bone tumor(s). See also Tumor(s) benign, 855–871. See also speciﬁ c tumors bone-forming, 855–858, 857f, 858f cystic, 866, 868–871, 868f, 869f– 870f, 871f, 872f fatty, 871, 873f ﬁ brous, 862–866, 863f, 864f, 865f, 867f in hyperparathyroidism, 875, 875f vascular, 871, 873f malignant, 901–931. See also speciﬁ c tumors Bone–patellar tendon–bone graft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with arthroscopic technique of, 2858– 2865, 2860f–2861f, 2862f, 2863t, 2865b, 2866b rehabilitation protocol after, 2866b two-incision technique of, 2865, 2867–2869, 2868f open technique of, 2510–2517, 2511f–2516f posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with, 2542– 2545, 2544f Bonola technique, for partial thoracoplasty, 1911, 1911f Bony bridge, 1313–1317, 1314f–1317f Bora et al. technique, for hand centralization, 4383–4384, 4383f

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Borens et al. technique, for tibial pilon fracture ﬁ xation, 3108–3110 Borrelia burgdorferi infection, 765 Bose technique, for nail fold removal, 4773, 4774f Boston brace for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1941 for neuromuscular scoliosis, 2007 Bosworth technique for Achilles tendon repair, 2755, 2755f for coracoclavicular screw ﬁ xation, 3590–3591, 3591f for knee exposure, 56–58, 57f for proximal femur-ischium arthrodesis, 201, 202f for tibial bone peg insertion, 1256, 1256f Botulinum toxin, for cerebral palsy, 1343, 1343f, 4174 Bouchard nodes, 4197, 4198f Boutonniére deformity. See Buttonhole deformity Bowers technique, for distal radioulnar arthroplasty, 3514, 3514f, 4059–4061, 4062f Bowler thumb, 4304–4305, 4304f Boyd and Anderson technique, for distal biceps brachii tendon repair, 2775–2776, 2775f Boyd technique amputation, 591, 596, 597f for ﬁ bular hemimelia, 1127, 1128f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1138, 1139– 1140, 1140f for hip disarticulation, 615–617, 616f for ulna exposure, 120–122, 121f Boyes technique for radial nerve injury, 4153 for thumb adduction restoration, 4136, 4136f for ulnar nerve injury, 3991–3992, 3992f Brace. See Bracing Brachial artery injury elbow dislocation and, 3408 supracondylar fracture and, 1590–1591 Brachial plexus, 3637 anatomy of, 3662–3663, 3663f anesthetic block of, 3802 injury to. See Brachial plexus injury and speciﬁ c nerve injuries Brachial plexus compression syndrome, 3671 Brachial plexus injury, 7, 8f, 3662–3688. See also at speciﬁ c nerves arthrodesis for, 209 classiﬁ cation of, 3663–3664, 3667f closed, 3666, 3670 cord-level, 3663f, 3665 cutaneous axon reﬂ exes in, 3664–3665 diagnosis of, 3664–3665, 3664f, 3667f etiology of, 3663–3664, 3667f

Brachial plexus injury—cont’d glenohumeral subluxation with, 3665 lower (Klumpke), 3665 myelography in, 3664, 3664f obstetric, 1480–1488, 1481t anterior shoulder release for, 1484, 1484f classiﬁ cation of, 1480, 1481t, 1482, 1483f clinical features of, 1481, 1482f conservative treatment of, 1482 degree of, 1481 grading of, 1482, 1483f latissimus dorsi transfer for, 1485– 1488, 1486f–1487f, 1488f radial head dislocation in, 1483, 1484f rotational humeral osteotomy for, 1484–1485 Sever-L’Episcopo procedure for, 1485–1488, 1486f–1487f subscapularis release for, 1483, 1483f teres major transfer for, 1485–1487, 1486f–1487f, 1488f treatment of, 1482–1488 open, 3665–3666 sensory evaluation after, 3642–3643, 3642t, 3643t Sprengel deformity treatment and, 1232–1233 treatment of, 3665–3671 amputation in, 3667 exposure for, 3668–3669, 3669f gap closure methods in, 3669 goals of, 3666–3667 incision for, 3668, 3668f indications for, 3665–3666 results of, 3669–3671, 3670 upper (Erb), 3664–3665, 3666–3667, 3667f Brachioradialis transfer for thumb adduction restoration, 4136–4138, 4136f, 4137f for wrist extension, 4162, 4162f Brachydactyly, 4368t, 4434 Brachymetacarpia, 4434, 4435, 4435f Brachysyndactyly, 4403 Brachytherapy, 784, 784f Bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1941 for cerebral palsy, 1343–1344 for cervical disc disease, 2190 for congenital scoliosis, 2035 for humeral shaft fracture, 3389 for neuromuscular scoliosis, 2007 for osteogenesis imperfecta, 2122 for proximal tibial fracture, 3153 for Scheuermann disease, 2057 for spinal cord injury, 2026 for spinal muscle atrophy, 2028 for tibial shaft fracture, 3119–3120 Brackett and Osgood technique, for knee exposure, 51–52, 53f

Brackett ball-and-socket osteotomy, 748, 749f, 750 Bradford technique for combined anterior and posterior spinal fusion, 2298–2300, 2300f for vascular rib graft, 2072–2076, 2074f, 2075f Braly et al. technique, for calcaneal fracture malunion, 4848– 4850, 4849f Brand et al. technique, for web space deepening, 4426, 4427f Brand technique for extensor carpi radialis brevis transfer, 4142, 4143f, 4144f, 4145–4146, 4146f, 4147f for sublimis tendon transfer, 4131, 4131f, 4135–4136, 4136f Braun et al. technique, for shoulder contracture release, 1382–1383 Breast cancer, bone metastases from, 777, 924, 926f Bric technique, for tangential excision and grafting, 4109–4110 Brignall and Stainsby technique, for iliotibial band Z -plasty, 968, 968f Bristow procedure, for shoulder dislocation, 2700–2702, 2700f, 2702f, 2703f Brittain technique, for elbow arthrodesis, 220–221, 220f Broadbent and Woolf technique, for Z -plasty, 4426, 4426f Brodie abscess, 701–702, 702f Brooks and Jenkins technique, for atlantoaxial fusion, 1791– 1792, 1791f, 1793f, 1884, 1885f Brooks and Seddon technique, for pectoralis major tendon transfer, 1445, 1446f Broomhead approach, to ankle, 32, 32f Broström procedure, modiﬁ ed, for chronic ankle instability, 2364, 2365, 2366–2367, 2366f, 2370, 2371f Broughton et al. technique, for tibial diaphyseal shortening, 1150, 1151f Brown et al. technique, for knee exposure, 46–47 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 1769, 1770, 1771f Brown technique, for low ulnar nerve palsy, 4154–4155 Brown tumor, 873, 875, 875f Brucellosis, 764, 2249, 2250f Brunelli and Brunelli technique, for carpal ligament reconstruction, 4082f, 4083

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Bruser technique, for knee exposure, 45–46, 46f Bryan and Morrey technique, for elbow exposure, 109–111, 110f Buchler et al. technique, for Rolando fracture reduction and ﬁ xation, 3929, 3930f Buck-Gramcko technique for hand centralization, 4385–4386, 4385f for metacarpal lengthening, 4435, 4435f for pollicization, 669–671, 670f, 4386f, 4387, 4388f Buck traction, for hip fracture, 3238 Bucket-handle meniscal tear, 2422, 2819, 2823, 2823f, 2826–2828 mechanism of, 2422, 2422f partial meniscectomy for, 2826, 2827, 2828f repair of, 2826, 2826f, 2827, 2828f Buford complex, arthroscopy of, 2931f, 2932 Bulb suture, 3657 Bulbocavernosus reﬂ ex, 1766, 1766f Bullet injury. See Gunshot injury Buncke technique, for great toe to thumb transfer, 3779–3782, 3781f Bunion ﬁ fth toe. See Bunionette great toe. See Hallux valgus Bunionectomy. See McBride bunionectomy (modiﬁ ed) Bunionette, 4652–4660, 4653f callus with, 4652, 4654f chevron osteotomy for, 4658, 4659f lateral condyle resection for, 4653– 4655, 4654f, 4655f–4656f metatarsal head resection for, 4658, 4660, 4660f metatarsal osteotomy for, 4655–4658, 4657f Bunnell technique for crisscross suture, 3855f, 3856f, 3857, 3857f, 3859, 3860f for distal radioulnar joint stabilization, 3596f for elbow ﬂ exorplasty, 1443–1444, 1444f for ﬂ exor digitorum sublimis transfer, 4141, 4141f, 4145 for triceps tendon transfer, 1444–1445, 1445f Bunnell test, 4203, 4203f Burgess technique, for transtibial amputation, 603–605, 604f Burkhalter et al. technique, for extensor indicis proprius transfer, 4132, 4132f Burkhalter technique, for low ulnar nerve palsy, 4154, 4155f

Burkhart and DeBeer technique, for anterior shoulder stabilization with glenoid deﬁ ciency, 2688, 2690f–2692f, 2692–2693 Burkhart et al. technique, for type II SLAP lesion ﬁ xation, 2936– 2942, 2938f–2942f, 2943t–2944t Burkhart technique, for subscapularis tendon repair, 2983, 2985– 2987, 2985f, 2986f, 2987f Burks and Schaffer technique, for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2545, 2546f Burn injury amputation in, 564 electrical, 4111–4112, 4111f hand. See Hand injury, burn Burr-down technique, in osteoid osteoma, 856–857, 857f Burrow technique, for subclavius tenodesis, 2673, 2676, 2677f Bursa (bursae), 973 adventitious, 973, 981 inﬂ ammation of. See Bursitis popliteal, 975–977 prepatellar, 974 radial, infection of, 4354–4355, 4355f scapularis, excision of, 971 ulnar, infection of, 4354–4355, 4355f Voshell, 974, 974f Bursectomy prepatellar, 974 scapular, 971 Bursitis, 972–993 antibiotics for, 973 elbow, 983, 3007 ﬁ bular collateral ligament, 974–975 gastrocnemius, 975–978, 977f, 978f hip, 979–981 iliopectineal, 980–981 iliopsoas, 980–981 infrapatellar, 975 ischiogluteal, 980 knee, 973–979, 973f, 975f medial gastrocnemius, 977–978, 978f nonoperative treatment of, 973 olecranon, 983, 3007 prepatellar, 973–974 retrocalcaneal, 4825–4827 scapulothoracic, 970 semimembranosus, 978 shoulder, 981 spine, 981 subacromial, 981 subdeltoid, 981 subgluteal, 979 subscapularis, 981 tibial collateral ligament, 974, 975f traumatic, 973 trochanteric, 979–980

Burton and Pellegrini technique, for trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty, 4231–4233, 4232f Butler technique, for ﬁ fth metatarsophalangeal joint arthroplasty, 1070–1072, 1073f Butterﬂ y ﬂ ap, 4406, 4407f Buttonhole deformity, 3906–3907, 3906f, 4207–4211, 4208f arthroplasty for, 4209–4211, 4211f extensor tenotomy for, 4208 mild, 4208 moderate, 4208 rheumatoid arthritis and, 4196, 4197f secondary repair of, 3907–3909, 3908f severe, 4209 Byattacharyya et al. technique, for tibial pilon fracture ﬁ xation, 3110– 3111, 3110f Byrd technique, for supine position hip arthroscopy, 2905–2907, 2906f, 2907f

C C-reactive protein, 678 osteomyelitis and, 697–698 postarthroplasty infection and, 417 spinal infection and, 2245 Cahill and Palmer technique, for quadrilateral space syndrome, 2631, 2632f Calandruccio II external ﬁ xation device tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis with, 181–184 tibiotalar arthrodesis with, 166, 166f, 175–179, 177f–178f Calcaneal osteotomy for Achilles tendinitis, 2758–2759, 2758f for calcaneocavovarus deformity, 4749–4752, 4750f for calcaneocavus deformity, 4747– 4748, 4747f, 4748f for cavus foot, 4747–4748, 4747f, 4748f crescentic, 1379, 1379f, 4747–4748, 4748f Dwyer technique of, 1374, 1376, 1376f, 4747, 4747f for equinovalgus deformity, 1377, 1377f for malunited calcaneal fracture, 4848–4850, 4849f for pes planus, 4588–4589, 4597–4601, 4598f, 4600f for poliomyelitis-related deformity, 1409 for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4795–4797

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Calcaneal osteotomy—cont’d for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency and accessory navicular, 4797, 4800f for resistant clubfoot, 1096–1097, 1096f, 1097f triplanar, 4749–4752, 4750f for varus deformity, 1096, 1374, 1376, 1376f, 1457, 1458f Calcaneal tendon. See Achilles tendon Calcanectomy for malunited fracture, 3468–3469, 3469f for osteomyelitis, 714, 715f for tuberculosis, 758 Calcaneocavovarus deformity, 4748– 4756 Dunn arthrodesis for, 4753, 4755f Hoke-Kite arthrodesis for, 4753, 4755, 4755f Lambrinudi arthrodesis for, 4756, 4756f peroneus brevis tenodesis for, 4751– 4752, 4752f triplanar osteotomy and lateral ligament reconstruction for, 4749–4752, 4750f triple arthrodesis for, 4752–4757, 4753f, 4754f, 4755f, 4756f Calcaneocavus deformity, 4747–4748, 4747f, 4748f Calcaneocuboid joint arthrodesis for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4795 for rheumatoid deformity, 4687– 4688 subtalar and talonavicular arthrodesis with. See Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis Calcaneoﬁ bular ligament anatomy of, 2354, 2354f imbrication of, 2364, 2369–2370, 2369f magnetic resonance imaging of, 2357–2358 peroneus brevis tendon reconstruction of, 2362–2364, 2363f, 2364f, 2365f, 2366f rupture of, 2361, 2370, 2371f. See also Ankle, ligamentous injury of shortening of, 2364, 2366f Calcaneonavicular bar, 4607, 4608– 4612 resection of, 4610–4612, 4611f Calcaneonavicular coalition, 4608– 4612 clinical characteristics of, 4608–4609 treatment of, 4609–4612, 4611f triple arthrodesis for, 4612 Calcaneotibial angle, 1421, 1422f Calcaneotibial fusion, for talar body fracture, 4861–4862, 4862f

Calcaneovalgus deformity Achilles tenodesis for, 1407, 1407f anterior tibial tendon transfer for, 1459 anterolateral release for, 1458, 1459f Calcaneus. See also Heel approach to, 25–27, 26f, 29f curved L , 25, 27f, 29f Kocher, 27, 29f lateral, 25, 26f medial, 25 U , 25, 27f deformity of cavovarus. See Calcaneocavovarus deformity cavus, 4747–4748, 4747f, 4748f cerebral palsy–related, 1378–1379, 1379f dorsiﬂ exion, 1421–1425, 1422f, 1423f myelomeningocele-related, 1458– 1459, 1459f valgus, 1407–1407f, 1458, 1459, 1459f fracture of, 4833–4851 age and, 4838 anterior process, 4834 avulsion, 4833–4834, 4834f axial ﬁ xation for, 4846–4847, 4847f Böhler angle in, 4835, 4835f bone graft for, 4839 Brodén view for, 4835, 4836f chronic pain after, 4848–4850 classiﬁ cation of, 4835–4836, 4835f, 4837f closed treatment of, 4836–4838, 4848 complications of, 4847–4848 computed tomography in, 4835– 4836, 4836f, 4837f débridement and irrigation for, 4838–4839 Essex-Lopresti classiﬁ cation of, 4834–4835, 4835f extraarticular, 4833–4834, 4834f health status and, 4838 intraarticular, 4834–4835, 4834f, 4835f joint depression-type, 4835, 4835f malreduction of, 4847 malunion of, 3464–3471 bone-block arthrodesis for, 3466 calcaneal lateral prominence resection for, 3468–3469, 3469f classiﬁ cation of, 3465, 3465f distraction arthrodesis for, 3467– 3468, 3468f extensile lateral approach for, 3469–3471, 3470f lateral decompression for, 4848– 4850, 4849f posterior subtalar arthrodesis for, 3466–3467, 3467f

Calcaneus—cont’d fracture of—cont’d malunion of—cont’d radiography in, 3465 subtalar distraction realignment arthrodesis for, 3465–3466, 3466f triple arthrodesis for, 3466 mechanism of, 4833–4835, 4834f, 4835f nerve injury with, 4847–4848 non-weight bearing after, 4847 open reduction for, 4839–4846 complications of, 4847–4848 lateral approach for, 4839–4842, 4840f, 4841f medial and lateral approach for, 4843–4846, 4844f, 4848 results of, 4836–4838, 4848 pediatric, 1699, 1700f radiography of, 4835, 4835f, 4836f soft-tissue injury with, 4838–4839 subtalar arthrodesis for, 4842–4843, 4850–4851, 4851f tongue-type, 4835, 4835f, 4846– 4847, 4847f wound complications with, 4847 lateral prominence of, resection of, for malunited fracture, 3468– 3469, 3469f myelomeningocele-related deformity of, 1458–1459, 1459f osteomyelitis of, 711–712, 712f, 714, 715f osteotomy of. See Calcaneal osteotomy resection of for malunited fracture, 3468–3469, 3469f for osteomyelitis, 714, 715f for tuberculosis, 758 Calciﬁ c tendinitis, supraspinatus, 2627– 2630, 2990 aspiration and needling for, 2628–2629 open excision for, 2629–2630, 2630f progression of, 2627–2628, 2628f Calciﬁ cation(s) chondrosarcoma and, 908, 909f ectopic, elbow fracture-dislocation and, 3410 enchondroma and, 859, 859f hip arthroplasty and, 393–394 intervertebral disc, 1915 osteoblastoma and, 893, 896f painful, 971–972, 972f paraarticular, 971–972, 972f rotator cuff, 972, 2990 shoulder, 971–972, 972f, 2991 synovial sarcoma and, 951f trochanteric, 980, 980f Calcinosis, 4336–4337 Calcinosis circumscripta, 4337, 4338f Calcium phosphate cement, for fracture treatment, 3043–3044

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Calcium sulfate, for fracture treatment, 3042t, 3043 Caldwell technique, for Durham plasty, 4589–4592, 4590f–4591f Calf compression of, syndesmosis sprain and, 2359, 2360f synovial cyst of, 976 Callotasis metacarpal lengthening, 4437 Callus. See Corn(s) Camitz technique, for palmaris longus tendon transfer, 4133 Campanacci disease, 864, 865f Campbell technique for ankle arthrodesis, 187, 187f for elbow exposure, 105–106, 106f, 107f, 112–113, 113f for expansion thoracoplasty, 2046– 2052, 2046f, 2047f, 2048f–2049f for genu recurvatum, 1427, 1428f for hip contracture release, 1432–1433, 1433f for interpositional elbow arthroplasty, 537–539, 538f for resection elbow arthroplasty, 539– 540, 539f Camptodactyly, 4442–4445, 4442f, 4443f, 4444t ﬂ exor superﬁ cialis tendon transfer for, 4445, 4445f incidence of, 4368t tendon release for, 4444–4445 Canale et al. technique for innominate osteotomy, 1268, 1268f for percutaneous epiphysiodesis, 1148, 1149f for slipped capital femoral epiphysis ﬁ xation, 1634–1636, 1635f Cancellous bone graft, 15, 16t for fracture nonunion treatment, 3534–3536 multiple chip, 18 preparation of, 20–23, 21f, 22f, 23f substitutes for, 16, 17t Capello technique, for pre-hip arthroplasty radiography, 340, 341f–342f Capener technique, for anterolateral spinal decompression, 2265– 2266, 2266f Capillary hemangioma, 942 Capitate anatomy of, 3999–4000, 4000f fracture of, 4005, 4006f, 4034–4035, 4035f, 4037t post-traumatic osteonecrosis of, 4035 Capitate-radius arthrodesis, 226, 227f Capitellocondylar total elbow arthroplasty, 544–546

Capitellum fracture of, 1568–1569, 1569f, 1580 osteochondritis dissecans of, 1260– 1262, 1262f osteochondrosis of, 1260–1262, 1262f osteonecrosis of, 1571, 1571f, 1572 Capitohamate ligament, 4001f, 4002f Capsular shift procedure for anterior shoulder dislocation, 2693–2697, 2694f, 2695f, 2696f for posterior shoulder dislocation, 2707–2710, 2708f, 2709f, 2711f, 2712, 2714–2716, 2714f–2715f Capsulodesis dorsal, 4083–4086, 4085f, 4086f Zancolli technique for, 4143, 4144f, 4152 Capsulolabral augmentation and rotator interval closure, 2953–2956, 2955f, 2958, 2958f Capsulorrhaphy for developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip, 1200f, 1201, 1201f, 1203f for shoulder dislocation, 2704 Capsulotomy for ﬂ exor contracture of knee, 2574–2575 metacarpophalangeal joint, 3974–3975 postreplantation, 3730 proximal interphalangeal joint, 3975– 3977, 3976f, 3977f Cardiovascular system, anomalies of, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905, 1905b Carlioz technique, for subscapularis release, 1483, 1483f Carnesale technique, for extensile acetabular and pelvic exposure, 87–88, 88f–89f Carotid artery injury, 1769 Carpal bones. See also at Wrist and speciﬁ c carpal bones anatomy of, 3999–4000, 4000f circulation of, 4001, 4002f force transmission to, 4003 fracture of. See at speciﬁ c bones malunited fractures of, 3523 motions of, 4001–4003, 4003f Carpal ligaments, 4073–4090 arthroscopy of, 4010–4011, 4010f instability of, 4073–4090 arthrodesis for, 4086–4090, 4087f, 4089f, 4090f lunotriquetral, 4089–4090, 4090f scaphocapitate, 4088 scaphocapitolunate, 4088–4089, 4089f scaphotrapezial-trapezoid, 4086– 4088, 4087f triquetrohamate, 4090

Carpal ligaments—cont’d instability of—cont’d capsulodesis for, 4083–4086, 4085f, 4086f classiﬁ cation of, 4074–4075, 4074t, 4078t dorsal transscaphoid perilunar dislocation and, 4077 hyperextension and, 4075 ligament reconstruction for, 4079–4084 Almquist et al. technique for, 4081f, 4082–4083 Brunelli and Brunelli technique for, 4082f, 4083 Palmer, Dobyns, and Linscheid technique for, 4079–4082, 4080f Taleisnik and Linscheid technique for, 4083, 4084f lunate dislocation and, 4076, 4076f midcarpal, 4077 open reduction for, 4078, 4079f palmar transscaphoid perilunar dislocation and, 4077 perilunar, 4004f, 4075 scaphoid subluxation and, 4075– 4076, 4075f, 4076f triquetrolunate, 4077 magnetic resonance imaging of, 150, 151f Carpal tunnel syndrome, 4285–4298 biopsy in, 4286 compression test in, 4287, 4288t diagnosis of, 4286–4287, 4288t electrodiagnostic tests in, 4287, 4288t electromyography in, 4287, 4288t endoscopic release for, 4291–4298 contraindications to, 4292 single-incision, 4292–4297, 4293f–4294f two-incision, 4295f–4296f, 4297–4298 epineurotomy in, 4289 ﬂ exor tenosynovectomy in, 4289 imaging in, 4287 magnetic resonance imaging in, 150 minimal-incision release for, 4289– 4291, 4290f, 4291f nonoperative treatment of, 4287, 4289 pathogenesis of, 4285–4286, 4286b pediatric, 4286 pressures in, 4287, 4288t recurrent, 4298 Semmes-Weinstein testing in, 4287, 4288t surgical release for, 4289–4291, 4290f, 4291f Carpectomy for ﬂ exor-pronator origin release, 4185 radiocapitate fusion with, 226, 227f for scaphoid nonunion, 4025–4026, 4025f, 4027f

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Carpenter syndrome, 4409 Carpometacarpal boss, 4338, 4338f Carpometacarpal joint ﬁ nger, dislocation of, 3940, 3941f thumb dislocation of, 3929–3931, 3931f fracture of, 3927–3929, 3928f, 3929f, 3930f pediatric, 1542, 1542f Carr et al. technique, for subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis, 3466, 3467– 3468, 3468f, 4850–4851, 4851f Carrell technique, for distal ﬁ bula resection, 838, 840f Carstam and Eiken technique, for phalangeal osteotomy, 4446, 4446f Carstam and Theander technique, for phalangeal osteotomy, 4447– 4448, 4448f Carter and Ezaki technique, for dome osteotomy and Vickers ligament excision, 4450– 4451, 4451f Cartilage, lesions of, 858–862, 859f. See also Chondroma; Chondrosarcoma; Enchondroma; Osteochondroma Caspari et al. technique, for arthroscopic knee fracture treatment, 2891–2892 Casting for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1941–1942 for femoral shaft fracture, 3190–3191 for infantile idiopathic scoliosis, 1924 for radial clubhand, 4378, 4378f for scaphoid fracture, 4013–4014 for Scheuermann disease, 2057 for tibial shaft fracture, 3119–3120 for ulnar clubhand, 4401 Castle and Schneider technique, for proximal femoral resection, 1354, 1357, 1357f Cat bite, 4357 Cauda equina syndrome, 1770–1771 spondylolisthesis fusion and, 2085, 2086f Causalgia, 3644–3646 Cave technique, for knee exposure, 42– 43, 43f Cavernous hemangioma, 942, 4319, 4319f Cavovarus deformity, 4748–4752, 4748f, 4749f. See also CharcotMarie-Tooth disease, cavovarus deformity in calcaneal osteotomy for, 4747–4748, 4747f, 4748f myelomeningocele-related, 1457–1458

Cavovarus deformity—cont’d peroneus brevis tenodesis for, 4751– 4752, 4752f poliomyelitis-related, 1405, 1419 radiography of, 1515, 1516f triplanar osteotomy for, 4749–4751, 4750f triple arthrodesis for, 4748–4749, 4748f, 4749f, 4752–4757, 4753f, 4754f, 4755f, 4756f Cavus foot, 4730–4756, 4731f calcaneocavovarus deformity with, 4748–4756 Dunn arthrodesis for, 4753, 4755f Hoke-Kite arthrodesis for, 4753, 4755, 4755f Lambrinudi arthrodesis for, 4756, 4756f peroneus brevis tenodesis for, 4751– 4752, 4752f triplanar osteotomy and ligament reconstruction for, 4749– 4751, 4750f triple arthrodesis for, 4749f, 4752– 4757, 4753f, 4754f, 4755f, 4756f calcaneocavus deformity with, 4747– 4748, 4747f, 4748f cavovarus deformity with, 4733, 4733f, 4747–4752 calcaneal osteotomy for, 4747–4748, 4747f, 4748f peroneus brevis tenodesis for, 4751– 4752, 4752f triplanar osteotomy for, 4749–4751, 4750f triple arthrodesis for, 4748–4749, 4748f, 4749f, 4752–4757, 4753f, 4754f, 4755f, 4756f cerebral palsy–related, 1379 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease–related, 4732–4733, 4733f, 4734, 4736f, 4748f claw toes with, 4731f, 4735–4739 great and second, 4737–4739, 4738f, 4740f plantar fascia release for, 4736–4737, 4737f clinical manifestations of, 4734, 4734f, 4735f etiology of, 4732–4733, 4732f, 4733f forefoot equinus with, 4739–4745 extensor tendon transfer for, 4741– 4742, 4742f plantar fasciotomy for, 4740, 4741f proximal metatarsal osteotomy for, 4740–4741, 4741f tarsometatarsal truncated wedge arthrodesis for, 4742–4745, 4743f idiopathic, 4732 lateral block test in, 4733, 4734f

Cavus foot—cont’d midfoot, 4745–4747 anterior tarsal wedge osteotomy for, 4745, 4745f tarsal V -osteotomy for, 4745–4747, 4746f myelomeningocele-related, 1460 nonoperative treatment of, 4734 poliomyelitis-related, 1414–1415, 4734, 4754f prognosis for, 4756–4757 radiography of, 4734–4735, 4735f, 4736f traumatic, 4732 triple arthrodesis for, 4749, 4749f, 4752–4757, 4753f, 4754f, 4755f, 4756f CD Horizon Eclipse spinal instrumentation, 1998– 2006 cable compression for, 2005–2006, 2006f discectomy for, 1998, 2000, 2000f exposure for, 1998, 2000f graft harvest for, 2000 patient positioning for, 1998, 1999f rack and pinion compression for, 2005, 2005f rod placement for, 2003–2005, 2004f screw placement for, 2000–2003, 2001f–2002f CD Horizon Legacy dual-rod instrumentation system, for thoracolumbar curve, 1989– 1992, 1990f–1991f, 1992f CD Horizon Legacy spinal deformity system for iliac ﬁ xation, 2019, 2020f for Lenke 1A curve, 1957–1959, 1958f, 1959f, 1960f Cell saver, for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment, 1944 Cellulitis anaerobic, 565t, 566 technetium-99m phosphate scan in, 681, 681t Central cord syndrome, 1769–1770, 1770t, 1771f Central core myopathy, 1513 Central ray amputation, 586–587, 588f Central slip ﬂ ap, for buttonhole deformity, 3907, 3909f Centralization, hand, 4378–4387 Bayne and Klug technique for, 4384– 4385, 4384f Bora et al. technique for, 4383–4384, 4383f Buck-Gramcko technique for, 4385– 4386, 4385f Manske, McCarroll, and Swanson technique for, 4378–4379, 4380f, 4381f Watson, Beebe, and Cruz technique for, 4380–4381, 4382f

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Cerebral palsy, 1333–1384 adult, 1383–1384 anatomic site classiﬁ cation of, 1335– 1336, 1335t associated impairments with, 1341 ataxic, 1337, 1337f athetoid, 1337, 1337f baclofen for, 1342–1343, 1342f “birthday surgery” for, 1344, 1344f botulinum toxin for, 1343, 1343f bracing for, 1343–1344 choreiform, 1337 classiﬁ cation of, 1335–1338, 1335t dantrolene for, 1342 diagnosis of, 1338–1341, 1338t, 1339f diazepam for, 1342 diplegia in, 1335t, 1336, 1337f dorsal root rhizotomy in, 1345–1346, 1345f, 1346f dystonic, 1337f elbow deformities in, 1382–1383, 1383f emotional problems in, 1341 etiology of, 1333–1335, 1334t, 1335f extensor thrust reﬂ ex in, 1338, 1339f foot deformity in, 1366–1380 adduction, 1379–1380 calcaneal, 1378–1379, 1379f cavus, 1379 claw toe, 1380 equinovalgus, 1376–1378 calcaneal osteotomy for, 1377, 1377f subtalar arthrodesis for, 1377– 1378, 1378f equinovarus, 1369, 1371–1376 calcaneal osteotomy for, 1374, 1376, 1376f musculotendinous recession for, 1372 posterior tibial tendon lengthening for, 1371–1372, 1372f split tendon transfers for, 1372– 1374, 1373f, 1375f equinus, 1366–1369 Achilles tendon lengthening for, 1366–1368, 1367f, 1368f gastrocnemius-soleus muscle lengthening for, 1369, 1370f, 1371f hallux valgus, 1380, 4540 foot placement reaction in, 1338, 1339f, 1340f fractures in, 1341 gait analysis in, 1340–1341 hand deformity in, 4173–4192 evaluation of, 4173–4174, 4174f ﬂ exion, 4177, 4177t, 4179–4185 carpectomy for, 4185 ﬂ exor carpi radialis muscle lengthening for, 4179, 4179f ﬂ exor carpi ulnaris transfer for, 4182–4184, 4183f

Cerebral palsy—cont’d hand deformity in—cont’d ﬂ exion—cont’d ﬂ exor-pronator origin release for, 4179–4182, 4180f, 4181f wrist arthrodesis for, 4184, 4184f nonoperative management of, 4174, 4174f operative management of, 4175–4192 goals of, 4175, 4175f principles of, 4175–4176, 4176t pronation contracture, 4176–4177, 4177t, 4178f swan neck, 4192, 4192f thumb-in-palm, 4185–4192, 4185f, 4186t contracture release for, 4187– 4189, 4188f, 4189f extensor pollicis longus redirection for, 4189, 4191– 4192, 4191f ﬂ exor pollicis longus abductorplasty for, 4189, 4190f myotomy for, 4186–4187, 4187f hemiplegia in, 1335t, 1336, 1337f hip deformity in, 1346–1358, 1347f adduction, 1348–1351 iliopsoas recession for, 1349, 1351, 1351f iliopsoas release for, 1351 tenotomy and release for, 1348– 1349, 1350f arthroplasty for, 392 ﬂ exion, 1347–1348, 1348f incidence of, 1347 pathogenesis of, 1347 subluxation/dislocation, 1351–1358 evaluation of, 1347, 1347f proximal femoral resection for, 1357, 1357f San Diego procedure for, 1353– 1354, 1355f, 1356f varus derotational osteotomy for, 1353–1354, 1355f, 1356f hypotonic, 1337–1338 knee deformity in, 1358–1366 ﬂ exion, 1358–1365 evaluation of, 1358–1360, 1359f, 1360f, 1361f gastrocnemius evaluation in, 1359, 1360f hamstring evaluation in, 1359, 1359f, 1360f hamstring tendon lengthening for, 1360–1363, 1362f, 1363f jump posture with, 1358, 1359f posterior capsular release for, 1363, 1363f quadriceps evaluation in, 1359, 1361f quadriceps shortening for, 1363, 1363f

Cerebral palsy—cont’d knee deformity in—cont’d ﬂ exion—cont’d rectus femoris evaluation in, 1359–1360, 1361f rectus femoris transfer for, 1363– 1365, 1364f recurvatum, 1365 valgus, 1365 mental impairments with, 1341 mixed, 1338, 1338t monoplegia in, 1335t, 1336 Moro reﬂ ex in, 1338, 1339f, 1340f motor function classiﬁ cation of, 1338, 1338t motor function evaluation in, 1338, 1338t, 1339f neck-righting reﬂ ex in, 1338, 1339f, 1340f osteopenia in, 1341 parachute reaction in, 1338, 1339f, 1340f paraplegia in, 1335t, 1336 patella alta in, 1365–1366, 1365f pelvic obliquity in, 1380–1381, 1380f periventricular lesions in, 1334, 1334t, 1335f physical therapy for, 1343 physiological classiﬁ cation of, 1336– 1338, 1337f primitive reﬂ exes in, 1338, 1339f, 1340, 1340f prognostic factors in, 1339–1340, 1340f quadriplegia in, 1335t, 1336, 1337f rigid, 1337 risk factors for, 1334–1335, 1334t scoliosis in, 1380–1381, 1380f, 2019, 2021–2024 classiﬁ cation of, 2021, 2022f nonoperative treatment of, 2021 operative treatment of, 2021–2023, 2023f seating system for, 2021 seizures in, 1341 shoulder deformities in, 1382 spastic, 1336–1337, 1337f tonic neck reﬂ ex in, 1338, 1339f, 1340f treatment of, 1341–1346 neurosurgical, 1345–1346, 1345f, 1346f nonoperative, 1342–1344, 1342f, 1343f operative, 1344–1345, 1344f upper extremity deformities in, 1381–1383 elbow, 1382–1383, 1383f shoulder, 1382 visual impairments with, 1341 Cerebrospinal ﬂ uid leak, lumbar disc surgery and, 2213–2216, 2213t, 2214f

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Cervical collar, for atlas fracture, 1785 Cervical disc disease. See Intervertebral disc disease, cervical Cervical foraminotomy anterior, 2193–2195, 2194f posterior, 2190–2192, 2191f Cervical myelopathy, in dwarﬁ sm, 1309–1310 Cervical plexus, 3637, 3661 injury to, 3661–3662 Cervical rib, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905b, 1906 Cervical spine. See also Atlantoaxial joint; Atlas (C1); Axis (C2); Odontoid abnormalities of in Marfan syndrome, 2111 in neuroﬁ bromatosis, 2110, 2110f abscess of, 2252–2253 débridement and arthrodesis for, 2258–2264, 2259f, 2260f drainage for, 2254–2255, 2254f anatomy of, 1729, 1730f, 1731–1732 approach to anterior, 1889–1898, 1890b anterior retropharyngeal, 1896– 1898, 1897f C3 to C7, 1741–1742, 1742f C7 to T1, 1742–1744, 1743f, 1744f extended maxillectomy, 1893f, 1894–1895 extended maxillotomy, 1739f, 1741 lateral retropharyngeal, 1895– 1896, 1895f occiput to C3, 1735–1741, 1736f, 1738f, 1739f retropharyngeal, 1736–1737, 1738f subtotal maxillectomy, 1737–1741, 1739f, 1891–1894, 1893f transoral, 1736, 1736f, 1890– 1891, 1891f mandible-splitting and tonguesplitting, 1891, 1892f posterior C3 to C7, 1752, 1753f occiput to C2, 1752, 1752f arthrodesis of. See Cervical spine arthrodesis arthroplasty for, 2195 backboard for, pediatric use of, 1605 cortisone injection of, 2172–2173, 2174f interlaminar approach to, 2173 transforaminal approach to, 2173 disc disease of. See Intervertebral disc disease, cervical discography of, 2183–2184, 2184f, 2189 in dwarﬁ sm, 1309–1310 facet dislocation of, 1797–1798 fracture-dislocation of, 1768f

Cervical spine—cont’d fracture of, 1798–1799, 1799f pediatric, 1604–1606, 1604f, 1606f teardrop, 1779f halo vest immobilization of, 1777– 1778, 1777t, 1779f. See also Halo vest immobilization pediatric, 1898–1899, 1899f injury to. See Cervical spine injury instability of. See also Cervical spine injury in Down syndrome, 1913–1915, 1914f evaluation of, 1774–1775, 1774f, 1774t, 1775f radiography of, 1775, 1775f rheumatoid arthritis and, 2312–2314 stretch test for, 1775 kyphosis of, in diastrophic dwarﬁ sm, 2121 ligaments of, injury to, 1785–1787, 1787f, 1797, 1797f neuroﬁ bromatosis-related deformity of, 2110, 2110f occiput fusion to. See Occipitocervical fusion osteoblastoma of, 893, 895f osteotomy of, for ankylosing spondylitis, 2318–2319, 2320f pediatric, 1879–1915 atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation of, 1911–1913, 1911f, 1912b, 1912f, 1913f basilar impression (invagination) of, 1899–1902, 1900f, 1901b, 1901f, 1902f congenital C1 anomalies of, 1915 congenital fusion of, 1902–1903, 1903f, 1904–1911. See also Klippel-Feil syndrome disc calciﬁ cation in, 1915 in Down syndrome, 1913–1915, 1914f familial dysplasia of, 1915 fracture of, 1604–1606, 1604f, 1606f odontoid anomalies of, 1879–1899. See also Odontoid pedicles of, 1731–1733, 1732f radiography of, 2311–2312, 2312f, 2313f rheumatoid arthritis of, 996, 2312– 2314, 4196 tuberculosis of, 2252–2253, 2254f vertebral body fracture of, 1798–1799, 1799f zygapophyseal joint of, injection of, 2178, 2178f Cervical spine arthrodesis, 1853–1865. See also Atlantoaxial fusion anterior, 1853–1865, 1854f Bailey and Badgley technique for, 1857f, 1860–1861, 1861f Cloward technique for, 1857f

Cervical spine arthrodesis—cont’d anterior—cont’d complications of, 1854–1856 extrapharyngeal exposure for, 1862– 1863, 1862f ﬁ bular strut graft for, 1864–1865 Robinson and Riley technique for, 1863, 1864f Robinson et al. technique for, 1856–1860, 1857f, 1858f, 1859f Simmons et al. technique for, 1861, 1861f upper, 1863, 1864f halo-vest immobilization after, 1854 for Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1908–1910, 1909f, 1910f nonunion of, 1853–1854, 1854f, 1855 operative errors in, 1854–1855 posterior, for Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1908–1909, 1908f, 1909f sternal split approach for, for KlippelFeil syndrome, 1909–1910, 1910f timing of, 1855 for transverse ligament rupture, 1787, 1787f triple-wire procedure for, 1799–1801, 1800f for tuberculosis, 2258–2264, 2259f–2264f Cervical spine injury, 1761–1810. See also Tetraplegia angiography in, 1769, 1770f anterior decompression and fusion for, 1778–1779 C1 rotary subluxation with, 1787– 1788, 1788f, 1789f C3 to C7, 1797–1810 anterior cervical plating for, 1806, 1808–1810, 1808f, 1809f, 1811f anterior decompression and fusion for, 1801–1804, 1801f, 1802f, 1803f posterior cervical plating for, 1804, 1805f posterior lateral mass screw and rod ﬁ xation for, 1804, 1806, 1807f posterior lateral mass screw for, 1804, 1805f posterior ligamentous injury with, 1797, 1797f triple-wire procedure for, 1799– 1801, 1800f unilateral facet dislocation with, 1797–1798 vertebral body fracture with, 1798– 1799, 1799f carotid artery injury with, 1769 cccipital condyle fracture with, 1788, 1790f classiﬁ cation of, 1772–1774

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Cervical spine injury—cont’d compression extension, 1773 compression ﬂ exion, 1772–1773 computed tomography in, 1767 dens fracture with, 1788–1792, 1791f, 1792f, 1793f distractive extension, 1774 distractive ﬂ exion, 1773 emergency department management of, 1771–1772 evaluation of, 1762–1771, 1762f, 1763f Gardner-Wells tongs for, 1776–1777, 1776f, 1776t halo vest immobilization for, 1777– 1778, 1777t, 1779f imaging in, 1766–1768 immobilization for, 1762–1763, 1776– 1778, 1776f, 1776t, 1777t, 1779f instability evaluation in, 1774–1775, 1774f, 1774t, 1775f lateral ﬂ exion, 1774 ligamentous, 1785–1787, 1787f, 1797, 1797f magnetic resonance imaging in, 1767–1768 multiple fractures with, 1768–1769, 1768f, 1769f neurological evaluation of, 1763–1766, 1763t, 1764f–1765f nonoperative treatment for, 1777– 1778, 1777t, 1779f in obtunded patient, 1767 occiput to C2, 1781–1797. See also at Atlantooccipital joint; Atlas (C1); Axis (C2); Odontoid operative treatment of, 1778–1781 patient history in, 1761–1762 physical examination in, 1762–1763 posterior stabilization for, 1778, 1779f radiography in, 1766–1767 risk factors for, 1762 soft-tissue injury with, 1769 stretch test in, 1775 syndromes of, 1769–1771, 1770t, 1771f traction for, 1776–1777, 1776f, 1776t transarticular C1-C2 screw ﬁ xation for, 1792–1793, 1794f transverse ligament rupture with, 1785–1787, 1787f treatment of, 1776–1781, 1776f, 1776t vertebral artery injury with, 1769, 1770f vertical compression, 1773 Cervicothoracic junction, anterior approach to, 1742–1744, 1743f, 1744f high transthoracic, 1742, 1743f low anterior, 1742 modiﬁ ed, 1743–1744, 1744f transsternal, 1743, 1743f Chairs, for neuromuscular disease, 1500–1501

Chamberlain line, 1901, 1901b, 1901f, 2312, 2312f Chance fracture, 1607, 1812 Chao et al. technique, for dorsal closing wedge metatarsal osteotomy, 4661, 4661f Chapman and Henley technique, for distal femoral fracture ﬁ xation, 3184, 3186–3187, 3186f Charcot joint, 1042–1045 ankle, 1043 foot, 1043. See also Diabetic foot, neuropathic arthropathy of hip, 1044–1045 knee, 280, 1043–1044, 1044f shoulder, 1045 spine, 1045 syphilis and, 764–765, 1042–1043 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 1514–1520 cavovarus deformity in, 1514–1519, 1515f evaluation of, 1515, 1515f extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer for, 1518–1519, 1518f extensor tendon transfer for, 1519, 1519f radical plantar-medial release and dorsal closing wedge osteotomy for, 1517–1518, 1518f radiography of, 1515, 1516f treatment of, 1516–1519, 1516f, 1517f triple arthrodesis for, 1516, 1516f, 1517, 1517f cavus foot in, 4732–4733, 4733f, 4734, 4736f, 4748f claw toe deformity in, 1515f, 1517, 1518–1519, 1518f, 1519f Coleman block test in, 1515, 1515f hip dysplasia in, 1519 neuronal type, 1520 scoliosis in, 1519, 2024–2025 spinal deformity in, 1519 variants of, 1519–1520 Charleston brace, for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1941 Charnley and Houston technique, for shoulder arthrodesis, 212– 213, 212f, 213f Charnley compression arthrodesis ankle, 164f, 166 knee, 188 shoulder, 212–213, 212f, 213f Cheilectomy for hallux rigidus, 4565–4566, 4568– 4571, 4568f, 4569f, 4571f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1276, 1277f for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1647 Chemical burn injury, 4112–4114, 4113f, 4113t

Chemotherapy, 784–785 adjuvant, 785 extravasation injury with, 4117–4118 neoadjuvant, 785 in osteosarcoma, 907 side effects of, 786t in tuberculosis, 755 Chevron osteotomy medial malleolar, 2384, 2384f metatarsal Akin osteotomy with, 4508–4509, 4509f for bunionette, 4655–4656, 4658, 4659f distal, 4500–4502, 4501f complications of, 4547–4549, 4548f Johnson, 4507–4508, 4508f malunion after, 4548–4549, 4548f modiﬁ ed, 4502–4507, 4503f, 4504f–4506f for juvenile hallux valgus, 4534, 4535f proximal, 4510f, 4516–4518, 4516f, 4517f proximal tibial, 1294, 1298–1299, 1299f Chiari pelvic osteotomy, 1029, 1029f for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1217– 1219, 1218f, 1220f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1276, 1278f, 1279f Children. See also Congenital anomalies and disorders abuse of, fracture with, 1537–1538, 1537f acetabular fracture in, 1611–1613, 1613f, 1614f amputation in in acquired disorders, 573–575, 574f rehabilitation after, 574–575 stump capping procedure after, 574, 574f terminal bone overgrowth after, 574, 574f anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in, 2873–2877 physeal-sparing, 2877, 2878f– 2879f quadruple hamstring grafts in, 2873–2876, 2874b, 2876f atlantoaxial fracture-dislocation in, 1605 bone growth in, 1532, 1535, 1536f calcaneal fracture in, 1699, 1700f capitellar fracture in, 1568–1569, 1569f carpal fracture in, 1543–1545, 1544f carpal tunnel syndrome in, 4286 cerebral palsy in, 1333–1388. See also Cerebral palsy

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Children—cont’d cervical spine of, 1879–1915 atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation of, 1911–1913, 1911f, 1912b, 1912f, 1913f basilar impression (invagination) of, 1899–1902, 1900f, 1901b, 1901f, 1902f congenital C1 anomalies of, 1915 congenital fusion of, 1902–1903, 1903f, 1904–1911. See also Klippel-Feil syndrome disc calciﬁ cation in, 1915 in Down syndrome, 1913–1915, 1914f familial dysplasia of, 1915 fracture of, 1604–1606, 1604f, 1606f odontoid anomalies of, 1879–1899. See also Odontoid clavicular fracture in, 1602–1603, 1603f, 1604f coronoid process fracture in, 1564, 1565f developmental dysplasia of hip in, 372–379. See also Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip dislocation in acromioclavicular, 1601–1602, 1602f elbow, 1564–1565, 1566f hip congenital. See Developmental/ congenital dysplasia of hip teratological, 1194–1195, 1195f traumatic, 1628–1630, 1629f, 1630f knee, 1674–1675 Lisfranc, 1701, 1702f, 1703f metacarpophalangeal, 1543, 1543f peritalar, 1693 tarsometatarsal, 1701, 1702f, 1703f elbow fracture in, 1558–1599 capitellum, 1568–1569, 1569f complications of, 1568 condylar, 1567–1568, 1568t coronoid process, 1564, 1565f lateral condyle, 1569–1573, 1570f cubitus valgus with, 1574–1575, 1577f nonunion of, 1574–1575, 1575f, 1576f, 1577f osteonecrosis with, 1571, 1571f reduction and ﬁ xation for, 1572– 1573, 1574f medial condyle, 1579–1580, 1579f medial epicondyle, 1575, 1577–1579, 1578f olecranon, 1563–1564, 1563f, 1564b, 1564f, 1565f physeal, 1569–1573, 1570f, 1572f, 1574f, 1598–1599, 1598f radial head and neck, 1558–1563, 1559f, 1560f, 1561f, 1562f

Children—cont’d elbow fracture in—cont’d supracondylar, 1567–1568, 1568t. See also Children, supracondylar fracture in T-condyle, 1580, 1580f, 1581f eosinophilic granuloma in, 2116–2117, 2117f epiphyseal fracture in. See Epiphysis, fracture of Ewing sarcoma in, 2117, 2117f, 2118 femoral fracture in, 1651–1666. See also Children, hip fracture in distal physis, 1662–1666, 1662f, 1664f complications of, 1666 reduction for, 1663, 1664–1666, 1665f, 1666f screw ﬁ xation for, 1663, 1664f, 1665, 1665f ﬂ oating knee with, 1674, 1674f shaft (diaphyseal), 1651–1662, 1652f, 1652t, 1653t angular deformity with, 1661 complications of, 1661–1662 compression plating for, 1661 external ﬁ xation for, 1655 intramedullary ﬁ xation for, 1655– 1661, 1656f, 1658f, 1659f, 1660f leg-length discrepancy with, 1661 malunion of, 3490–3491, 3491f nonunion of, 1661 secondary, 1655 skeletal traction for, 1653–1654, 1654f skin traction for, 1653, 1654 spica casting for, 1653, 1654–1655 treatment guidelines for, 1652– 1653, 1652t, 1653t ﬁ nger fracture in, 1538–1540, 1539f, 1540f, 1541f ﬁ ngertip amputation in, 641 ﬂ atfoot in. See Pes planus ﬂ oating knee injury in, 1674, 1674f, 1675f, 1675t foot fracture in, 1693–1704 calcaneal, 1699, 1700f metatarsal, 1701–1704, 1703f osteochondral, 1696–1698, 1696f, 1697f, 1698f phalangeal, 1701–1704, 1704f talar dome, 1696 talar lateral process, 1696, 1696f talar neck, 1693–1696, 1694f, 1695f tarsal, 1699, 1701, 1702f, 1703f forearm fracture in, 1545–1556 cross union with, 1550, 1551f distal third, 1545–1546, 1546f Galeazzi, 1556, 1556f middle third, 1546–1548, 1547f, 1549f, 1550f Monteggia, 1551–1556, 1552f, 1553f, 1554f, 1555f

Children—cont’d forearm fracture in—cont’d plastic deformation with, 1550–1551 proximal third, 1548, 1550–1556 fracture in, 1531–1704. See also speciﬁ c fractures at Children abuse-related, 1537–1538, 1537f birth-related, 1536–1537 compensatory physeal growth after, 1532–1533 nonunion with, 1532, 1536 open, 1536 pathological, 1536 patient/family adjustment and, 1532 physeal arrest after, 1311, 1313– 1317, 1314f–1317f prognosis for, 1532–1533 treatment of, 1538 Friedreich ataxia in, 1520 frostbite injury in, 4114, 4115f hallux valgus in, 4533–4540, 4535f, 4537f, 4538f halo vest for, 1898–1899, 1899f hemiatlas in, 1915 hip dislocation in congenital. See Developmental/ congenital dysplasia of hip teratological, 1194–1195, 1195f traumatic, 1628–1630, 1629f, 1630f hip fracture in, 1613–1628, 1614f chondrolysis after, 1620, 1623 classiﬁ cation of, 1614, 1615f closed reduction for, 1623–1624 coxa vara with, 1619–1620, 1621f, 1624–1625, 1625f, 1626t, 1627f infection with, 1620 nonunion of, 1620, 1622f, 1624–1625 osteonecrosis with, 1618, 1619f premature physeal closure with, 1620 treatment recommendations for, 1618–1628 type I (transepiphyseal), 1614, 1615f, 1616, 1616f, 1618 type II (transcervical), 1615f, 1616– 1617, 1617f, 1618, 1619f type III (cervicotrochanteric), 1615f, 1617, 1618, 1618f, 1621f, 1622f type IV (intertrochanteric), 1615f, 1617–1618 humeral fracture in. See also Children, elbow fracture in proximal, physeal, 1599–1601, 1600f, 1601f shaft, 1599, 1600f intervertebral disc calciﬁ cation in, 1915 irritable hip in, 1263 knee fracture in, 1666–1674 osteochondral, 1673–1674, 1673f, 3170

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Children—cont’d knee fracture in—cont’d patellar, 1666–1668, 1667f, 1668f tibial intercondylar eminence, 1668–1671, 1669f, 1670f, 1671f tibial tuberosity, 1671–1673, 1671f, 1672f Krukenberg operation in, 658 kyphosis in. See Kyphosis, congenital; Scheuermann disease Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in. See Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease limb-length inequality in femoral shaft fracture and, 1661 Repiphysis Expandable Prosthesis in, 793, 793f, 794f, 795f resection-related, 793, 793f, 794f, 795f lumbar spine fracture in, 1606–1607, 1607f malleolar fracture in, 1686, 1686f, 1687f mallet ﬁ nger in, 1538–1539, 1539f, 3902, 3902f metacarpal fracture in, 1540–1543, 1542f metaphyseal fracture in. See Metaphysis, fracture of metatarsal fracture in, 1701–1704, 1703f Meyer dysplasia in, 1263 Monteggia fracture-dislocation in. See Monteggia fracturedislocation, pediatric neuromuscular disorders in, 1499– 1521. See also speciﬁ c disorders odontoid fracture in, 1606, 1606f olecranon fracture in, 1563–1564, 1563f, 1564f, 1565f osteogenesis imperfecta in, 1304–1309, 1305f, 1306f, 1307f, 1308f, 1309f osteomyelitis in, 696–697, 696f, 697f. See also Osteomyelitis patellar fracture in, 1666–1668, 1667f, 1668f, 1669f pelvic avulsion fracture in, 1610–1611, 1611f phalangeal fracture in, 1538–1540, 1539f, 1540f, 1541f physeal fracture in, 1533–1536, 1534f, 1535f. See also Physis, fracture of postlaminectomy spinal deformity in, 2123–2126, 2124f, 2125f quadriceps contracture in, 963–966, 964t, 965f radial neck fracture in, 1558–1563 classiﬁ cation for, 1558, 1559f closed intramedullary pinning for, 1562–1563, 1563f closed reduction for, 1559–1561, 1560f, 1561f, 1562, 1562f

Children—cont’d radial neck fracture in—cont’d open reduction for, 1561–1562 percutaneous reduction for, 1559, 1561, 1561f radiotherapy in, 784 renal osteodystrophy in, 1290–1291 rickets in, 1289–1292, 1290f, 1291f scoliosis in. See Scoliosis (congenital); Scoliosis (idiopathic) septic arthritis in, 723–724, 725–726, 727t, 732. See also Septic arthritis slipped capital femoral epiphysis in, 1630–1651. See also Slipped capital femoral epiphysis spinal muscular atrophy in, 1520– 1521, 1521f spondylolisthesis in, 2076–2092. See also Spondylolisthesis, developmental spondylolysis in, stress fracture and, 2081–2082, 2082f, 2083f supracondylar fracture in, 1548, 1580– 1597, 1582f Baumann angle in, 1583, 1583f brachial artery injury with, 1590–1591 classiﬁ cation of, 1581 closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for, 1585–1588, 1586f, 1587f, 1589f closed reduction with immobilization for, 1584–1585 compartment syndrome with, 1591, 1591f complications of, 1586, 1590–1593, 1591f coronal tilting in, 1584, 1584f crescent sign in, 1583, 1583f cubitus valgus with, 1583–1584 cubitus varus with, 1584, 1584f, 1591–1597. See also Cubitus varus ﬂ exion type of, 1586 forearm pronation for, 1584, 1585f metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle in, 1583, 1584f nerve injury with, 1590 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 1581, 1582f, 1588–1590 passive assist sign in, 1590 radiography for, 1581–1583, 1583f skeletal traction for, 1585 talar fracture in, 1693–1699 lateral process, 1696, 1696f osteochondral, 1696–1698, 1696f, 1697f, 1698f talar dome, 1696 talar neck, 1693–1696, 1694f, 1695f talar osteochondritis dissecans in, 2380, 2380f

Children—cont’d tarsal fracture in, 1699, 1701, 1702f, 1703f thoracic spine fracture in, 1606–1607, 1608f tibia vara in. See Tibia vara tibial fracture in, 1675–1693 distal physis, 1684–1689, 1685f, 1686f, 1687f, 1688f, 1689f ﬂ oating knee with, 1674, 1674f proximal metaphysis, 1678–1680, 1679f, 1680f, 1681f, 1682f proximal physis, 1675–1678, 1675f, 1676f, 1677f shaft, 1680, 1682–1684, 1683f, 1684f Tillaux, 1690–1693, 1690f, 1691f, 1692f triplane, 1689–1690, 1689f, 1690f toe fracture in, 1701–1702, 1704f Childress technique, for ankle fracturedislocation, 3101 Chinese ﬁ nger trap suture, for tendonto-bone ﬁ xation, 11–12, 11f Chip graft, 18 Chlorhexidine, for skin preparation, 677, 677t Chockblock method, for acromioplasty, 2968 Chondroblastoma, 886, 889, 890f, 891f, 892f Chondrocyte implantation for femoral osteochondritis dissecans, 2562–2563 for knee injury, 2555–2556, 2557f, 2558f for osteoarthritis, 1002 for patellofemoral osteoarthritis, 1018 for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2384 Chondrolysis, hip fracture and, 1620, 1623 slipped capital femoral epiphysis and, 1648–1649, 1649f Chondroma, 858–860, 859f Chondromalacia, patellar. See Patella, chondromalacia of Chondromatosis, synovial, 942, 944f hand, 4322, 4325, 4325f shoulder, 944f Chondromyxoid ﬁ broma, 889, 892, 893f Chondrosarcoma, 907–910 clear cell, 908–909 dedifferentiated, 908, 910f distal femur, 153f extraskeletal, 953, 955, 955f hand, 4326–4327, 4327f histology of, 908–909, 909f, 910f magnetic resonance imaging of, 153f mesenchymal, 909, 953, 955 myxoid, 953, 955f pain in, 907 prognosis for, 910 proximal ﬁ bula, 783f

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Chondrosarcoma—cont’d proximal humerus, 804f pubic ramus, 819f radiography of, 908, 909f, 910f scapular, 800f–801f secondary, 907 solitary, 907–908, 908f treatment of, 909–910 Chopart amputation, 580f, 581, 588, 590, 590f for diabetic foot, 4713, 4713f Chordoma, 913–915, 2326–2327 histology of, 914, 914f magnetic resonance imaging of, 914f radiography of, 914, 914f sacrococcygeal, 914, 914f treatment of, 914–915 Chow technique, for carpal tunnel release, 4295f–4296f, 4297–4298 Chrisman-Snook procedure, for chronic ankle instability, 2362, 2363f, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367–2369, 2368f Chronic exertional compartment syndrome. See Compartment syndrome, exertional Chronic osteomyelitis. See Osteomyelitis, chronic Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, 710–711 Chuinard and Peterson technique, for ankle arthrodesis, 169, 170f, 171, 172f Cigarette smoking Dupuytren contracture and, 4277 fracture healing and, 3046 fracture nonunion and, 3530 spinal arthrodesis and, 1856 Cincinnati (transverse circumferential) incision, for congenital clubfoot, 1089, 1090f Circular external ﬁ xation, for proximal tibial fracture ﬁ xation, 3160–3161, 3160f Circumferential wire loop ﬁ xation, for patellar fracture, 3165–3166 Clancy and Bisson technique, for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2884–2885, 2885f Clancy technique for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2510–2517, 2511f–2516f for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2537–2540, 2538f–2539f for posterolateral rotary instability of lateral collateral ligament, 2488–2490, 2489f

Clare et al. technique for ankle arthroplasty, 236–237 for calcaneal malunion, 3469–3471, 3470f Clark station, of atlas, 1902, 1902f Claudication degenerative spondylolisthesis and, 2289–2290 differential diagnosis of, 2277, 2277t isthmic spondylolisthesis and, 2303, 2303f spinal stenosis and, 2277, 2277t Clavicle congenital pseudoarthrosis of, 1238– 1240, 1239f, 1240f distal arthroscopic resection of, 2988– 2990, 2989f excision of, 3591–3592, 3592f posttraumatic osteolysis of, 876 fracture of, 3371–3376 classiﬁ cation of, 3372, 3372f external ﬁ xation for, 3375–3376, 3376f ﬂ oating shoulder with, 3373, 3374f malunion of, 3495–3496, 3497f– 3498f, 3499f neurovascular compromise in, 3372 nonunion of, 1603, 1604f, 3371– 3372, 3558–3559, 3559f open reduction and ﬁ xation for, 3372–3373, 3375, 3375f osteotomy and plate ﬁ xation for, 3496, 3497f–3498f, 3499f pediatric, 1602–1604, 1603f, 1604f, 1605f soft tissue interposition with, 3373 in throwing athlete, 3373 morcellization of, 1233 osteotomy of, for midshaft malunion, 3496, 3497f–3498f, 3499f plasmacytoma of, 922f resection of, 796 arthroscopic, 2988–2990, 2989f for unreduced acromioclavicular dislocation, 3610 for unreduced sternoclavicular dislocation, 3609, 3609f tuberculosis of, 761 Claw hand, 4125–4126, 4126f Claw toe. See Great toe, clawed Clayton technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4674, 4675f Clear cell chondrosarcoma, 908–909 Cleft foot, 1067–1070 classiﬁ cation of, 1067–1068, 1068f syndactylism for, 1068, 1069f, 1070f Cleft hand, 4391–4400 atypical, 4391, 4391f, 4392 classiﬁ cation of, 4391, 4391f, 4392f, 4394 closure of, 4394, 4396–4399, 4396f, 4397f, 4398f, 4399f metacarpal osteotomy for, 4394, 4399

Cleft hand—cont’d suppression theory of, 4391, 4393f surgeries for, 4393–4394, 4394t tendon transfer for, 4399–4400 thumb adduction contracture release for, 4396–4399, 4397f, 4398f, 4399f thumb web narrowing with, 4394 toe-to-hand transfer for, 4394 typical, 4391, 4391f, 4392 U -shaped, 4391, 4391f, 4392 V -shaped, 4391, 4391f, 4392 web deepening for, 4399 Clindamycin, in spinal infection, 2246 Clinodactyly, 4368t, 4446–4448, 4446f Closed reduction acetabular fracture, 3309–3310, 3311, 3320, 3322 atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, 1788 Bennett fracture, 3926, 3926f calcaneal fracture, 4836–4838, 4848 developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip, 1186–1190, 1187f, 1188f, 1189f, 1191f femoral neck fracture, 3276 hip dislocation, 3582, 3583f, 3584f postarthroplasty, 405, 405f posterior type I, 3288–3290, 3289f, 3290f type V, 3292–3293, 3294f hip fracture, 3242, 3276 pediatric, 1623–1624 knee dislocation, 2549 lateral humeral condyle fracture, 1570–1571 Monteggia fracture-dislocation, 3422, 3423–3424 old elbow dislocation, 3621–3622 proximal interphalangeal joint fracture, 3954, 3960f radial head fracture, 1559, 1561, 1561f radial neck fracture, 1559–1561, 1560f, 1561f, 1562, 1562f shoulder dislocation, 1616f, 3615– 3616 slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1636–1637, 1637f supracondylar fracture, 1584–1588, 1586f, 1587f, 1589f tibial plateau fracture, 3153 tibial shaft fracture, 3119 Tillaux fracture, 1692f, 1693 Closing wedge osteotomy. See Osteotomy, closing wedge Clostridial infection, 3073–3074 hand, 4359–4360 myonecrotic, 565–566, 565t Cloward technique, for anterior cervical spine arthrodesis, 1856, 1857f Clubfoot arthrogryposis-related, 1475–1476, 1475f, 1477f

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Clubfoot—cont’d cerebral palsy-related, 1369, 1371–1376 calcaneal osteotomy for, 1374, 1376, 1376f musculotendinous recession for, 1372 posterior tibial tendon lengthening for, 1371–1372, 1372f split tendon transfers for, 1372– 1374, 1373f, 1375f congenital, 1079–1100, 1080f. See also Clubfoot, resistant Achilles tendon lengthening for, 1093, 1093f Achilles tendotomy for, 1084, 1086–1087, 1087f calcaneal angle in, 1081, 1083f calcaneus-second metatarsal angle in, 1081, 1083f, 1083t, 1084f classiﬁ cation of, 1082–1083, 1085t, 1086f dorsal bunion and, 1100, 1101f etiology of, 1080–1081 incidence of, 1079 lateral talus-ﬁ rst metatarsal angle in, 1081, 1083f, 1083t, 1084f metatarsal deformity in, 1081 nonoperative treatment of, 1083–1089 overcorrection of, 1098f Ponseti casting for, 1084, 1086– 1089, 1087f, 1088f posteromedial release for, 1089–1093 extensile, 1090–1093, 1092f transverse circumferential (Cincinnati) incision for, 1089, 1090f radiography of, 1081–1082, 1081b, 1082f, 1083f, 1083t, 1084f severity of, 1085t, 1086f soft tissue contractures in, 1081 talocalcaneal angle in, 1081, 1081b, 1082, 1082f, 1083f, 1083t, 1084f talus-ﬁ rst metatarsal angle in, 1081, 1081b, 1082f, 1083f, 1083t, 1084f tibiocalcaneal angle in, 1081, 1081b, 1082f, 1083f, 1083t, 1084f tibiotalar angle in, 1081, 1083f, 1084f undercorrection of, 1094, 1094f, 1095f myelomeningocele-related, 1456–1457, 1456t poliomyelitis-related, 1406, 1417–1419, 1417f, 1418f resistant, 1093–1100, 1094b, 1094f, 1095f calcaneal osteotomy for, 1096 heel varus with, 1094, 1095, 1095f, 1096

Clubfoot—cont’d resistant—cont’d Ilizarov device for, 1095–1096 Lichtblau procedure for, 1096–1097, 1096f, 1097f talectomy for, 1098–1100, 1100f triple arthrodesis for, 1097–1098, 1098f, 1099f stroke-related, 1385–1387, 1386f Clubhand radial, 4375–4390 anatomy of, 4377 centralization for, 4378–4387 Bayne and Klug technique for, 4384–4385, 4384f Bora et al. technique for, 4383– 4384, 4383f Buck-Gramcko technique for, 4385–4386, 4385f Manske, McCarroll, and Swanson technique for, 4378–4379, 4380f, 4381f Watson, Beebe, and Cruz technique for, 4380–4381, 4382f classiﬁ cation of, 4376, 4376f, 4377t elbow ﬂ exion and, 4389–4390 incidence of, 4368t median nerve in, 4377 metacarpal lengthening for, 4374, 4374f muscular anatomy of, 4377 nonoperative management of, 4378, 4378f opponensplasty for, 4387, 4389, 4389f, 4390f radial nerve in, 4377 splint for, 4378, 4378f thumb reconstruction for, 4386– 4387, 4386f ulnar, 4400–4403 anatomy of, 4400–4401, 4401f classiﬁ cation of, 4400, 4400f, 4401t incidence of, 4368t metacarpal osteotomy for, 4401, 4402, 4402f nonoperative management of, 4401 one-bone forearm creation for, 4401, 4402–4403 radiography of, 4401, 4401f ulnar anlage excision for, 4402 Cluneal nerve injury, iliac graft and, 22, 22f, 1949, 1950f Coagulation factors, in hemophilia, 1283 Coalition calcaneonavicular, 4608–4612, 4611f talocalcaneal. See Talocalcaneal coalition talonavicular, 4608, 4609f tarsal, 2373, 2373f, 4607–4608, 4609f Cobb angle, 1931t, 1932f, 1934, 1934f Cobra plate ﬁ xation, hip arthrodesis with, 197–199, 198f–199f, 201–202, 203f

Coccidioidomycosis, 766 Coccygectomy, for pelvic abscess, 2258 Cock-up hallux, 4562, 4563f Cocke et al. technique for extended maxillotomy, 1739f, 1741 for maxillectomy, 1891–1895, 1893f for subtotal maxillectomy, 1737–1741, 1739f Codivilla technique, for quadriceps tendon lengthening, 2769, 2769f Coetzee technique, for scarf osteotomy, 4518–4520, 4519f Coﬁ eld technique for shoulder arthrodesis, 214 for subscapularis tendon transposition, 2620, 2621f Cold injury, hand, 4114, 4114b, 4115f Cold intolerance, postreplantation, 3717 Cole et al. technique, for tibial lengthening, 1160–1162, 1161f, 1162f Cole technique for anterior tarsal wedge osteotomy, 4745, 4745f for tendon-to-bone ﬁ xation, 12–13, 13f Coleman block test, 1515, 1515f Coleman technique for Durham plasty, 4589–4592, 4590f–4591f for plantar-medial release and dorsal closing wedge osteotomy, 1517–1518, 1518f Collagen, meniscal, 2418–2419, 2419f Collagen-gentamicin sponge, 685 Collagen scaffolds, for articular cartilage injury of knee, 2555–2556 Collagraft, 17t, 3043 Collateral ligament ﬁ bular, 2399f, 2408 bursitis of, 974–975 repair of, 2476–2481, 2478f, 2479f, 2480f interphalangeal joint contracture of, 3975–3977, 3976f, 3977f rupture of, 3962–3963, 3965, 3965f lateral. See Lateral collateral ligament medial. See Medial collateral ligament radial, 4000 injury to, 3939–3940 tibial, 2399f bursitis of, 974 ﬁ brositis of, 974, 974f tear of, 2459–2460, 2460f, 2461f, 2462f ulnar. See Ulnar collateral ligament Colles fracture, 3441–3442, 3442f malunion of, 3512–3514, 3513f nonunion of, 3565

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Colles fracture—cont’d percutaneous pinning for, 3444, 3444f Collis and Dubrul technique, for femoral implant removal, 438–439, 439f Colonna and Ralston approach, to ankle, 32, 32f Colostomy, for pelvic fracture, 3337, 3338f Compartment syndrome, 2737–2746 exertional, 2737, 2743–2747 arthroscopically assisted fasciotomy for, 2744–2745 differential diagnosis of, 2744 double-incision fasciotomy for, 2745, 2747f fasciotomy for, 2745–2747, 2746f, 2747f nonoperative treatment of, 2744 pain in, 2743–2744 partial fasciectomy for, 2745 physical examination in, 2744 pressure measurements in, 2744 single-incision fasciotomy for, 2745, 2746f two-incision fasciotomy for, 2744 external ﬁ xation and, 3065 forearm, 4259–4269 acute, 4262–4263, 4262f, 4263f, 4264f adducted thumb with, 4268–4269, 4268f, 4269f anatomy of, 4259–4260, 4260f, 4261f diagnosis of, 4261–4262 etiology of, 4260–4261, 4261f fasciotomy for, 1591, 1591f fracture treatment and, 1548 historical perspective on, 4259 intrinsic hand muscle contractures with, 4266–4267, 4266f, 4267f pressure measurement in, 4261–4262 supracondylar fracture and, 1591, 1591f Volkmann contracture with, 4263– 4266, 4265f forefoot, 4873, 4875, 4875f hand, 4260, 4260f, 4263, 4264f lower extremity, 2738–2743 acute, 2737, 2738–2743, 2740f chronic, 2737 classiﬁ cation of, 2737 diagnosis of, 2738–2740, 2739f, 2740f exertional. See Compartment syndrome, exertional fasciotomy for, 2740–2743, 2741f, 2742f, 2743f physical signs of, 2738 pressure measurements in, 2738– 2740, 2739f

Compartment syndrome—cont’d lower extremity—cont’d prevention of, 2740 single-incision fasciotomy for, 2741– 2743, 2742f, 2743f tibia vara treatment and, 1304 pathophysiology of, 2737–2738 tourniquet and, 5 Complex regional pain syndrome, 3644–3646 Compression arthrodesis ankle, 164f, 166–167, 166f, 175–179, 177f–178f, 181–184 hip, 199–200 knee, 188–189, 189f shoulder, 212–213, 212f, 213f wrist, 225–226, 225f, 226f, 4071– 4072, 4072f, 4073f Compression boots, in acetabular fracture, 3334 Compression screw ﬁ xation for femoral neck fracture, 3275, 3279 for intertrochanteric hip fracture, 3241–3242, 3243, 3243f, 3245–3251, 3247f, 3248f, 3249f, 3251f for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3264, 3270–3271, 3271f Computed tomography aneurysmal bone cyst, 868, 869f atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, 1912 bone island, 858, 858f brachial plexus injury, 3664 carpal tunnel syndrome, 4287 chondroblastoma, 890f chondrosarcoma, 859, 859f hip dislocation, 3288, 3288f infection, 680, 680f osteoblastoma, 895f, 896f osteoid osteoma, 855, 856f osteomyelitis, 704 osteosarcoma, 904 pelvic abscess, 680, 680f proximal tibioﬁ bular joint dislocation, 3580, 3581f septic arthritis, 724–725 snapping scapula, 970–971, 970f spinal infection, 2244 spinal metastases, 2327 spinal rheumatoid arthritis, 2312 spinal stenosis, 2277–2278, 2278b, 2279, 2280f synovial sarcoma, 951f talar avulsion fracture, 2373, 2374f talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2378, 2380–2381, 2381f, 2383f tarsal coalition, 2373, 2373f tuberculosis, 755 tumor, 776, 777, 778f Computed tomography arthrography, shoulder, 2684, 2684f

Computed tomography myelography degenerative scoliosis, 2290 degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2290 isthmic spondylolithesis, 2304 spinal stenosis, 2278–2279 Conduit repair, for nerve injury, 3987, 3988f Condylar blade plate ﬁ xation for distal femoral fracture, 3179–3181, 3180f, 3181f for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3270– 3271, 3271f Condylar fracture. See at Femoral fracture; Humeral fracture; Tibial fracture Condylar locking plate, for distal femoral fracture, 3174–3175, 3174f, 3183 Congenital anomalies and disorders ﬁ bular, 1125–1127, 1125f, 1126f, 1127f, 1128f foot. See also Foot (feet), deformity of cleft, 1067–1070, 1068f, 1069f, 1070f clubfoot, 1079–1100. See also Clubfoot, congenital hallux varus, 1072–1073, 1074f, 1075f metatarsus adductus, 1074–1079, 1076f, 1077b, 1078f, 1079f, 1080f polydactyly, 1063–1064, 1064f, 1065f vertical talus, 1100–1105, 1101f, 1102f, 1103f, 1104f, 1105f hand, 4367–4451. See also Hand, congenital anomalies of hip. See Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip Klippel-Feil, 1904–1911, 1905b. See also Klippel-Feil syndrome knee, 1113–1115, 1114f, 1115f odontoid, 1879–1899, 1880f. See also Odontoid, congenital anomalies of pseudarthrosis clavicular, 1238–1240, 1239f, 1240f radial, 1240–1242, 1241f tibial, 1106–1111, 1107f, 1108f, 1109f, 1110f ulnar, 1242, 1242f radial head dislocation, 1240, 1241f radioulnar synostosis, 1242–1245, 1243f, 1244f scapular, 1231–1233, 1232f, 1234f spinal. See Kyphosis, congenital; Scoliosis (congenital) sternocleidomastoid muscle, 1233– 1238, 1236f, 1237f, 1238f talar. See Vertical talus thumb. See Thumb, clasped; Thumb, congenital absence of

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Congenital anomalies and disorders—cont’d tibial. See Tibia, congenital deﬁ ciency of; Tibia, congenital pseudarthrosis of Congenital dysplasia of hip. See Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip Congenital ﬁ ber disproportion, 1513 Congenital muscular torticollis, 1233– 1238, 1235f, 1236f bipolar release for, 1237–1238, 1238f unipolar release for, 1236–1237, 1236f, 1237f Congenital ring syndrome, 4368t, 4438– 4440, 4439f types of, 4438 Z -plasty for, 4440, 4440f Constrained condylar knee prosthesis, 243–244, 244f Constriction band hand, 4438–4440, 4439f, 4440f leg, 1111–1113, 1112f, 1113f Contamination, prevention of, 7–10, 9f, 10f Contoured rod and segmental wire ﬁ xation, for occipitocervical fusion, 1888–1890, 1890f Contracture(s) Achilles tendon, in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1506– 1507, 1507f amputation, 572 congenital, multiple. See Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita deltoid, 966 Dupuytren. See Dupuytren contracture elbow arthrogryposis-related, 1477–1480, 1479f, 1480f cerebral palsy–related, 1382–1383, 1383f post-traumatic, 2641–2645 anterior and posterior release of, 2642, 2645f, 2646 open anterior release of, 2642, 2643f stroke-related, 1388 ﬁ nger in psychiatric disorders, 4118–4119, 4118f, 4119f release of, 4266–4267, 4266f, 4267f in scleroderma, 4200–4201, 4201f forearm, in cerebral palsy, 4176–4177, 4177t, 4178f hand in cerebral palsy, 4175f Littler release of, 4266, 4266f, 4267 in psychiatric disorders, 4118–4119, 4118f, 4119f release of, 4266f, 4267f, 4347 Smith release of, 4267

Contracture(s)—cont’d hip arthrogryposis-related, 1477 Duchenne muscular dystrophy– related, 1506–1507, 1507f myelomeningocele-related, 1467–1468 poliomyelitis-related, 1430–1433, 1431f, 1432f injection-related, 963 interphalangeal collateral ligament, 3975–3977, 3977f knee. See Knee, extension contracture of; Knee, ﬂ exion contracture of metacarpophalangeal joint, 3974–3975 proximal interphalangeal joint, 3975– 3977, 3976f, 3977f quadriceps, 963–966, 964f, 965f shoulder, 1382–1383, 2991–2993, 2991b anterior release for, 1484, 1484f muscle transfer for, 1485–1488, 1486f–1487f, 1488f sternocleidomastoid. See Torticollis, congenital toe, 1070–1072, 1072f, 1073f Volkmann. See Volkmann contracture web space, 4268–4269 Z -plasty for, 3813, 3815f, 4268, 4268f Contrast media, extravasation injury with, 4118 Contusion, osseous, magnetic resonance imaging of, 140, 140f Conus medullaris syndrome, 1770 Convex condylar implant arthroplasty, for trapeziometacarpal joint, 4239–4240, 4240f Cooney et al. technique, for triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex repair, 4052–4053, 4052f Coonrad-Morrey technique, for total elbow arthroplasty, 540–544, 541f, 542f–543f Copeland et al. technique, for scapulothoracic fusion, 1512, 1513f Coracoacromial arch, 2603 Coracoacromial ligament transfer, for chronic unreduced acromioclavicular dislocation, 3611–3613, 3613f Coracoclavicular ligament, rupture of, 3586, 3589 Coracoclavicular screw ﬁ xation, for acromioclavicular dislocation, 3590–3591, 3591f Coracoclavicular suture ﬁ xation, for acromioclavicular dislocation, 3590, 3591, 3592f

Coracoid transfer, for chronic unreduced acromioclavicular dislocation, 3611, 3612f Core decompression for femoral head necrosis, 1035–1036, 1036f for humeral head osteonecrosis, 1041 Core needle biopsy, 780–781 Coreless technique, for chevron osteotomy, 4500–4502, 4501f Corn(s), 4644–4652 clinical ﬁ ndings in, 4644–4646, 4644f, 4645f end, 4631 mallet toe and, 4640–4641, 4642f hard, 4644f, 4646 infection of, 4645f interdigital, 4644, 4645f, 4646–4648, 4647f neurovascular, 4645–4646 plantar, 4644–4645, 4645f dorsal closing wedge metatarsal osteotomy for, 4652 metatarsophalangeal arthroplasty for, 4648–4649, 4648f rheumatoid arthritis and, 4672f, 4674 shortening oblique metatarsal osteotomy for, 4649–4652, 4650f, 4651f radiography of, 4645f soft, 4645f, 4646–4648, 4647f wart vs., 4644, 4644f Corona mortis artery, 3312–3313, 3313f Coronal tilting, in supracondylar fracture, 1584, 1584f Coronoid process fracture, 3408–3410, 3409f classiﬁ cation of, 3409, 3409f elbow dislocation and, 3594 pediatric, 1564, 1565f Corpectomy, cervical spine arthrodesis with, 1864–1865 Cortical bone graft, 15, 16–17, 16t dual onlay, 17–18 hemicylindrical, 18 single onlay, 18 wrist arthrodesis with, 226–228, 227f Cortical desmoid, 863, 864f Corticosteroids injection of for carpal tunnel syndrome, 4287, 4289 for de Quervain disease, 4299 for lateral epicondylitis, 2635 for osteoarthritis, 4201 for painful heel, 4817 for rheumatoid arthritis, 4201 for trigger digit, 4301–4312 osteonecrosis with, 142f for spinal injury, 1771–1772 Corticotomy, for fracture nonunion, 3545, 3546f

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Cortisone injection, 2172–2177 cervical, 2172–2173, 2174f complications of, 2172 lumbar, 2174–2177, 2176f, 2177f for sinus tarsi syndrome, 2374 thoracic, 2174, 2175f Costotransversectomy, 1754, 1754f for metastatic disease, 2330–2331 for spinal tuberculosis, 2255–2256, 2255f, 2256f for thoracic disc disease, 2197, 2198f Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation, for cerebral palsy–related scoliosis, 2022 Cotton fracture, 3096–3097, 3099, 3099f Coughlin technique for diaphyseal metatarsal osteotomy, 4656–4658, 4657f for ﬁ rst cuneiform osteotomy, 4539–4540 for medial cuneiform osteotomy, 4521–4522, 4522f Coventry technique for closing wedge distal femoral osteotomy, 1015, 1015f for lateral closing wedge tibial osteotomy, 1003, 1004, 1005f, 1006–1010, 1008f–1009f Cowen and Loftus technique, for metacarpal lengthening, 4436–4437 Coxa valga in dwarﬁ sm, 1310 in spinal muscular atrophy, 1521, 1521f Coxa vara acquired, 1619–1620, 1621f, 1624– 1628, 1625f, 1626t, 1627f congenital, 1220–1222, 1221f in dwarﬁ sm, 1310, 1312f Crab claw. See Cleft hand Cracchiolo technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4675, 4676 Crandall technique for multihook and screw segmental spinal instrumentation, 2058–2061, 2059f, 2060f, 2061f for spondylolisthesis reduction and ﬁ xation, 2088–2092, 2089f–2091f Crankshaft phenomenon, 1926, 1926f, 1978–1979 Crawford et al. technique, for Cincinnati (transverse circumferential) incision, 1089, 1090f Crawford technique, for video-assisted thoracoscopic discectomy, 1994–1996, 1996f, 1997f Creatine kinase, in neuromuscular disease, 1501

Crenshaw technique, for forearm ForeSight intramedullary nailing system, 3433–3441, 3434f, 3435f–3440f Crescent sign in femoral head necrosis, 1034, 1034f in supracondylar fracture, 1583, 1583f Crescentic osteotomy calcaneal, 1379, 1379f, 4747–4748, 4748f proximal metatarsal, 4510–4516, 4510f, 4512f–4513f, 4514f, 4515f CREST syndrome, contractures in, 4200 Crisscross suture technique, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3856f, 3857, 3858f, 3859, 3860f Cross ﬁ nger ﬂ ap, 643, 3833–3834, 3835f, 3837, 3837f Cross-stitch suture, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3856, 3857f Cruciate ligaments. See Anterior cruciate ligament; Posterior cruciate ligament Cryosurgery, 790 Cryptococcosis, 766–767, 2250 Cubbins et al. technique, for anteromedial shoulder exposure, 94, 94f Cubital tunnel syndrome, 3678 diagnosis of, 3679 treatment of, 3682, 3683, 3683f Cubitus valgus, lateral humeral condyle fracture and, 1570, 1570f, 1572–1573, 1574–1575, 1576f osteotomy for, 1575, 1577f Cubitus varus supracondylar fracture and, 1568, 1584, 1584f, 1591–1597 lateral closing wedge osteotomy for, 1592, 1593–1594, 1593f, 1594f, 1595f medial opening wedge osteotomy for, 1592 oblique osteotomy with derotation for, 1592, 1595 step-cut osteotomy for, 1593, 1596, 1596f step-cut translation osteotomy for, 1596–1597, 1597f three-dimensional osteotomy for, 1592, 1592f uniplanar closing wedge osteotomy for, 1592, 1593f tardy ulnar nerve palsy and, 3678 Cuboid excision of, 758, 758f fracture of, 1699, 1701 osteotomy of, 1078–1079, 1080f Culp et al. technique, for triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex repair, 4048–4049

Culture, 683–684, 3032 Cuneiform excision of, 757, 758f fracture of, 4871 Cuneiform osteotomy ﬁ rst, 4539–4540 medial, 4521–4522, 4522f for metatarsus adductus, 1078–1079, 1080f for pes planus, 4592–4594, 4593f for septic arthritis–related deformity, 743 for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1640–1643, 1641f, 1642f supracondylar, 745, 745f Curettage for aneurysmal bone cyst, 868–869, 869f–870f, 871f for benign tumor, 788–791, 789f– 790f for chondroblastoma, 889, 890f, 891f, 892f for giant cell tumor, 886 for tuberculosis, 756, 757f, 760, 760f Curtis and Fisher technique, for capsular release and quadriceps lengthening, 1115, 1115f Curtis technique for proximal interphalangeal joint capsulotomy, 3975–3976, 3976f for proximal interphalangeal joint sublimis tenodesis, 4192, 4192f Curved L approach, to calcaneus, 25, 27f Cutaneous axon reﬂ exes, in brachial plexus injury, 3664–3665 Cyst(s) bone aneurysmal, 868–870, 869f–870f, 871f hand, 4321–4322, 4323f spine, 2323–2324 unicameral, 866, 868, 868f epidermoid, 870–871 after amputation, 573 hand, 4333–4334, 4334f ganglion hand and wrist, 4330–4333, 4331f, 4332f intraosseous, 870, 872f spinoglenoid notch, 149, 150f, 2631, 2633, 2633f, 2635f hydatid, 767 meniscal, 2432–2433, 2432f magnetic resonance imaging of, 136, 136f, 137 meniscectomy for, 2433, 2434f, 2831–2832 tears and, 2422–2423, 2829 mucous, hand, 4334, 4335f popliteal, 139–140, 140f, 975–977, 977f, 978f

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Cyst(s)—cont’d sebaceous, hand, 4334 spinoglenoid, 149, 150f, 2631, 2633, 2633f, 2635f, 2991 synovial, 976 Cystogram, in unicameral bone cyst, 866

D Dall-Miles cable for patellar tendon rupture, 2760 for trochanteric osteotomy, 366, 367f, 368f Dantrolene, for cerebral palsy, 1342 Darling et al. technique, for anterior cervicothoracic junction approach, 1743–1744, 1744f Darrach technique for distal ulna resection, 3521–3523, 3522f, 4450, 4450f for transacromial shoulder exposure, 95, 95f Das Gupta technique, for scapula resection, 801, 802f–803f Davey et al. technique, for singleincision fasciotomy, 2741, 2742f Davis muscle-pedicle graft, hernia and, 21 Davis technique, for hip arthrodesis, 196–197, 197f de Andrade and Macnab technique for anterior occipitocervical arthrodesis, 1862f for anterior occipitocervical fusion, 1862–1863 de Moraes Barros Fucs et al. technique, for hip arthrodesis, 1358 de Quervain disease, 4299–4300, 4301f, 4302f recurrent, 4300, 4303f variant anatomy in, 4299, 4300f Deafness, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905, 1905b DeBastiani et al. technique for femoral lengthening, 1162–1163, 1163f for tibial lengthening, 1155, 1157 Débridement Achilles tendon, 2758–2759, 2758f, 4823–4824, 4824f arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint, 2988 ankle, 2899 elbow for osteoarthritis, 3006 for osteochondritis dissecans, 3000, 3002f for pyarthrosis, 3007 knee for osteoarthritis, 1000–1002, 1001t, 2893 for pyarthrosis, 2891

Débridement—cont’d arthroscopic—cont’d shoulder, 2935–2936 for osteoarthritis, 2990, 2990f for partial rotator-cuff tear, 2969, 2969f triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex tear, 4046–4047, 4064–4065, 4064f calcaneal fracture, 4838–4839 cervical abscess, 2258–2264, 2259f, 2260f elbow, for osteoarthritis, 1031, 1032f, 3006 glenoid labrum tear, 2935–2936 open fracture, 3035–3038, 3036t, 3037t for postarthroplasty knee infection, 283 rotator cuff tear, 2623–2624 wound, 3035–3036, 3037–3038 Debulking technique, for macrodactyly, 4422–4423, 4422f Decompression, spinal. See Spinal decompression Deep transverse carpal ligament, 4291f division of, 4289 Deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament, division of, 4726–4727 Deep venous thrombosis acetabular fracture and, 3334 hip arthroplasty and, 394–396, 394t knee arthroplasty and, 258, 281–282 post-traumatic, 3075 Deﬂ azacort, for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1504 Dega technique, for transiliac osteotomy, 1211–1215, 1212f–1213f Degenerative arthritis. See Osteoarthritis Degenerative scoliosis. See Scoliosis (degenerative) Degenerative spondylolisthesis. See Spondylolisthesis, degenerative Déjérine-Sottas syndrome, 1520, 4336, 4337f Delayed union, 3529–3530. See also Fracture(s), nonunion of external ﬁ xation and, 3065 Delta phalanx, 4414–4415, 4446–4448 opening wedge osteotomy for, 4447, 4447f radiography of, 4446f reverse wedge osteotomy for, 4447– 4448, 4448f Deltoid artery, 4852f, 4853, 4853f Deltoid ligament anatomy of, 2353–2355, 2354f avulsion of, 3096, 3096f repair of, 3095 rupture of, 2358–2359, 2359f, 2372. See also Ankle, ligamentous injury of

Deltoid ligament—cont’d rupture of—cont’d lateral malleolar fracture and, 3094– 3095, 3094f Deltoid muscle acromioplasty-related dysfunction of, 2614 blood supply of, 99f calciﬁ cations of, 971–972, 972f contracture of, 966, 969–970 origin of, transfer of, 1442, 1442f paralysis of, 1439–1442 partial, 1442, 1442f transfer of origin for, 1442, 1442f trapezius transfer for, 1439, 1440f, 1441–1442, 1441f shoulder arthroplasty–related dysfunction of, 521 transfer of, for triceps paralysis, 1448 Deltoid-splitting technique, for shoulder exposure, 95, 95f Deltoid-to-triceps transfer, for elbow extension, 4160–4162, 4161f Demineralized bone matrix, 1852 Dennyson and Fulford technique, for subtalar arthrodesis, 1410, 1411, 1412f Dens. See Odontoid Dercum disease, 940 Dermatoﬁ brosarcoma protuberans, 950, 952f Dermatomes, 3637, 3637f split-thickness skin graft with, 3827–3828 DeRosa and Graziano technique, for humeral osteotomy, 1593, 1596, 1596f Derotational femoral osteotomy, varus for cerebral palsy, 1353–1354, 2355f, 2356f for dysplasia, 1197–1198, 1199f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1268– 1273, 1269f, 1271f–1272f Desmoid connective tissue, 946, 947f cortical, 863, 864f Destot sign, 1611 Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip, 372–379, 1180–1220 abductor muscles in, 373 adductor contracture in, 1181, 1182f, 1186 anterior open reduction for, 1190– 1193, 1192f anteromedial open reduction for, 1193, 1194f arthrography in, 1186–1188, 1187f, 1188f arthroplasty for, 328, 328f, 373–379 acetabular bone grafts for, 375–376, 377f acetabular component for, 373–375, 374f, 375f, 376–377, 376f

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Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip—cont’d arthroplasty for—cont’d femoral component for, 377–378, 378f results of, 378–379 subtrochanteric femoral shortening osteotomy for, 378, 379f, 380f trochanter impingement and, 378, 380f asymmetrical skin folds in, 1181– 1182 Barlow maneuver, 1181 capsulorrhaphy for, 1200f, 1201, 1201f, 1203f classiﬁ cation of, 372–373, 373f clinical presentation of, 1181–1182, 1181f, 1182f closed reduction for, 1186–1190, 1187f, 1188f, 1189f, 1191f deformities in, 373, 374f diagnosis of, 1181–1182, 1181f, 1182f etiology of, 1181 femoral osteotomy for, 1197–1198 femoral shortening for, 1199–1201, 1199f, 1200f, 1201f, 1202f gait in, 1182 Galeazzi sign in, 1182, 1182f Ganz (periacetabular) osteotomy for, 1215, 1215f incidence of, 1180 open reduction for, 1190–1194, 1192f, 1194f Ortolani maneuver in, 1181, 1181f osteonecrosis and, 1195–1197, 1196f, 1197f palliative procedures for, 1220 Pavlik harness for, 1182–1185, 1184f, 1185f pelvic osteotomy for, 1201–1219 Chiari, 1217–1219, 1218f, 1220f Dega (transiliac), 1204t, 1211–1215, 1212f–1213f Ganz (periacetabular), 1215, 1215f Pemberton, 1204t, 1207–1208, 1207f, 1208f Salter (innominate), 1202f, 1203– 1207, 1204f, 1204t, 1206f Staheli (shelf), 1204t, 1215–1217, 1216f, 1217f Steel (triple innominate), 1202– 1203, 1204t, 1209–1211, 1209f, 1211f proximal femoral epiphysiolysis vs., 1616 radiography in, 373, 374f, 1182, 1183, 1183f, 1185f, 1186–1188, 1187f, 1188f risk factors for, 1180–1181 spica cast for, 1188–1190, 1189f, 1191f teratological, 1194–1195, 1195f traction for, 1185–1186

Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip—cont’d treatment of. See also speciﬁ c procedures birth to 6 months, 1182–1185, 1184f, 1185f 6 to 18 months, 1185–1197 18 to 36 months, 1197–1198 3 to 8 years, 1198–1219 adolescent and young adult, 1220, 1220f trochanteric advancement for, 1196– 1197, 1197f ultrasonography in, 1181 Dewar and Barrington technique, for coracoid transfer to clavicle, 3610, 3611, 3612f Dextran, after replantation, 3729 Diabetes mellitus. See also Diabetic foot, amputation for foot, 579–597. See also Amputation (surgical), foot; Amputation (surgical), toe lower extremity, 562, 599–600. See also Amputation (surgical), lower extremity ankle fracture in, 3100 Dupuytren contracture in, 4277 knee arthroplasty in, 280–281 maternal, sacral agenesis and, 2104– 2106, 2105f Diabetic foot, 4697–4713 amputation for, 579–597. See also Amputation (surgical), foot; Amputation (surgical) toe partial, 565, 565f deformity of, 4703–4704, 4704f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132, 134, 135f neuropathic arthropathy of, 4697, 4698f, 4705–4713 bony mass removal in, 4710–4713, 4711f–4712f Chopart amputation in, 4713, 4713f diagnosis of, 4705, 4706f pathogenesis of, 4705 radiography of, 4705, 4707f, 4708f, 4709f, 4710f, 4791f staging of, 4705 transmetatarsal amputation in, 4713, 4713f treatment of, 4705–4706, 4708, 4710–4713, 4711f–4712f, 4713f ulcers of, 4697–4701, 4698f, 4700f, 4701f antibiotics for, 4703 classiﬁ cation of, 4700 ﬁ xed deformity with, 4703–4704, 4704f grade 0, 4700, 4700f grade 1, 4700, 4700f grade 2, 4700, 4701f grade 3, 4700, 4702f grade 4, 4700, 4702f

Diabetic foot—cont’d ulcers of—cont’d ischemic index in, 4699, 4699f, 4700f, 4701 large, 4703, 4703f neurotrophic, 4701–4703, 4702f recurrence of, 4698f treatment of, 4702–4703, 4702f, 4703f Diastasis, tibia-ﬁ bular, 3474–3475 Diastematomyelia, 2032, 2033, 2033f, 2034f Diazepam, for cerebral palsy, 1342 Digit. See Finger(s); Great toe; Thumb; Toe(s) Digital artery (arteries) Allen test of, 4103, 4105f anatomy of, 3851, 3852f in ﬁ nger ﬂ ap design, 3830, 3831f injury to, 3824 ischemia of, 4103 repair of, for replantation, 3726–3728, 3727f Digital nerve(s) foot, neuroma of. See Neuroma, interdigital (Morton) hand anesthetic block of, 3803, 3805f neurovascular island graft repair of, 3994–3996, 3995f regeneration of, 3984–3985 suture of, 3989–3991, 3990f Dillwyn-Evans osteotomy, 1409–1410, 1410f Dimelia, ulnar, 4418–4420, 4418f, 4419f Disarticulation. See also Amputation (surgical) elbow, 629 hip, 615–617, 616f knee, 605–608, 606f, 607f, 608f ring ﬁ nger, 652, 654f shoulder, 631, 633f wrist, 626, 627f Disc herniation. See Intervertebral disc disease Discectomy for anterior spinal instrumentation, 1988–1989, 1989f for lumbar arthrodesis, 1871–1873, 1872f, 1873f for rupture, 2209–2210 video-assisted thoracoscopic, 1994– 1997, 1996f, 1997f Discitis. See also Spinal infection adult, 2247–2248 pediatric, 2247 postoperative, 145–147, 146f, 2247–2248 Discography, 2180–2184 adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2296 cervical, 2183–2184, 2184f, 2189 degenerative scoliosis, 2290–2291 degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2290–2291

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Discography—cont’d isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2304–2305 lumbar, 2181–2182, 2182f thoracic, 2183, 2183f Discoid meniscus, 2423, 2435–2436, 2435f excision of, 2830–2831, 2831f magnetic resonance imaging of, 137, 138f tears of, 2423, 2435–2436 Wrisberg-type, 2435, 2435f, 2436 Dislocation, 3575–3597 acromioclavicular. See Acromioclavicular joint, dislocation of ankle, 3576. See also Ankle, fracture of; Ankle, ligamentous injury of atlantooccipital joint, 1781–1784, 1781f, 1782f, 1783f, 1785f carpometacarpal joint, 3929–3931, 3931f, 3940, 3941f cervical spine, 1797–1798 elbow, 3593–3597. See also Elbow, fracture-dislocation of; Elbow, recurrent dislocation of hip. See Hip dislocation interphalangeal joint, 1543, 3962– 3967, 3963f, 3964f, 3965f, 3966f knee. See Knee, dislocation of lumbosacral, 1830–1835, 1833f lunate, 4076, 4076f metacarpophalangeal joint ﬁ nger, 3941–3944, 3943f, 4215– 4216, 4216f thumb, 1543, 1543f, 3931–3933, 3933f, 3934f metatarsophalangeal joint great toe, 4888–4889, 4889f, 4890f lesser toes, 4637–4640, 4637f, 4638f, 4639f, 4640f open reduction for, 3575–3576 patella. See Patella, dislocation of radial head. See Radial head, dislocation of radioulnar joint, 3420, 3420f, 3595, 3595f, 3596f, 3597f recurrent. See Elbow, recurrent dislocation of; Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of sacroiliac joint. See Sacroiliac joint, dislocation of shoulder. See Shoulder, dislocation of; Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of sternoclavicular joint. See Sternoclavicular joint, dislocation of subtalar, 4867–4870, 4867f, 4868f, 4869f talar, 1693, 3096, 3096f

Dislocation—cont’d tibioﬁ bular, 3579–3580, 3580f, 3581f, 3604, 3604f trochanter, 413, 413f Distraction osteogenesis. See Limb lengthening Distress and Risk Assessment Method (DRAM), 2218–2219 Dog bite, 4357 Dog ear excision, on hand, 3812, 3812f Doppler probe free ﬂ ap monitoring with, 3736 replantation monitoring with, 3730 Dormans et al. technique, for occipitocervical fusion, 1888, 1889f Dorsal bunion deformity, 1407–1409, 1408f Dorsal ligament of triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex, reconstruction of, 4057, 4058f Dorsal metatarsal artery, 3768–3769, 3770f, 3771f Dorsal pedicle ﬂ ap, in ﬁ ngertip amputation, 643, 643f, 646 Dorsal root ganglion, 2163, 3638 Dorsal root rhizotomy, for cerebral palsy, 1345–1346, 1345f, 1346f Dorsal scapular nerve, 3663, 3663f Dorsal transscaphoid perilunar dislocation, 4076f, 4077 Dorsalis pedis artery, 3768, 3770f, 3771f Dorsalis pedis ﬂ ap, 3769f, 3770–3773, 3772f Dorsiﬂ exion-eversion test, for tarsal tunnel syndrome, 4719 Dorsoulnar thumb ﬂ ap, 3833, 3836f Double-incision fasciotomy, for lower extremity compartment syndrome, 2742–2743, 2743f Double line sign, in osteonecrosis, 142 Double plate ﬁ xation, for distal femoral fracture, 3184, 3186–3187, 3186f Double right-angled suture technique, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3862–3863, 3863f Down syndrome, cervical instability in, 1913–1915 neurological ﬁ ndings in, 1914 radiography of, 1914, 1914f spinal fusion for, 1915 treatment of, 1914–1915 Doyle technique, for trapeziometacarpal joint arthrodesis, 4244, 4244f Drainage, 726 ankle, 728–729 anterolateral, 728, 728f anteromedial, 729, 729f posterolateral, 728f, 729 posteromedial, 729, 729f elbow, 741–742, 742f

Drainage—cont’d hip, 734–736 anterior, 734 arthroscopic, 736 lateral, 734, 736 medial, 736, 737f posterior, 734, 735f ilium, 713 ischium, 713 knee, 729–732 anterior, 731 arthroscopic, 730–731, 730f posterolateral, 731, 731f, 732 posteromedial, 732, 732f, 733f Morel-Lavallée lesion, 3035, 3035f osteomyelitis, 699–700, 709 pelvic abscess, 738 pubis, 713 shoulder, 740–741 tarsal joint, 728 tibia, 699–700 wrist, 742–743, 743f Draping, 4, 9–10, 9f, 10f Drawer test anterior for ankle sprain, 2356, 2357f for knee ligament injury, 2440, 2441f, 2442f, 2443f ﬂ exion rotation, for knee ligament injury, 2446, 2448f posterior, for knee ligament injury, 2441, 2444f, 2445f posterolateral, for knee ligament injury, 2448 Slocum anterior rotary, for knee injury, 2443–2444 Dressing free ﬂ ap, 3736 hand surgery, 3813–3814 McBride bunionectomy, 4487, 4488f, 4489f rigid, 570–571 Drive-through sign of Warren, 2931f, 2932 Drop sign, in shoulder injury, 2607, 2608f Drug abuse, infections with, 4358 du Toit and Roux technique, for staple capsulorrhaphy, 2704 du Toit staples, 14, 14f Dual growing rod instrumentation, for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 1926–1928, 1928f, 1929f Dual onlay bone graft, 17–18 for fracture nonunion, 3534, 3535f, 3536f for tibial fracture nonunion, 3536f, 3549, 3549f Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1504–1510 diagnosis of, 1501–1504, 1501f, 1502f, 1503f, 1505f fracture in, 1500 medical treatment of, 1504

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy—cont’d orthopaedic treatment of, 1504, 1506– 1510, 1506f Achilles tendon contracture release for, 1506–1507, 1507f Achilles tendon lengthening for, 1509 open hip contracture release for, 1507, 1507f percutaneous hip contracture release for, 1506–1507, 1507f posterior tibial tendon transfer for, 1507–1509, 1508f, 1509f for scoliosis, 1509–1510, 1510f, 2030–2031, 2030f spinal fusion for, 1509–1510 orthoses for, 1500 physical examination in, 1504, 1505f scoliosis in, 1509–1510, 1510f, 2030– 2031, 2030f Duncan loop sliding knot, 2962, 2963f Dunn technique for cuneiform osteotomy of femoral neck, 1641–1643, 1642f for triple arthrodesis, 4753, 4755f Dupuytren contracture, 4273–4283 bilateral, 4273, 4275f diabetes mellitus and, 4277 epidemiology of, 4273 etiology of, 4273 fascial structures in, 4275–4276, 4275f, 4276f, 4276t genetic factors in, 4273 interphalangeal joint contracture in, 4276, 4277f, 4279 pathogenesis of, 4274–4276 prognosis for, 4276–4277 risk factors for, 4276–4277 treatment of, 4277–4283 amputation for, 4279 complete fasciotomy for, 4278–4279 fasciotomy with skin grafting for, 4279 partial fasciectomy for, 4280–4283, 4281f, 4282f partial fasciotomy for, 4278 subcutaneous fasciotomy for, 4278, 4280, 4280f Z -plasty for, 4268, 4268f, 4278, 4279f Dural tear lumbar disc surgery and, 2213–2215, 2213t, 2214f scoliosis surgery and, 1977 Durham plasty, for pes planus, 4589– 4592, 4590f–4591f DuVries technique, for peroneal tendon repair, 2780, 2780f Dwarﬁ sm, 1309–1311 cervical spine in, 1309–1310, 2121 coxa valga in, 1310 coxa vara in, 1310, 1312f genu valgum in, 1310 genu varum in, 1310

Dwarﬁ sm—cont’d hip arthroplasty in, 379–382, 381f hip in, 1310, 1311f limb lengthening in, 1310–1311 lumbar spine in, 1310 scoliosis in, 1310, 2120–2121 tibial bowing in, 1310, 1312f Dwyer technique for calcaneal osteotomy, 1374, 1376, 1376f, 4747, 4747f for forefoot arthroplasty, 4675 DynaGraft, 17t Dynamic screw ﬁ xation for distal femoral fracture, 3173– 3175, 3174f, 3181–3183, 3183f for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1632, 1632f, 1636 Dyschondrosteosis, wrist deformity in, 4448, 4449–4450 Dysplasia ﬁ brous, 863–864, 865f hip. See Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip osteoﬁ brous, 864, 865f Dystrophic ossiﬁ cation, 4735, 4736f Dystrophic scoliosis, 2107, 2108f Dystrophic toenails, 4776, 4776f Dystrophin, 1499–1500, 1503, 1510 Dystrophy congenital, 1513 muscular. See Muscular dystrophy myotonic, 1513–1514

E Earle sign, 1611 East Baltimore lift, 3290, 3290f for hip dislocation, 3582, 3584f Eaton and Littler technique, for trapeziometacarpal ligament reconstruction, 4228–4230, 4229f Eaton and Malerich technique, for proximal interphalangeal joint fracture reduction, 3954–3955, 3960 Eaton et al. technique, for trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty, 4233–4234 Eaton technique, for trapeziometacarpal implant arthroplasty, 4239, 4239f Ebraheim et al. technique, for posterior sacroiliac joint approach, 1757–1758, 1758f Echinococcosis, 767 Ecker et al. technique, for patellar tendon reconstruction, 2764, 2764f Ectrodactyly. See Cleft hand Eggshell osteotomy for ankylosing spondylitis, 2317, 2319f for congential scoliosis, 2042, 2044

Elbow. See also Humerus, distal; Olecranon; Radius, proximal; Ulna, proximal anatomy of, 525–528, 526f, 2717– 2718, 2717f approach to, 105–115, 105t global, 114–115, 114f–115f lateral, 111–112, 111f lateral J , 112, 112f medial, 112–113, 113f medial and lateral, 113, 113f posterior, 108–109, 109f extensile, 109–111, 110f posterolateral, 105–106, 106f, 108f extensile, 108, 108f arthrodesis of. See Elbow arthrodesis arthrography of, in pediatric fracture, 1568 arthrogryposis-related deformity of, 1477–1480, 1479f, 1480f arthroplasty of. See Elbow arthroplasty arthroscopy of. See Elbow arthroscopy aspiration of, 741, 741f biomechanics of, 525–528, 526f, 527f, 528f bursitis of, 3007 calciﬁ cations of, 971 carrying angle of, 526–527, 527f cerebral palsy–related contractures of, 1382–1383, 1383f contact surfaces of, 527 contracture of arthrogryposis-related, 1477–1480, 1479f, 1480f cerebral palsy–related, 1382–1383, 1383f post-traumatic, 2641–2645 anterior and posterior release of, 2642, 2645f, 2646 open anterior release of, 2642, 2643f stroke-related, 1388 disarticulation of, 629 dislocation of, 3593–3597. See also Elbow, recurrent dislocation of complications of, 1564–1565 epiphyseal separation vs., 1598, 1598f medial epicondylar fracture and, 1577–1579, 1578f pediatric, 1564–1565, 1566f radial head arthroplasty for, 546– 548, 547f, 548f unreduced (old), 3621–3630, 3621f arthroplasty for, 3630 closed reduction for, 3621–3622 hinged elbow external ﬁ xator for, 3624–3630, 3625f, 3626f, 3627f, 3629f open reduction and triceps V Y lengthening for, 3623–3624, 3624f

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Elbow—cont’d dislocation of—cont’d unreduced (old)—cont’d open reduction for, 3622–3630, 3622f, 3623f drainage of, 741–742, 742f excision of, 762, 762f extension of, restoration of, 4160– 4162, 4161f fat pad sign of, 1568 ﬁ brosis of, 3004–3006, 3005f ﬂ exorplasty of, 1443–1444, 1444f ﬂ oating, 1548 forces at, 527–528, 527f, 528f fracture of arthroﬁ brosis with, 3004–3006, 3005f arthroscopic care in, 3007 distal humerus, 1567–1599, 3400– 3410. See also Humeral fracture, distal olecranon, 3410–3417. See also Olecranon, fracture of pediatric, 1558–1599. See also Children, elbow fracture in; Children, supracondylar fracture in fracture-dislocation of, 3408–3410, 3408f classiﬁ cation of, 3409, 3409f complications of, 3410, 3410f neurovascular injury with, 3408–3409 plate ﬁ xation for, 3409, 3409f soft tissue damage with, 3594– 3595 treatment of, 3409–3410, 3409f heterotopic ossiﬁ cation of, 2645 fracture-dislocation and, 3410, 3410f hinged external ﬁ xator for, 3624– 3630, 3625f, 3626f, 3627f, 3629f injury to, 2634–2645. See also Epicondylitis contracture with, 2641–2645, 2643f, 2645f instability of, 2718–2719, 2718f. See also Elbow, recurrent dislocation of tests for, 2719, 2719f, 2720f ligaments of, 525, 526f, 2717–2718, 2717f loose bodies in, 2561–2562, 2562f, 3000, 3001f, 3002f, 3003 magnetic resonance imaging of, 150, 151f, 152f osteoarthritis of, 1031–1032, 1032f, 1033f, 3006 poliomyelitis-related deformity of, 1443–1448 ﬂ exorplasty for, 1443–1444, 1444f latissimus dorsi muscle transfer for, 1445, 1447–1448, 1447f

Elbow—cont’d poliomyelitis-related deformity of—cont’d pectoralis major tendon transfer for, 1445, 1446f triceps transfer for, 1444–1445, 1445f posterolateral rotatory instability of, 2717, 2718f, 2726–2728, 2727f, 2728f pyarthrosis of, 3007 radiography of, 2719 recurrent dislocation of, 2717–2728 arthroscopic examination of, 2720 lateral ulnar collateral ligament repair for, 2726–2728, 2727f, 2728f medial collateral ligament reconstruction for, 2723– 2726, 2725f pathophysiology of, 2718–2719, 2718f pediatric, 1565–1567 physical examination of, 2719, 2719f, 2720f ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction for, 2721– 2723, 2721f, 2723f rheumatoid arthritis of, 998–999, 999f, 1000f septic arthritis of, 741–742, 741f, 742f stabilizers of, 2717–2718, 2717f supracondylar fracture of. See Supracondylar fracture synovectomy for, 998–999, 999f T sign of, 2719 throwing injury of, 3003 tuberculosis of, 762, 762f valgus extension overload test of, 2719 Elbow arthrodesis, 219–224 Araﬁ les technique for, 221–222, 222f Brittain technique for, 220–221, 220f complications of, 223–224 indications for, 219, 219b Müller et al. technique for, 222–223, 223f Spier technique for, 223, 223f Staples technique for, 221f Steindler technique for, 219–220, 220f Elbow arthroplasty, 524–549 anatomy for, 525–528, 526f biomechanics of, 525–528, 526f, 527f, 528f capitellocondylar, 544–546 complications of, 533–534, 533t contraindications to, 535 Coonrad-Morrey, 540–544, 542f, 543f–544f débridement, 530, 535–537, 536f for osteoarthritis, 1031, 1032f historical perspective on, 524–525, 525f humeral shaft fracture after, 3398, 3400

Elbow arthroplasty—cont’d implant, 532–533, 532b, 532t, 540– 544, 541f, 542f–543f complications of, 533–534, 533t, 548–549 indications for, 534–535 infection after, 549 results of, 532–533 revision after, 548–549 indications for, 534–535 interpositional (fascial), 530, 531f, 537–539, 538f complications of, 533 indications for, 534 prostheses for, 525, 528–530, 529f complications of, 533–534, 533t Coonrad semiconstrained, 528, 529f GSB III, 528, 529f HSS-Osteonics, 528, 529f radial head implant for, 530–532, 546–548, 547f, 548f resection, 530–532 historical perspective on, 524, 525f indications for, 534 technique of, 539–540, 539f revision, 548–549 for rheumatoid arthritis, 999, 1000f ulnohumeral, for osteoarthritis, 1032, 1033f for unreduced elbow dislocation, 3630 Elbow arthroscopy, 2993–3008 for arthroﬁ brosis, 3004–3006, 3005f complications of, 3007–3008 contraindications to, 2993 diagnostic, 2997–3000, 2998f, 2999f indications for, 2993 in instability, 2720 for intraarticular fracture, 3007 lateral decubitus position for, 2995 for loose body removal, 3000, 3001f, 3002f nerve injury with, 2805–2806 neurological complications of, 3007–3008 for olecranon bursitis, 3007 for osteoarthritis débridement, 3006 for osteochondritis dissecans, 3000– 3003, 3002f for Panner disease, 3000–3003 patient positioning for, 2993–2995, 2994f, 2995f, 2996f portals for anterior, 2997–2998, 2998f, 2999f anterolateral, 2996 anteromedial, 2996–2997, 2996f direct lateral, 2996, 2998–2999, 2999f placement of, 2996–2997, 2996f posterolateral, 2996f, 2997, 2999– 3000, 2999f proximal medial, 2996f, 2997 straight posterior, 2996f, 2997 for posterior impingement, 3003, 3004f

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Elbow arthroscopy—cont’d prone position for, 2994–2995, 2995f, 2996f for pyarthrosis, 3007 for radial head resection, 3003–3004 for rheumatoid arthritis, 998–999, 999f supine position for, 2994, 2994f for synovectomy, 3006, 3006f for tennis elbow, 3006–3007 for throwing injury, 3003 for ulnar collateral ligament injury, 3003, 3003f Electrical burns, 4111–4112, 4111f Electrical stimulation for cerebral palsy, 4174 for fracture nonunion, 3539 for fracture treatment, 3045 for scaphoid fracture, 4021 for stroke-related dysfunctions, 1388 Electrical stimulation test, in peripheral nerve injury, 3650 Electrocautery, 24 Electromagnetic stimulation for fracture nonunion, 3539 for fracture treatment, 3045 Electromyography carpal tunnel syndrome, 4287, 4288t cerebral palsy, 4174 degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2291 muscular dystrophy, 1501, 1501f peripheral nerve injury, 3649, 3649f Electrophysiological studies, peripheral nerve injury, 3647–3649, 3648f Ellis technique, for volar buttress plate ﬁ xation, 3446–3447, 3447f Elmslie procedure for chronic ankle instability, 2362, 2363f modiﬁ ed (Chrisman-Snook procedure), for chronic ankle instability, 2362, 2363f, 2364, 2365, 2366, 2367–2369, 2368f modiﬁ ed (Sammarco and DiRaimondo), for chronic ankle instability, 2363–2364, 2365f Elmslie-Trillat procedure, for recurrent patellar dislocation, 2668– 2669, 2669f Embolism fat, knee arthroplasty and, 258 pulmonary. See Pulmonary embolism upper extremity, 4105 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, 952 Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 1511 Enchondroma, 859, 4320–4321, 4321f chondrosarcoma vs., 908 Enchondromatosis, 858–859 Ender nails, for pediatric femoral shaft fracture, 1655–1656, 1656f

Endoneurium, 3638, 3638f Endoneurolysis, 3655 Endoscopic techniques. See also Arthroscopy for carpal tunnel syndrome, 4291– 4298, 4293f–4294f, 4295f–4296f for interdigital neuroma, 4730 for lumbar disc disease, 2210 for painful heel, 4818, 4820–4822, 4821f for thoracic disc disease, 2199, 2200f Enneking and Shirley technique, for knee resection-arthrodesis, 832–837, 833f–835f Enneking technique, for proximal humerus arthrodesis, 805, 805f Enostosis, 857–858, 858f Enoxaparin, epidural hematoma and, 395 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in HIV infection, 686 Eosinophilic granuloma spinal, 896, 896f, 2116–2117, 2117f, 2118f, 2324–2325 talar, 2373, 2373f Epicondyle. See also Epicondylitis medial displacement/entrapment of, 1577– 1579, 1578f excision of, 3682, 3683, 3683f fracture of, 1575, 1577–1579, 1578f nonunion of, 3562–3563, 3563f osteotomy of, 112–113, 113f Epicondylitis lateral, 2634–2638, 2637f arthroscopic release for, 2638, 3006–3007 Nirschl technique for, 2636, 2637f, 2638b rehabilitation protocol for, 2636, 2638b resection and anconeus muscle transfer for, 2636–2638, 2639f medial, 2639–2641, 2640f Epidermoid cyst, 870–871 after amputation, 573 hand, 4333–4334, 4334f Epidermolysis bullosa, 4338–4339 Epidural abscess, 2240, 2241f, 2248 Epidural injection corticosteroid for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2291 for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2305 for spinal stenosis, 2281 cortisone, 2172–2177 cervical, 2172–2173, 2174f complications of, 2172 lumbar, 2174–2177, 2176f, 2177f thoracic, 2174, 2175f

Epinephrine, for shoulder arthroscopy, 2927 Epineurial neurorrhaphy, 3658–3659, 3711–3712, 3712f. See also Neurorrhaphy Epineurial-perineurial neurorrhaphy, 3986, 3987f. See also Neurorrhaphy Epineurium, 3638, 3638f Epineurotomy, in carpal tunnel syndrome, 4289 Epiphysiodesis bone peg, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1638, 1639f for limb-length discrepancy, 1146– 1148, 1147f, 1149f for macrodactyly, 4422, 4423 trochanteric, 1280 Epiphysiolysis, femoral, 1616 Epiphysis, 1532. See also Physis Brodie abscess of, 701–702, 702f fracture of, 1533–1536 abuse-related, 1537, 1537f classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f, 1535f distal tibia, 1684–1690, 1685f, 1686f, 1689f, 1690f Tillaux type, 1690–1693, 1691f, 1692f femur, 1614, 1615f, 1616, 1616f lateral humeral condyle, 1569–1573, 1570f, 1572f, 1574f medial humeral condyle, 1579– 1580, 1579f medial humeral epicondyle, 1575, 1577–1579, 1578f Ogden classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f pin ﬁ xation of, 1535, 1535f Poland classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f Salter-Harris classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f tibial tuberosity, 1671–1673, 1671f, 1672f treatment of, 1533, 1535, 1535f infection of, 696–697, 696f, 697f. See also Osteomyelitis inﬂ ammation of. See Epiphysitis separation of distal humerus, 1598–1599, 1598f femur, 1614, 1615f, 1616, 1616f, 1630–1651. See also Slipped capital femoral epiphysis infection-related, 696–697, 697f transplantation of, 3786 Epiphysitis tibial tuberosity, 1255–1256, 1256f traction, ﬁ fth metatarsal base, 1251– 1252, 1252f, 1253f Epitenon-ﬁ rst suture, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3858, 3858f Epithelioid sarcoma, 950, 4327–4328, 4328f

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Equinovalgus deformity cerebral palsy–related, 1376–1378 calcaneal osteotomy for, 1377, 1377f subtalar arthrodesis for, 1377–1378, 1378f poliomyelitis-related, 1405, 1419–1421 Equinovarus deformity. See Clubfoot Equinus deformity cerebral palsy–related, 1366–1369 Achilles tendon lengthening for, 1366–1368, 1367f, 1368f gastrocnemius-soleus muscle lengthening for, 1369, 1370f, 1371f forefoot, 4739–4745 extensor tendon transfer for, 4741– 4742, 4742f plantar fasciotomy for, 4740, 4741f proximal metatarsal osteotomy for, 4740–4741, 4741f tarsometatarsal truncated wedge arthrodesis for, 4742–4745, 4743f myelomeningocele-related, 1456 poliomyelitis-related, 1415–1416, 1416f stroke-related, 1385 Erb palsy, 3664–3665, 3666–3667, 3667f. See also Brachial plexus injury Erkes technique, for knee exposure, 39, 39f Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 678 in postarthroplasty infection, 417 in spinal infection, 2245 Escharotomy, 4108–4109 Esmarch tourniquet, 5–6 for foot and ankle surgery, 4462– 4463, 4463f Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation, 3420, 3420f, 3421f Essex-Lopresti technique, for calcaneal tongue-type fracture ﬁ xation, 4846–4847, 4847f Etter et al. technique, for anterior dens fracture screw ﬁ xation, 1793–1795, 1795f, 1796f Evans procedure for chronic ankle instability, 2362, 2363, 2364, 2364f, 2367, 2367f for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency and accessory navicular, 4797, 4800f Ewald technique, for capitellocondylar elbow arthroplasty, 546 Ewing sarcoma, 910–913 biopsy in, 912 bone scan in, 912f distal ﬁ bula, 839f extraskeletal, 953 hand, 4330 histology of, 911f, 913 humerus, 806f ilium, 816f

Ewing sarcoma—cont’d locations of, 910 magnetic resonance imaging of, 911f, 912f, 913 metastatic, 913 pain in, 911 radiography of, 911f, 912–913, 912f spinal, 2117, 2117f, 2118, 2325–2326 tibia, 837f treatment of, 913 Excision. See also Resection bunion. See McBride bunionectomy calcaneal, 714, 715f, 758, 3468–3469, 3469f calciﬁ c tendinitis, 2629–2630, 2630f carpal. See Carpectomy coccyx, 2258 cuboid, 758, 758f cuneiform, 757, 758f disc for anterior spinal instrumentation, 1988–1989, 1989f for lumbar arthrodesis, 1871–1873, 1872f, 1873f micro-, 2206–2208, 2206f, 2208f for rupture, 2209–2210 video-assisted thoracoscopic, 1994– 1997, 1996f, 1997f distal clavicle, 3591–3592, 3592f dog ear, 3812, 3812f elbow, 762, 762f ﬁ bular, 2741, 3549–3550 heel spur, 4817 hemivertebra, 2041–2042, 2041f, 2043f, 2044f hip, 761, 761f interdigital neuroma, 4725–4730, 4727f, 4728f, 4729f, 4730f knee adhesion, 2892 medial epicondyle, 3682, 3683, 3683f meniscal. See Meniscectomy metatarsal, 757 navicular, 757–758, 758f nubbins, 4371 olecranon fragment, 3415, 3416f os peroneum, 4808–4809 patellar. See Patellectomy pelvic. See Hemipelvectomy popliteal cyst, 976–977, 977f prepatellar bursa, 974 proximal ulna, 4419–4420 radial head, 3409–3410, 3417–3419, 3418f scaphoid, 4025 scapularis bursa, 971 sesamoid ﬁ bular, 4482–4483, 4483f, 4484f– 4485f, 4551, 4552 hallucal, 4575, 4576f tibial, 4577–4578, 4578f subungual exostosis, 4777, 4778f, 4779f synovium. See Synovectomy

Excision—cont’d talar, 759, 1098–1100, 1100f, 1415, 1457 tibial tuberosity, 1256, 1256f ulnar head, 4059, 4060f, 4450, 4450f vertebral, 2101–2104, 2102f, 2104f. See also Laminectomy Vickers ligament, 4449, 4450–4451, 4451f wrist, 762–763, 763f Exercise, in isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2305 Exercise testing, in spinal stenosis, 2280 Exertional compartment syndrome. See Compartment syndrome, exertional Exostosis (exostoses) digital, 4337–4338, 4338f hereditary, multiple, 861–862, 862f subungual, 862, 4777, 4777f, 4778f, 4779f talar, 2374–2377, 2375f turret, 4337–4338, 4338f Extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon transfer for intrinsic ﬁ nger function restoration, 4142, 4143f, 4144f, 4145–4146, 4146f, 4147f for thumb adduction, 4136–4138, 4136f, 4137f Extensor carpi ulnaris tendon transfer, for radial clubhand, 4384– 4385, 4384f Extensor carpi ulnaris tenodesis, for distal ulnar reconstruction, 4066, 4067f, 4068–4070, 4069f, 4070f Extensor digiti quinti proprius transfer, for intrinsic ﬁ nger function restoration, 4141–4142, 4142f, 4146 Extensor digitorum communis tendon graft, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3888 Extensor digitorum longus tendon transfer, for clawed great toe, 4741–4742, 4742f Extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis, for hallux varus correction, 4557–4559, 4558f Extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer, 1420–1421 for claw toe deformity, 1518–1519, 1518f for hallux varus, 4554–4557, 4555f Extensor indicis proprius tendon graft, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3888 Extensor indicis proprius tendon transfer for congenital clasped thumb, 4433– 4434, 4434f for index ﬁ nger abduction, 4138–4139

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Extensor indicis proprius tendon transfer—cont’d for intrinsic ﬁ nger function restoration, 4141–4142, 4142f, 4146 for pinch restoration, 4132, 4132f Extensor pollicis brevis tendon stenosing tenosynovitis of. See de Quervain disease for thumb ulnar collateral ligament rupture repair, 3937–3938, 3938f Extensor pollicis longus redirection, for cerebral palsy–related thumb-in-palm deformity, 4189, 4191–4192, 4191f Extensor tendon(s), 3899–3912. See also speciﬁ c tendons anatomy of, 3899–3900, 3899f, 3900f, 3901f examination of, 3900–3901 repair of, 3901–3912, 3901f for replantation, 3726 secondary, 3911–3912 in thumb, 3912 zone I, 3901f, 3902–3905, 3902f, 3903f, 3904f, 3905f zone II, 3901f, 3905 zone III, 3901f, 3905–3909, 3906f, 3908f, 3909f zone IV, 3901f, 3909 zone V, 3901f, 3909–3910, 3910f, 3911f zone VI, 3901f, 3910–3911 zone VII, 3901f, 3911 zone VIII, 3901f, 3911 zone IX, 3901f, 3911 rheumatoid tenosynovitis of, 4217 rupture of, in rheumatoid arthritis, 4217, 4217f, 4224f zones of, 3901–3902, 3901f Extensor thrust reﬂ ex, in cerebral palsy, 1338, 1339f External ﬁ xation. See Fracture(s), external ﬁ xation of External oblique muscle transfer, 1433– 1435, 1434f for hip subluxation/dislocation, 1469– 1471, 1470f External rotation lag sign, for shoulder injury, 2607, 2608f External rotation recurvatum test, for knee injury, 2446, 2448f External rotation stress test, for shoulder injury, 2607, 2608f Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for calciﬁ c tendinitis, 2629 for painful heel, 4817 Extravasation injury, 4117–4118 Eyring and Guthrie procedure, for chronic ankle instability, 20–22, 2364–2365, 2366f

F Fabelloﬁ bular ligament, 2410, 2410f Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 1511–1512, 1512f infantile, 1512–1513 Factitious illness, hand, 4119–4120, 4119f Failed spine surgery, 2223–2224 Fairbank technique, for anterior shoulder release, 1484, 1484f Falco technique for cervical discography, 2184, 2184f for lumbar discography, 2181–2182, 2182f for thoracic discography, 2183, 2183f Falls, fracture with, 3238 Familial dysautonomia, spinal deformity in, 2029 Fanconi anemia, radial clubhand in, 4376 Fang and Ong technique, for transoral cervical spine exposure, 1890–1891, 1891f Farmer technique, for syndactyly of great and second toes, 1072– 1073, 1075f Fascial loops, for sternoclavicular joint stabilization, 2673–2674, 2674f, 3609, 3609f Fasciectomy, partial, for Dupuytren contracture, 4280–4283, 4281f, 4282f Fasciitis necrotizing, 565t, 566 nodular, 946 Fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome, 2745–2747, 2746f, 2747f double-incision, for lower extremity compartment syndrome, 2742–2743, 2743f for Dupuytren contracture, 4278, 4280, 4280f for forearm compartment syndrome, 1591, 1591f, 4262–4263, 4262f, 4263f for forefoot equinus, 4740, 4741f for lower extremity compartment syndrome, 2740–2743, 2741f, 2742f, 2743f single-incision for chronic exertional compartment syndrome, 2745, 2746f for lower extremity compartment syndrome, 2741, 2742f Fat embolism, knee arthroplasty and, 258 Fat grafting, for epidural scar prevention, 2215 Fat pad sign, 1568 Feldon et al. technique, for wafer distal ulnar resection, 4063–4064, 4063f

Felon, 4348–4349, 4349f Femoral artery injury, arthroplastyrelated, 398 Femoral condyles anatomy of, 2396 anomalous ossiﬁ cation centers of, 1257, 1257f arthroscopy of, 2819–2820 dysplasia of, 2656 fracture of, 3170–3190. See also Femoral fracture, distal mechanics of, 2416, 2416f ossiﬁ cation centers of, 1257, 1257f osteochondritis dissecans of, 1256– 1258, 2558–2563, 2848– 2855, 2856f arthroscopic drilling for, 1257– 1258, 2561, 2849–2850, 2850f arthroscopic screw ﬁ xation for, 1258, 1259f, 2561, 2562, 2850–2852, 2851f chondrocyte implantation for, 2562–2563 classiﬁ cation of, 2560, 2560t, 2848, 2848f clinical manifestations of, 2559–2560 complications of, 2563 etiology of, 2559 grafts for, 2562, 2852–2855, 2854f–2855f immobilization for, 1257–1258, 1257f, 1258f, 2560–2563, 2848 loose bodies in, 1258, 1258f, 1259f, 2561–2562, 2562f, 2849, 2852 magnetic resonance imaging in, 140, 141f, 142f, 1257, 1259f, 2560 nonoperative treatment of, 1257–1258, 1257f, 1258f, 2558, 2558f, 2560–2561, 2848 open techniques for, 2561–2562, 2562f radiography of, 2559f, 2560 staging of, 2560t Femoral fracture distal, 3170–3190 classiﬁ cation of, 3171, 3172f condylar locking plate ﬁ xation for, 3174–3175, 3174f, 3183 external ﬁ xation for, 3176–3177 intercondylar, 3179–3187, 3180, 3181f condylar blade plate ﬁ xation for, 3179–3181, 3180f, 3181f condylar locking plate ﬁ xation for, 3183 double plate ﬁ xation for, 3184, 3186–3187, 3186f

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Femoral fracture—cont’d distal—cont’d intercondylar—cont’d dynamic condylar screw ﬁ xation for, 3173–3175, 3174f, 3181– 3183, 3183f less invasive stabilization system for, 3184, 3185f minimally invasive dynamic condylar screw/plate ﬁ xation for, 3187 intramedullary nailing for, 3175–3176 lateral condyle, 3178, 3179f malunion of, 3484–3485, 3485f less invasive stabilization system for, 3175 medial condyle, 3177–3178, 3178f malunion of, 3485, 3485f nonoperative treatment of, 3171–3172 occult, 140, 141f physeal, 1662–1666, 1662f, 1664f, 1665f, 1666f plate and screw ﬁ xation for, 3173, 3173f postarthroplasty, 290–291, 290f, 291f, 292f prognosis for, 3172–3173 skeletal traction for, 3187–3188 supracondylar, 3187–3190, 3189f AO blade plate and screw ﬁ xation for, 3173, 3173f condylar blade plate ﬁ xation for, 3179–3181, 3180f, 3181f dynamic condylar screw ﬁ xation for, 3181–3183, 3183f nonunion of, 3553–3554 skeletal traction for, 3187–3188 Trigen knee nail for, 3188–3190, 3189f Swashbuckler approach to, 3181, 3182f unicondylar, 3177–3178, 3178f pediatric. See Children, femoral fracture in; Children, hip fracture in proximal intertrochanteric. See Hip fracture, intertrochanteric neck. See Hip fracture, femoral neck subtrochanteric. See Hip fracture, subtrochanteric shaft, 3190–3217 casting for, 3190–3191 comminuted, 3194, 3195f external ﬁ xation for, 3191 femoral head prosthesis and, 3215– 3216, 3216f ﬂ exible nailing for, 3215–3216, 3216f gunshot-related, intramedullary nailing for, 3027

Femoral fracture—cont’d shaft—cont’d hip dislocation with, 3214–3215 infection with, 3213 intramedullary nailing for, 3191, 3193–3214 antegrade, 3196, 3204–3207, 3204f–3205f bent nails in, 3211–3212, 3212f broken nail in, 3213 callus with, 3198 in children, 1655–1661, 1656f, 1658f, 1659f, 1660f closed, 3198 complications of, 3209–3213 errors in, 3211 femoral neck fracture with, 3216–3217, 3217f fracture table for, 3197, 3208, 3210–3211 infection after, 3213 interlocking, 3198–3204, 3199f–3203f knee pain with, 3198 nail extraction after, 3212–3213 nail insertion errors in, 3211 nail removal in, 3211, 3212, 3213 open, 3197–3198 in pathological fracture, 3213– 3214, 3214f patient positioning for, 3210–3211 retrograde, 3196, 3207–3208, 3208f without fracture table, 3208– 3209, 3209f, 3210f malunion of, 3485–3491 in children, 3486–3487, 3490– 3491, 3491f evaluation of, 3485–3486 external ﬁ xation for, 3487, 3487f oblique osteotomy for, 3489 osteotomy and interlocking nails for, 3486, 3486f, 3487–3488, 3488f osteotomy technique for, 3489–3490 plate osteosynthesis and bone grafting for, 3488–3489 metastatic, 3214 neck fracture with, 3216–3217, 3217f, 3285–3286, 3286f nonunion of, 3554–3555, 3555f, 3556f pathological, 3213–3214, 3214f pediatric. See Children, femoral fracture in periprosthetic, 406–411, 407f–408f, 409f, 409t, 410f, 411f plate and screw ﬁ xation for, 3191– 3193, 3192f posterior hip dislocation with, 3295–3296 rotationplasty of, 841, 842f

Femoral fracture—cont’d shaft—cont’d subtrochanteric, 3214, 3262–3271. See also Hip fracture, subtrochanteric traction for, 3190–3191 Femoral head blood supply to, 3272, 3272f fracture of malunion of, 3493 posterior hip dislocation with, 3291–3295, 3292f, 3293f Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease of. See Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease metastatic disease of, 926f osteonecrosis of, 1032–1041. See also Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease arthroplasty for, 369–370, 1041 bipolar hemiarthroplasty for, 1041 bone grafting for, 50f, 1036 chronic renal failure and, 390 classiﬁ cation of, 1033, 1034t congenital dysplasia of hip and, 1195–1197, 1196f, 1197f core decompression for, 1035–1036, 1036f crescent sign in, 1034, 1034f diagnosis of, 1033–1034, 1034f fracture and, 3272–3274, 3273f, 3274f Gaucher disease and, 389 hip dislocation and, 1628, 1629f, 3296–3297, 3296f, 3297f, 3584, 3584f magnetic resonance imaging of, 142, 142f natural history of, 1034 pathogenesis of, 1033 pediatric fracture and, 1619, 1619f, 1620f proximal femoral osteotomy for, 1039 after resurfacing arthroplasty, 364 resurfacing hemiarthroplasty for, 1040 sickle cell anemia and, 389–390 slipped capital femoral epiphysis and, 1637, 1647–1648, 1648f transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy for, 1039–1040, 1040f vascularized ﬁ bular grafting for, 1036–1039, 1038f, 1039f prosthetic. See Hip arthroplasty, femoral component for resurfacing of, 362–364, 363f trabecular system of, 3241, 3241f transient osteoporosis of, 142, 143f transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy of, 1039–1040, 1040f Femoral neck cheilectomy of, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1647

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Femoral neck—cont’d fracture of. See Hip fracture, femoral neck malignant ﬁ brous histiocytoma of, 924f osteotomy of angulation, for fracture nonunion, 3557 compensatory, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1643– 1644, 1644f cuneiform, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1640– 1641, 1640f, 1641f extracapsular, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1644– 1646, 1644f, 1645f tuberculosis of, 760–761 Femoral nerve, 3688f, 3689 examination of, 3689 injury to, 3689–3690 arthroplasty-related, 398 Femoral osteotomy distal closing wedge, 1015, 1015f intercondylar, 1016 for osteoarthritis, 1014–1016, 1015f, 1016f for osteogenesis imperfecta, 1308, 1309f supracondylar, 1015–1016, 1016f supracondylar controlled rotational, 745–746, 745f supracondylar cuneiform, 745, 745f supracondylar extension, 1425 telescoping V , 744–745, 744f transverse supracondylar, 743–744, 744f midshaft, in rabbits, 1652 for pediatric shaft fracture malunion, 3490–3491, 3491f, 3492f proximal, 747, 1019–1029 after arthrodesis, 387, 388f arthroplasty vs., 337 ball-and-socket trochanteric, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1646–1647, 1646f for cerebral palsy–related hip dislocation, 1357 for developmental dysplasia of hip, 378, 379f, 380f, 1197–1198, 1199f extracapsular, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1644– 1646, 1644f, 1645f failure of, arthroplasty after, 385– 386, 385f, 386f femoral head, rotational, transtrochanteric, 1039–1040, 1040f for femoral head osteonecrosis, 1039 femoral neck angulation, for fracture nonunion, 3557

Femoral osteotomy—cont’d proximal—cont’d femoral neck—cont’d compensatory, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1643– 1644, 1644f cuneiform, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1640– 1643, 1641f, 1642f for infectious arthritis, 747 intertrochanteric for chronic unreduced hip dislocation, 3606–3607 for femoral fracture malunion, 3491–3492 for septic arthritis-associated deformity, 748–750, 749f valgus, 1021, 1021f, 1275, 1276f varus, 1020, 1020f, 1022–1024, 1023f, 1024f derotational, 1197–1198, 1199f, 1268–1273, 1269f, 1271f–1272f lateral opening wedge, 1273–1274 for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1268–1274, 1269f, 1271f– 1272f, 1274t nonunion after, 1021 for osteogenesis imperfecta, 1308, 1309f planning for, 1021–1022 for postarthroplasty deformity, 460, 462f reconstructive, 1019–1020, 1020t reduction, 459, 460f rigid internal ﬁ xation of, 1021 for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1638–1647, 1640f subtrochanteric for coxa vara, 1620, 1621f for nonunion, 1620, 1622f for shaft fracture malunion, 3486– 3491, 3486f, 3487f, 3488f, 3491f, 3492f Femoral peel, for revision knee arthroplasty, 295–296 Femoral shaft fracture. See Femoral fracture, shaft Femoral shortening, for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1199–1201, 1199f, 1200f, 1201f, 1202f, 1203f Femur. See also at Femoral alignment of, for knee arthroplasty, 249–250, 249f, 261, 261f approach to, 52, 54–60 anterolateral, 52, 54–55, 55f lateral, 55, 56f, 58–60, 59f, 60f medial, 58, 59f posterior, 56–58, 57f posterolateral, 55–56, 56f cement removal from, 440–444, 441f, 442f

Femur—cont’d distal chondrosarcoma of, 153f condyles of. See Femoral condyles cortical desmoid of, 863, 864f enchondroma of, 859, 859f fracture of. See Femoral fracture, distal giant cell tumor of, 884f–885f infarct of, 876f lymphoma of, 922f metaphyseal shortening of, 1150, 1150f metastatic carcinoma of, 930f osteomyelitis of, 712–713 osteosarcoma of, 902f–903f, 906f amputation for, 566–567, 566f resection for, 826–829, 827f–828f osteotomy of. See Femoral osteotomy, distal pigmented villonodular synovitis of, 945f postarthroplasty osteolysis of, 428– 429, 429f resection of, 832–838, 833f–835f allograft arthrodesis with, 837, 837f endoprosthetic reconstruction with, 827–829, 827f–828f rotationplasty of, 840–842, 841f, 842f telangiectatic osteosarcoma of, 794f eosinophilic granuloma of, 896–897, 897f fracture of. See Femoral fracture gunshot wound of, 3025f, 3027 lengthening of, 1162–1163, 1163f complications of, 1167–1169 Ilizarov technique for, 1163–1166, 1165f osteotomy of. See Femoral osteotomy poliomyelitis-related deformity of, 1430 postarthroplasty deﬁ ciency of, 453– 464, 454t, 455f, 456f cancellous, 454, 454t cavitary, 454t, 455f, 456f, 458–460, 458f, 460f, 461f classiﬁ cation of, 453–454, 454t, 455f, 456f cortical, 454, 454t impaction grafting for, 459–460, 461f intercalary, 454, 454t reduction osteotomy for, 459, 460f segmental, 454t, 455f, 456f, 457– 458, 457f, 458f postarthroplasty deformity of, 460, 462f proximal. See also Femoral head; Femoral neck; Hip allograft reconstruction of, 460– 464, 462f

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Femur—cont’d proximal—cont’d cement removal from, 440–444, 441f, 442f congenital focal deﬁ ciency of, 1128–1140, 1129f amputation for, 1136–1140, 1137f, 1139f, 1140f ankle disarticulation for, 1137– 1140, 1139f Boyd amputation for, 1139–1140, 1140f classiﬁ cation of, 1128–1129, 1129f, 1130t knee arthrodesis for, 1131–1132, 1131f, 1133, 1133f limb lengthening for, 1132 nonoperative treatment of, 1131, 1131f rotationplasty for, 1133–1136, 1134f, 1135f, 1136f stabilization procedure for, 1131– 1132, 1131f Syme amputation for, 1136–1139, 1139f epiphysiolysis of, 1616 femoral neck fracture of. See Hip fracture, femoral neck ﬁ brous histiocytoma of, 825f fracture of. See Hip fracture pediatric. See Children, hip fracture in impaction grafting of, 459–460, 461f implant removal from, 433–438, 434f, 435f, 436f, 437f, 438f intertrochanteric fracture of. See Hip fracture, intertrochanteric ischium arthrodesis to, 201, 202f lipoma of, 873f metastatic carcinoma of, 928f multiple myeloma of, 920f–921f osteochondroma of, 860, 860f osteomyelitis of, 737 osteosarcoma of, 905f osteotomy of. See Femoral osteotomy, proximal reaming of, 351, 351f resection of, 824–826, 825f for cerebral palsy–related hip dislocation, 1354, 1357, 1357f rotationplasty of, 841f, 842f, 843– 845, 844f shortening of, 1149–1150, 1149f slipped epiphysis of. See Slipped capital femoral epiphysis subtrochanteric fracture of. See Hip fracture, subtrochanteric trabecular system of, 3241, 3241f reaming of, 351, 351f

Femur—cont’d resection of, 826 distal, 832–838, 833f–835f allograft arthrodesis with, 837, 837f endoprosthetic reconstruction with, 827–829, 827f–828f proximal, 824–826, 825f for cerebral palsy–related hip dislocation, 1354, 1357, 1357f transplantation of, 18 Ferciot and Thomson technique, for tibial tuberosity excision, 1256, 1256f Ferguson technique, for medial hip exposure, 74–75, 75f Fernandez technique for distal radial osteotomy, 3512–3514, 3513f, 3514f for knee exposure, 48–51, 50f for scaphoid nonunion, 4028–4029, 4030f Feronek et al. technique, for singleincision fasciotomy, 2745, 2746f Fetal fat cell lipoma, 940 Fibrin clot, for meniscal repair, 2842 Fibrin glue, for dural repair, 2214–2215, 2215t Fibroma aponeurotic, juvenile, 4316, 4317f chondromyxoid, 889, 892, 893f desmoplastic, 865–866, 867f hand, 4316–4317 nonossifying, 862–863, 863f periungual, 4777–4778, 4779f subungual, 4777–4778 Fibromatosis. See Neuroﬁ bromatosis Fibroosseous tunnel release, 4812–4813, 4813f Fibrosarcoma, 917, 950, 4330 Fibrous cortical defect, 862–863, 863f Fibrous dysplasia, 863–864, 865f Fibrous histiocytoma benign, 863 malignant, 825f, 917, 918f–919f, 924f, 946–949, 948f Fibrous tumor of childhood, digital, 4316 Fibroxanthoma, 862–863, 863f Fibula. See also Tibia; Tibioﬁ bular joint approach to, 35–36, 37f congenital deﬁ ciency of, 1125–1127, 1125f, 1126f treatment of, 1126–1127, 1127f, 1128f congenital pseudarthrosis of, 1106, 1106f distal. See also Ankle diastasis of, 3474–3475 Ewing sarcoma of, 839f

Fibula—cont’d distal—cont’d fracture of, 3086–3087, 3086f, 3087f, 3088b, 3146. See also Ankle, fracture of nonunion of, 3553 lengthening of, for malunited bimalleolar fracture, 3473– 3474, 3474f malunion of, 3476 osteotomy of for malunited bimalleolar fracture, 3473–3474, 3474f supramalleolar, 3475–3476, 3476f physis of, 1460–1461, 1461f resection of, 838, 839f, 840f sarcoma of, 840f Ewing sarcoma of, 839f, 911f fracture of distal, 3086–3087, 3086f, 3087f, 3088f, 3146. See also Ankle, fracture of nonunion of, 3553 proximal, 1674, 1674f shaft malunion of, 3476–3479, 3478f nonunion of, 3553 stress-type, 2362, 2362f graft from. See Fibula graft osteomyelitis of, 715 posterolateral approach to, 35–36, 37f proximal chondrosarcoma of, 783f chronic subluxation of, 3604 fracture of, pediatric, 1674, 1674f osteotomy of, 1013, 1014f resection of, 838 for chondrosarcoma, 783f for subluxation, 3604 resection of for chondrosarcoma, 783f for Ewing sarcoma, 838, 839f for osteogenic sarcoma, 840f for osteomyelitis, 715 for subluxation, 3604 shaft of, fracture of malunion of, 3476–3479, 3478f nonunion of, 3553 stress-type, 2362, 2362f transplantation of, 18, 19–20, 20f, 21f for fracture nonunion, 3536–3537, 3537f for humeral shaft fracture nonunion, 3562, 3562f Fibula graft, 15, 19–20, 20f, 21f for anterior cervical spine arthrodesis, 1864–1865 for femoral head osteonecrosis, 1036–1039 for fracture nonunion, 3536–3538, 3537f, 3538f vascularized, 3761–3765, 3763f–3764f, 3766f, 3767f

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Fibula graft—cont’d vascularized—cont’d lateral approach to, 3762, 3763f– 3764f, 3766f posterior approach to, 3761–3762 Fibular collateral ligament, 2399f, 2408 bursitis of, 974–975 repair of, 2476–2481, 2478f, 2479f, 2480f Fibular sulcus, posterior, deepening of, 4808 Fibulectomy for lower extremity compartment syndrome, 2741 for tibial fracture healing, 3549–3550 Fibulotalar arthrodesis, for tibial hemimelia, 1123 Fielding technique, for atlantoaxial fusion, 1884, 1884f Fifth metacarpal intraarticular fracture of, 3940–3941, 3942f osteotomizing of, 656, 657f phalangization of, 657–658 Fifth metatarsal. See Metatarsal(s), ﬁ fth Figure-of-eight wire loop ﬁ xation, for olecranon fracture, 3411– 3412, 3412f Filleted graft, 3826, 3826f, 3845 Filum terminale, 1730 Fine needle biopsy, 780–781 Finger(s). See also Fingernails; Fingertip; Thumb abscess of nail fold, 4347–4348, 4347f, 4348f pulp, 4348–4349, 4349f amputation of, 639–671. See also Fingertip, amputation of; Thumb, amputation of evaluation for, 639–640 for frostbite, 564–565 index ﬁ nger, 650–652, 651f little ﬁ nger, 655 middle ﬁ nger, 652, 653f, 655f multiple-digit, 656–658, 657f reconstruction after, 660 painful stump after, 658 principles of, 641 ring ﬁ nger, 652, 654f traumatic. See Finger(s), replantation of aneurysmal bone cyst of, 4321–4322, 4323f buttonhole deformity of. See Buttonhole deformity carpometacarpal joint of, dislocation of, 3940, 3941f chondrosarcoma of, 4326–4327, 4327f compartment syndrome of, 4260, 4261f, 4263, 4264f congenital abnormalities of. See Cleft hand; Macrodactyly; Polydactyly; Syndactyly

Finger(s)—cont’d congenital ring syndrome of, 4438– 4440, 4439f, 4440f contracture of, 4266–4267, 4266f, 4267f in psychiatric disorders, 4118–4119, 4118f, 4119f Z -plasty for, 3813, 3813f, 3814f, 3815f delta, 4414–4415, 4446–4448, 4447f, 4448f duplication of. See Polydactyly enchondroma of, 4320–4321, 4321f epidermoid cyst of, 4333–4334, 4334f epidermolysis bullosa of, 4338–4339 exostosis of, 4337–4338, 4338f felon of, 4348–4349, 4349f ﬁ brous tumor of, of childhood, 4316 ﬁ lleted graft from, 3826, 3826f, 3845 fracture of, 3949, 3951–3967 carpometacarpal, 3940, 3941f complications of, 3969–3977 condylar, 3968–3969, 3970f contracture with, 3974–3977, 3976f, 3977f diaphyseal, 1539–1540, 1540f distal phalangeal, 3966 intraarticular, 3967–3969, 3970f ﬁ fth metacarpal, 3940–3941, 3942f pediatric, 1540, 1541f Kirschner wires for, 3924–3925, 3924f malrotation at, 3921–3922, 3922f, 3923f malunion of, 3969–3973, 3970f, 3971f, 3972f, 3973f middle phalangeal, 3949, 3951, 3951f, 3952f, 3954f neck, 1540, 1541f, 3944–3947, 3944f, 3945f, 3946f 90/90 wiring for, 3949, 3950f nonunion of, 3973–3974, 3973f, 3974f open, 3923–3924, 3924f pediatric, 1538–1540, 1539f, 1540f, 1541f physeal, 1538–1540, 1539f, 1540f plane of ﬁ ngernails in, 3921, 3922f proximal interphalangeal joint, 3951–3952, 3954–3962, 3955f, 3956f, 3957f, 3958f–3959f closed reduction for, 3954, 3960f force-couple splint reduction for, 3960–3962, 3961f open reduction for, 3954–3955, 3960 proximal phalangeal, 3949, 3951, 3951f, 3953f, 3954f screw ﬁ xation for, 3924, 3925f tension band wiring for, 3924, 3949, 3950f

Finger(s)—cont’d fracture of—cont’d treatment of, 3921–3925, 3922f, 3923f, 3924f, 3925f frostbite of, 564–565 giant cell tumor of, 4322, 4323f, 4324f glomus tumor of, 4317, 4318f herpetic whitlow of, 4347 hypoplastic, 4434–4438 lengthening procedures for, 4435– 4437, 4435f, 4436f toe-phalanx transplantation for, 4435, 4437–4438 incisions for, 3808–3810, 3809f, 3810f index abduction restoration in, 4138–4139, 4139f amputation of, 650–652, 651f duplication of, 4418 overgrowth of, 4420–4424, 4421f pollicization of, 662, 664–671, 4386f, 4387, 4388f Buck-Gramcko, 669–671, 670f, 4386f, 4387, 4388f Littler, 657f–668f, 664–666, 665f–666f Riordan, 666, 668–669, 669f ray amputation of, 650–652, 651f ray transposition of, 652–653, 655, 655f recession of, 4430–4431, 4431 infection of, 4347–4348, 4347f, 4348f AIDS-related, 4358 bite-related, 4356–4358, 4357f bone, 4356, 4356f clostridial, 4359–4360 drug abuse and, 4358 ﬂ exor tendon sheath, 4351–4354, 4353f, 4354f fungal, 4346t, 4361 herpetic, 4357f, 4358 joint, 4355–4356 mycobacterial, 4360–4361 nail fold, 4347–4348, 4347f, 4348f necrotizing, 4358–4359 pulp, 4348–4349, 4349f web space, 4350, 4350f injury to. See also Finger(s), fracture of; Hand injury cross ﬁ nger ﬂ ap for, 3833–3834, 3835f, 3837, 3837f examination of, 3852–3854, 3853f, 3854f ﬁ lleted ﬂ ap with, 3826, 3826f, 3845 ﬂ aps for, 3826, 3829f, 3830, 3831f, 3832–3833, 3832f, 3833f donor area management in, 3826–3827 tendon injury with, 3852–3854, 3853f, 3854f. See also at Extensor tendon(s); at Flexor tendon(s)

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Finger(s)—cont’d interphalangeal joints of. See Interphalangeal joint(s) intrinsic function restoration for, 4139–4149, 4140f, 4141f capsulodesis for, 4143, 4144f, 4148 extensor carpi radialis brevis transfer for, 4142, 4143f, 4144f, 4145–4146, 4146f, 4147f extensor digiti quinti proprius transfer for, 4141–4142, 4142f, 4146 extensor indicis proprius transfer for, 4141–4142, 4142f, 4146 ﬂ exor carpi radialis transfer for, 4141, 4142–4143, 4143f ﬂ exor digitorum sublimis transfer for, 4141, 4141f, 4145 Fowler tenodesis for, 4143–4144, 4145f, 4148–4149 intrinsic plus deformity of, 4141, 4202–4203, 4203f lengthening of, 4435, 4435f, 4436– 4437, 4436f little alignment of, 3922, 3923f amputation of, 655 congenital ﬂ exion deformity of, 4442–4445, 4442f, 4443f, 4444t duplication of, 4417–4418, 4417f Kirner deformity of, 4445–4446, 4445f, 4446f rotation of, 3922, 3923f lumbrical plus, 3871, 3888–3889, 3889f malignant ﬁ brous histiocytoma of, 4326, 4326f mallet. See Mallet ﬁ nger middle, ray amputation of, 652, 653f, 655f midlateral incision for, 3809–3810, 3809f, 3810f mucous cyst of, 4334, 4335f neurilemoma of, 4319–4320, 4320f nubbin, 4370, 4370f, 4371 osteochondroma of, 4322, 4324f osteogenic sarcoma of, 4326, 4327f osteoid osteoma of, 4320, 4320f osteomyelitis of, 4356, 4356f overgrowth of, 4420–4424, 4421f debulking for, 4422–4423, 4422f digital shortening for, 4423, 4423f epiphysiodesis for, 4423 Paget disease of, 4339, 4339f polydactyly of, 4368t, 4410–4420 postaxial, 4417–4418, 4417f preaxial, 4410–4414, 4412f, 4413f, 4414f, 4415f replantation of, 3718, 3720, 3721f, 3724–3730. See also Replantation

Finger(s)—cont’d replantation of—cont’d bone and joint management in, 3724–3725, 3724f, 3725f bone shortening for, 3724, 3724f circulatory compromise after, 3729 complications of, 3729–3730 cooling for, 3720 digit transposition in, 3725 dissection for, 3723–3724, 3723f multiple-digit, 3721f postoperative care in, 3728–3729 rehabilitation after, 3730 results of, 3716–3717 tendon repair in, 3725–3726 vessel repair in, 3726–3728, 3727f rheumatoid arthritis of. See Rheumatoid arthritis, hand/ ﬁ nger deformity in ring avulsion of, 655 disarticulation of, 652, 654f duplication of, 4418 ﬂ exor sublimis tendon of, transfer to ﬂ exor pollicis longus of, 3896–3897 ray amputation of, 652, 654–655, 654f, 655f shortening of, for macrodactyly, 4422, 4423, 4423f splints for, 3818f squamous cell carcinoma of, 4328– 4329, 4329f stenosing tenosynovitis of, 4300–4304, 4304f swan-neck deformity of. See Swanneck deformity syndactyly of. See Syndactyly tendons of. See Extensor tendon(s); Flexor tendon(s) injury to, 3852–3854, 3853f, 3854f. See also at Extensor tendon(s); Flexor tendon(s) tenosynovitis in, 4351–4354, 4353f, 4354f tourniquet for, 6 transposition of. See also Finger(s), index, pollicization of for replantation, 3725 trigger, 4300–4304, 4304f congenital, 4440–4442, 4441f ulnar drift deformity of, 4211, 4214– 4216, 4214f, 4215f volar midline oblique incision for, 3809f, 3810 volar zigzag incision for, 3809f, 3810 webbed. See Syndactyly Z -plasty for, 3813, 3813f, 3814f, 3815f Fingernails. See also Fingertip alignment of, 3921, 3922f anatomy of, 4347, 4347f glomus tumor of, 4778–4781, 4790f infection of, 4347–4348, 4347f, 4348f

Fingernails—cont’d plane of, in ﬁ nger fracture, 3921– 3922, 3922f psoriatic arthritis of, 4198, 4199f Fingertip amputation of, 641–650 adipofascial turnover ﬂ ap in, 643, 644f, 646, 3830, 3832, 3832f Atasoy V Y ﬂ ap in, 641, 643f, 646 closure techniques for, 641, 641f cross ﬁ nger ﬂ ap in, 643, 3833– 3834, 3835f, 3837, 3837f dorsal pedicle ﬂ ap in, 643, 643f, 646 island pedicle ﬂ ap in, 648–649 Kutler V Y advancement ﬂ ap in, 641–643, 642f, 643f, 646 local neurovascular island ﬂ ap in, 643, 648, 649f retrograde island pedicle ﬂ ap in, 650 reverse adipofascial ﬂ ap in, 643, 645f reverse digital artery island ﬂ ap in, 643, 644f reverse ulnar hypothenar ﬂ ap in, 643, 645f, 650 secondary-intention healing in, 641, 642f thenar ﬂ ap in, 647–648, 647f pyogenic granuloma of, 4336, 4336f reattachment of, 639 arteriovenous anastomosis for, 3731 pocket technique of, 3731 ulceration of, in scleroderma, 4201 Firearm injury. See Gunshot injury First metacarpal. See Metacarpal(s), ﬁ rst First web space ﬂ ap, 3769f, 3773–3775, 3773f Fischgold line, 1901b, 1901f, 1902 Fish-mouth suture technique, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3863, 3863f Fish technique, for cuneiform osteotomy of femoral neck, 1640–1641, 1640f, 1641f Fishtail deformity, lateral humeral condyle fracture and, 1571, 1571f, 1572 Fistula, synovial, arthroscopy and, 2807 Fixation, fracture. See Fracture(s), external ﬁ xation of; Fracture(s), intramedullary nails/nailing for; Fracture(s), screw ﬁ xation of Flag ﬂ ap, 3833, 3836f Flail foot, 1407 Flail knee, 1429–1430 Flail shoulder, 1443 Flap(s) abdominal, 3840–3845 for adducted thumb reconstruction, 4425, 4425f axial pattern, 3826, 3842–3843, 3843f

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Flap(s)—cont’d abdominal—cont’d hypogastric, 3844–3845, 3844f random pattern, 3826, 3841–3842, 3841f, 3842f cross ﬁ nger, 643, 3833–3834, 3835f, 3837, 3837f for extremity amputation, 568–569 ﬁ lleted, 3826, 3826f, 3845 for ﬁ nger injury, 3829f, 3830, 3831f, 3832–3837, 3832f, 3833f, 3835f, 3836f, 3837f for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 641–650. See also at Fingertip, amputation of forearm, 3837–3840 posterior interosseous, 3839–3840, 3839f, 3840f radial, 3837–3839, 3838f free. See Free ﬂ ap(s) for hand injury, 3826–3827, 3837– 3845, 3838f–3844f. See also Hand injury, ﬂ aps for local. See Local ﬂ ap(s) nomenclature for, 3826 for thumb amputation, 655–656, 657f for thumb reconstruction, 660, 661– 662, 661f, 662f V Y advancement, 641–643, 642f, 643f, 646 for web space defects, 3833, 3834f, 4268–4269, 4269f Flatfoot. See Pes planus Flatow et al. technique, for distal clavicle resection, 2989– 2990 Flatt technique for Apert syndrome, 4409–4410 for palmaris longus tendon transfer, 4399–4400 for ulnar anlage excision, 4402 Flexion contracture hip. See Hip, contracture of, ﬂ exion knee. See Knee, ﬂ exion contracture of Flexion rotation drawer test, for knee ligament injury, 2446, 2448f Flexor carpi radialis muscle lengthening, for cerebral palsy–related ﬂ exion deformity, 4179, 4179f Flexor carpi radialis tendon rerouting, for recurrent thumb carpometacarpal joint dislocation, 3931, 3931f Flexor carpi radialis tendon transfer for intrinsic ﬁ nger function restoration, 4141, 4142–4143, 4143f for radial nerve palsy, 4150–4153, 4152f Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon transfer for ﬂ exor-pronator origin release, 4182–4184, 4183f for pinch restoration, 4133, 4134f

Flexor carpi ulnaris tenodesis, for distal ulnar reconstruction, 4068– 4070, 4069f, 4070f Flexor digitorum longus tendon injury to, 4814 transfer of, 1420–1421, 4792–4795, 4793f, 4794f Flexor digitorum profundus tendon injury to examination for, 3853, 3853f magnetic resonance imaging of, 150, 151f repair of. See Flexor tendon(s), repair of Flexor digitorum sublimis tendon, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3888 Flexor digitorum sublimis tendon transfer for camptodactyly, 4445, 4445f for ﬂ exor pollicis longus repair, 3896–3897 for intrinsic ﬁ nger function restoration, 4141, 4141f, 4145 for pinch restoration, 4130–4131, 4130f, 4131f for radial clubhand, 4383–4384, 4383f for thumb adduction, 4135–4136, 4136f, 4138, 4138f Flexor digitorum sublimis tenodesis, of proximal interphalangeal joint, 4192, 4192f Flexor digitorum superﬁ cialis tendon injury to, 3853–3854, 3854f repair of. See Flexor tendon(s), repair of Flexor hallucis longus tendon inﬂ ammation of, 4812–4813, 4813f tear of, 4813–4814, 4813f, 4814f transfer of, 1420–1421, 1424–1425, 4792–4795, 4793f, 4794f for Achilles tendinitis, 4825, 4826f Flexor pollicis longus abductorplasty, for cerebral palsy–related thumb-in-palm deformity, 4189, 4190f Flexor pollicis longus tendon injury to, 3854 repair of, 3881–3882, 3881f, 3881t ﬂ exor sublimis tendon transfer in, 3896–3897 zone I, 3881, 3881f, 3881t zone II, 3881–3882, 3881f, 3881t zone III, 3881f, 3881t, 3882 zone IV, 3881f, 3881t, 3882 zone V, 3881f, 3881t, 3882 transfer of for abducted thumb, 4429, 4429f for pinch restoration, 4163–4164, 4163f Flexor-pronator origin release, for cerebral palsy–related ﬂ exion deformity, 4179–4182, 4180f, 4181f

Flexor retinaculum release of, 4719–4721, 4720f, 4721f tibial nerve constriction at. See Tarsal tunnel syndrome Flexor tendon(s), 3851–3899. See also speciﬁ c tendons anatomy of, 3868, 3868f vascular, 3851, 3852f examination of, 3852–3854, 3853f, 3854f injury to. See also Flexor tendon(s), repair of examination of, 3852–3854, 3853f, 3854f partial, 3867 postrepair, 3880–3881 rheumatoid arthritis and, 4218 rupture, 3879–3881 nutrition for, 3851, 3852f pulleys of, reconstruction of, 3889– 3894, 3890f, 3891f, 3892f repair of, 3868–3899 adhesions and, 3852, 3897–3898, 3898f in children, 3878–3879 cyclic tension in, 3852 delayed, 3871 devices for, 3854–3855 ﬂ exor sheath in, 3868, 3868f incisions for, 3871–3872, 3872f for partial lacerations, 3867 primary, 3868–3882 care after, 3876–3878, 3877f, 3878f, 3879f, 3880f in children, 3878–3879 mobilization after, 3876–3878, 3877f, 3878f, 3879f, 3880f in thumb, 3881–3882, 3881f, 3881t zone I, 3868f, 3869, 3872–3875, 3873f zone II, 3868f, 3869–3870, 3870f, 3872–3875, 3873f, 3874f zone III, 3868f, 3871, 3875 zone IV, 3868f, 3871, 3875–3876 zone V, 3868f, 3871 for replantation, 3725–3726 for rupture, 3879–3881 rupture after, 3880–3881 secondary, 3882–3898 complications of, 3888–3889, 3889f donor tendons for, 3886–3888, 3886f, 3887f, 3888f extensor digitorum communis tendon for, 3888 extensor indicis proprius tendon for, 3888 ﬂ exor digitorum sublimis tendon for, 3888 ﬂ exor tendon pulley reconstruction for, 3889– 3891, 3890f, 3891f, 3892f

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Flexor tendon(s)—cont’d repair of—cont’d secondary—cont’d ﬂ exor tenolysis after, 3897 long extensors of toes for, 3887– 3888, 3888f lumbrical plus ﬁ nger in, 3871, 3888–3889, 3889f palmaris longus tendon for, 3886, 3886f plantaris tendon for, 3886–3887, 3887f profundus advancement for, 3883–3884, 3884f pulley reconstruction for, 3888– 3891, 3890f, 3891f, 3892f quadriga effect with, 3889 segmental graft for, 3883, 3883f single-stage tendon graft for, 3884–3886, 3884f tendon adherence after, 3897– 3898, 3898f tenodesis for, 3898, 3899f in thumb, 3895–3897 two-stage tendon graft for, 3891– 3895, 3893f zone I, 3882–3883 zone II, 3883 zone III, 3883 zone IV, 3883 zone V, 3883 suture(s) for, 3855–3866 Bunnell, 3855f, 3856f, 3857f, 3859, 3860f crisscross, 3856f, 3857, 3858f, 3859, 3860f cross-stitch, 3856, 3857f double right-angled, 3862–3863, 3863f end-to-end, 3855f, 3856f, 3859– 3863, 3860f, 3861f, 3862f, 3863f end-to-side, 3863, 3864f epitenon-ﬁ rst, 3858, 3858f ﬁ sh-mouth, 3863, 3863f interlocking horizontal mattress, 3858, 3859f Kessler, 3855f, 3856f, 3857, 3858f, 3859, 3861f Kleinert, 3857, 3859, 3860f material for, 3854 multiple-strand, 3855f, 3856– 3857, 3856f, 3857f Pulvertaft, 3863, 3863f roll stitch, 3863–3864, 3864f Strickland, 3861–3862, 3862f, 3874f Tajima, 3855f, 3856f, 3859, 3861f tendon-to-bone, 3864–3866, 3865f, 3866f, 3867f in zone I, 3872, 3873f in zone II, 3872–3875, 3874f in zone III, 3875

Flexor tendon(s)—cont’d repair of—cont’d suture(s) for—cont’d in zone IV, 3875–3876 in zone V, 3876 in thumb, 3881–3882, 3881f, 3881t timing of, 3867 rheumatoid tenosynovitis of, 4218 vascular anatomy of, 3851, 3852f zones of, 3868, 3868f Flexor tendon sheath infection of, 4351–4354, 4353f, 4354f repair of, 3868, 3868f rheumatoid tenosynovitis of, 4218– 4219, 4219f synovectomy of, 4219, 4219f Flexor-to-extensor transfer, for metatarsophalangeal joint instability, 4626–4630, 4628f, 4629f Flexorplasty, elbow, 1443–1444, 1444f Flick and Gould technique, for distal tibial grooving, 2381, 2382f Floating elbow, 1548 Floating knee, 1674, 1674f, 1675f, 1675t Floating thumb, 661, 4430, 4430f Fluoroquinolones, fracture healing and, 3046 Flynn et al. technique, for lateral condylar fracture reduction and ﬁ xation, 1573, 1575f Folliculitis, after amputation, 573 Fondaparinux, 396 Foot (feet). See also Ankle; Calcaneus; Forefoot; Great toe; Hindfoot; Toe(s) amputation of, 579, 580f, 587–597. See also Ankle, amputation of; Toe(s), amputation of Boyd, 591, 596, 597f Chopart, 580f, 581, 588, 590, 590f, 4713, 4713f hindfoot, 590–597, 591f, 593f–594f Lisfranc, 580f, 581, 581f, 582f, 587 midfoot, 587–588, 590, 590f Pirogoff, 587, 591–592 Syme, 590–591, 591f, 592–596, 593f–594f transmetatarsal, 587, 589f, 4713, 4713f Wagner-Syme, 595–596, 596f arthritis of. See Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in arthrogryposis-related deformity of, 1475–1476, 1477f cavus. See Cavus foot cerebral palsy–related deformity of. See Cerebral palsy, foot deformity in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease–related deformity of. See at Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease cleansing of, 4461–4462, 4462t cleft, 1067–1070, 1068f, 1069f, 1070f

Foot (feet)—cont’d club-. See Clubfoot contractures of in Becker muscular dystrophy, 1510 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1507–1510, 1508f, 1509f in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 1511 cutaneous nerves of, 4561, 4562f deformity of arthrogryposis-related, 1475–1476, 1477f calcaneocavovarus, 4748–4756. See also Calcaneocavovarus deformity calcaneovalgus, 1407, 1407f, 1458, 1459 cavovarus, 4748–4752. See also Cavovarus deformity cavus. See Cavus foot cerebral palsy–related. See Cerebral palsy, foot deformity in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease– related. See at CharcotMarie-Tooth disease cleft, 1067–1070, 1068f, 1069f, 1070f equinovalgus, 1376–1378, 1377f, 1378f equinovarus. See Clubfoot equinus. See Equinus deformity ﬂ at. See Pes planus ﬂ exion, 1421–1425, 1422f, 1423f Friedreich ataxia–related, 1520 hallux valgus. See Hallux valgus hallux varus, 1072–1073, 1074f, 1075f metatarsus adductus, 1074–1079, 1076f, 1077b, 1078f, 1079f, 1080f myelomeningocele-related, 1456– 1460, 1456t, 1458f, 1459f pes planus. See Pes planus poliomyelitis-related. See Poliomyelitis, foot and ankle deformity in polydactyly, 1063–1064, 1064f, 1065f rheumatoid arthritis–related. See Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in stroke-related, 1385 vertical talus, 1100–1105, 1101f, 1102f, 1103f, 1104f, 1105f diabetic. See Diabetic foot dorsum of, posterior tibial tendon transfer to, 1507–1508, 1508f Dupuytren disease of, 4273, 4274f ﬂ at. See Pes planus fracture of ankle. See Ankle, fracture of calcaneal. See Calcaneus, fracture of cuboid, 4871 cuneiform, 4871

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Foot (feet)—cont’d fracture of—cont’d metatarsal. See Metatarsal(s), ﬁ fth, fracture of; Metatarsal(s), fracture of pediatric. See Children, foot fracture in talar. See Talus, fracture of tarsal navicular, 4870–4871, 4870f, 4872f tarsometatarsal articulation, 4871, 4873–4877, 4873f, 4874f free tissue transfer from, 3768–3779 dorsalis pedis, 3769f, 3770–3773, 3772f ﬁ rst web space, 3769f, 3773–3775, 3773f hemipulp, 3773–3775 neurovascular anatomy of, 3768– 3770, 3769f, 3770f, 3771f, 3772f pulp, 3773–3775, 3775f wraparound, 3775–3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f, 3779f Friedreich ataxia–related deformity of, 1520 glomus tumor in, 4778–4781, 4780f hemangioma of, 155, 155f idiopathic transient osteoporosis of, 1042 infection of, amputation in, 565, 565f, 565t innervation of, 3770, 3772f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132– 134, 133f, 134f, 135f myelomeningocele-related deformity of, 1456–1460, 1456t, 1458f, 1459f neuroma of, 4561, 4562f. See also Neuroma, interdigital (Morton) neuropathic arthropathy of, 1043 neurovascular anatomy of, 3768–3770, 3769f, 3770f, 3771f, 3772f osteoarthritis of, 1000, 4788, 4790f osteomyelitis of, 132, 134, 135f, 711 pigmented villonodular synovitis of, 155, 155f poliomyelitis-related deformity of. See Poliomyelitis, foot and ankle deformity in puncture of, 711 rheumatoid arthritis of. See Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in rocker-bottom. See Vertical talus stroke-related deformity of, 1385 supination deformity of, 1458 surgery on, 4461–4468 anesthesia for, 4464–4468, 4465f, 4467f, 4468f ankle block for, 4464, 4466, 4467f anticoagulation for, 4463 forefoot block for, 4464, 4465f

Foot (feet)—cont’d surgery on—cont’d lighting for, 4462 popliteal fossa nerve block for, 4466, 4468, 4468f preoperative preparation for, 4461– 4462, 4462t skin cleansing for, 4461, 4462t tourniquet for, 4462–4463, 4463f tendons of. See Achilles tendon; Tibial tendon triple artrhodesis of. See Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis tuberculosis of, 756–759, 756f, 758f. See also Tuberculosis, foot venous drainage of, 3770, 3772f Foot placement reaction, in cerebral palsy, 1338, 1339f, 1340f Foraminotomy, cervical anterior, 2193–2195, 2194f posterior, 2190–2192, 2191f Force-couple splint reduction, for proximal interphalangeal joint fracture, 3960–3962, 3961f Forearm. See also Radius; Ulna; Wrist amputation of distal transradial, 627–628, 628f proximal transradial, 628 transradial, 626–628, 628f anatomy of, 4259–4260, 4260f cerebral palsy–related contracture of, 4176–4177, 4177t, 4178f compartment syndrome of. See Compartment syndrome, forearm compartments of, 4259–4260, 4260f congenital amputation of, 4369–4374, 4371f extensor tendons of. See Extensor tendon(s) ﬂ exor tendons of. See Flexor tendon(s) fracture of. See at Radius; Ulna; Wrist Krukenberg operation on, 658–660, 659f neuromuscular transfer to, 3756–3758, 3757f, 3758f, 3759f one-bone, 4402–4403, 4403f poliomyelitis-related deformity of, 1448–1450, 1449f pronation contracture of, 1448 pronation restoration for, 4162, 4162f supination deformity of brachial plexus injury–related, 1483–1484, 1484f poliomyelitis-related, 1448–1450, 1449f synostosis of congenital, 1242–1245, 1243f, 1244f fracture and, 1550, 1551f, 1553, 3504–3506

Forearm ﬂ ap, 3837–3840 posterior interosseous, 3839–3840, 3839f, 3840f radial, 3837–3839, 3838f Forefoot. See also Foot (feet) adduction deformity of cerebral palsy–related, 1379–1380 congenital, 1074–1079, 1077b classiﬁ cation of, 1074–1075, 1076f cuboid osteotomy for, 1078–1079, 1080f cuneiform osteotomy for, 1078– 1079, 1080f dome-shaped osteotomies for, 1077–1078, 1078f, 1079f arthrodesis of, 4676, 4677–4683, 4678f, 4681f, 4682f, 4683f arthroplasty of, 4670, 4673–4677, 4674f, 4675f, 4677f Clayton, 4674, 4675f Fowler, 4674, 4674f goals of, 4676 Kates et al., 4675, 4675f Larmon, 4674, 4674f Lipscomb et al., 4675, 4675f preparation for, 4673 results of, 4673–4674, 4673f, 4676– 4677, 4677f equinus of, 4739–4745 extensor tendon transfer for, 4741– 4742, 4742f plantar fasciotomy for, 4740, 4741f proximal metatarsal osteotomy for, 4740–4741, 4741f tarsometatarsal truncated wedge arthrodesis for, 4742–4745, 4743f rheumatoid arthritis–related deformity of, 4668–4670, 4669f, 4670f, 4672f, 4674–4684. See also Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in, forefoot Forefoot block, 4464, 4465f Foreign body granuloma, 4336 Forequarter amputation, 634–637 anterior approach to, 634, 635f posterior approach to, 634–637, 636f ForeSight intramedullary nailing system, 3433–3441, 3434f, 3435f–3440f Foster and Hastings technique, for Rolando fracture reduction and ﬁ xation, 3928, 3930f Foucher et al. technique, for radial forearm ﬂ ap, 3838–3839, 3838f Fowler/Dolphin tenotomy, for buttonhole deformity, 3907, 3909f Fowler technique for extensor digiti quinti proprius transfer, 4141–4142, 4142f, 4146

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Fowler technique—cont’d for extensor indicis proprius transfer, 4141–4142, 4142f, 4146 for forefoot arthroplasty, 4674, 4674f for mallet ﬁ nger repair, 3903–3904, 3903f for nail plate and germinal matrix removal, 4768, 4770f for tendodesis, 4143–4144, 4145f, 4148–4149 Fowles et al. technique, for untreated elbow dislocation, 1567 Fracture(s), 3017–3075. See also at speciﬁ c bones and joints acetabular. See Acetabulum, fracture of in allogenic bone graft, 16 ankle. See Ankle, fracture of ankylosing spondylitis and, 2315– 2316 AO alphanumeric classiﬁ cation of, 3020, 3022b atlas, 1784–1785, 1786f, 1787f, 1790 avulsion calcaneal, 4833–4834, 4834f distal femoral physis, 1663 distal tibial physis, 1690–1693, 1691f, 1692f pelvic, 1610–1611, 1611f ring ﬁ nger, 655 talar, 2373, 2373f, 2374f tibial tuberosity, 1671–1673, 1671f, 1672f Barton, 3441–3442, 3442f, 3446– 3447, 3446f, 3447f Bennett, 1541–1542, 1542f, 3925– 3927, 3925f, 3926f, 3927f blisters with, 3075, 3075f bone loss with, 3019f burst, thoracolumbar, 1812, 1815, 1820f, 1825–1830, 1826f, 1827f–1829f, 1831f calcaneal. See Calcaneus, fracture of capitate, 4005, 4006f, 4034–4035, 4035f, 4037f capitellum, 1568–1569, 1569f, 1580 Chance, 1607, 1812 classiﬁ cation of, 3018–3020, 3019f, 3020t, 3021f clavicle. See Clavicle, fracture of closed classiﬁ cation of, 3020, 3022f Morel-Lavallée lesion with, 3032– 3035, 3034f, 3035f soft-tissue injury with, 3033–3035, 3034f, 3035f Colles, 3441–3442, 3442f, 3444, 3444f, 3512–3514, 3513f, 3514f, 3565 comminuted, 3019f distal radius, 3449–3453, 3449f–3453f femoral shaft, 3194, 3195f hip, 3240, 3241f

Fracture(s)—cont’d comminuted—cont’d patella, 3168–3169, 3168f, 3169f proximal tibia, 3159–3160, 3161 Cotton, 3096–3097, 3099, 3099f cross union of, forearm, 1550, 1551f delayed union of, 3529–3530. See also Fracture(s), nonunion of external ﬁ xation and, 3065 elbow. See Elbow, fracture of; Humeral fracture, distal; Olecranon, fracture of pediatric. See Children, elbow fracture in; Children, supracondylar fracture in epidemiology of, 3017, 3018t epiphyseal. See Epiphysis, fracture of external ﬁ xation of, 3063–3072 advantages of, 3064 circular wire ﬁ xator in, 3069–3071 compartment syndrome with, 3065 complications of, 3065–3066, 3065f delayed union with, 3065 design of, 3067–3072, 3068f, 3069f, 3070f, 3071f disadvantages of, 3064 gunshot injury and, 3027 half-pin ﬁ xator in, 3069 historical perspective on, 3063–3064 hybrid ﬁ xators for, 3069, 3069f, 3071f Ilizarov ﬁ xator in, 3071–3072 indications for, 3066–3067, 3066f, 3067f infection with, 3072 internal ﬁ xation with, 3066, 3067f, 3069, 3071f muscle impalement with, 3065 neurovascular impalement with, 3065, 3065f pin track infection with, 3065 pinless, 3068–3069 pins in, 3067, 3068f, 3069f refracture with, 3065 ring ﬁ xator in, 3068, 3070f spatial frame in, 3072, 3072f tendon impalement with, 3065 weight bearing with, 3069 femur. See Femoral fracture; Hip fracture ﬁ bula. See Fibula, fracture of ﬁ fth metatarsal. See Metatarsal(s), ﬁ fth, fracture of ﬁ rst metacarpal. See Metacarpal(s), ﬁ rst, fracture of forearm. See at Radius; Ulna Galeazzi, 1556, 1556f, 3425, 3425f gas gangrene with, 4359–4360 Gustilo-Anderson classiﬁ cation of, 3020, 3021f hamate, 4035, 4037t–4038t, 4038– 4039, 4039f

Fracture(s)—cont’d hand. See at Finger(s); Interphalangeal joint(s); Metacarpal(s); Thumb healing of, 3018, 3039–3045, 3040f, 3041b antibiotics and, 3030–3032, 3031f, 3032f biochemical stimulators of, 3044 bone formation in, 3040, 3040f bone grafting for, 3041–3044, 3042t bone marrow in, 3040, 3040f clinical union in, 3039 cortex in, 3040, 3040f electromagnetic stimulation of, 3044 inhibitors of, 3045 mechanical stress in, 3040, 3040f patient factors in, 3040–3041, 3041b, 3042b periosteum in, 3040, 3040f phases of, 3039–3040 radiographic union in, 3039 soft tissues in, 3040, 3040f systemic factors in, 3040, 3041b ultrasound stimulation of, 3045 hip. See Hip fracture humerus. See Humeral fracture intramedullary nails/nailing for, 3060–3063. See also Intramedullary nails/nailing biomechanics of, 3061, 3062f dynamic, 3062–3063, 3062f indications for, 3060–3061 infection with, 3063 Poller screw with, 3061, 3061f principles of, 3061 reamed vs. unreamed, 3063 static, 3062, 3062f Jones, 1701 knee. See Knee, fracture of linear, 3019f load deformation curves for, 3050, 3051f Malgaigne, 1611 malleolus. See Malleolus (malleoli), fracture of malunion of, 3461–3523. See also at speciﬁ c fractures deﬁ nition of, 3461 deformity with, 3462, 3462f mechanisms of, 3461–3462 treatment of, 3462–3463 mechanism of injury in, 3050, 3050f metacarpal. See Metacarpal(s), fracture of metaphyseal. See Metaphysis, fracture of metatarsal. See Metatarsal(s), fracture of Monteggia. See Monteggia fracture-dislocation Monteggia equivalent, 1552–1553, 1553f

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Fracture(s)—cont’d naviculocapitate, 4034–4035 nonunion of, 3530–3545. See also at speciﬁ c fractures atrophic, 3532, 3532f avascular, 3531–3532, 3532f cigarette smoking and, 3530 classiﬁ cation of, 3532, 3532f comminuted, 3531, 3532f complications of, 3539–3545 defect, 3531–3532, 3532f deﬁ nition of, 3530 deformity with, 3542–3545, 3542b, 3543f, 3544f, 3546f elephant foot, 3531, 3531f horse hoof, 3531, 3531f hypervascular, 3531, 3531f incidence of, 3530 infection with, 3539–3542, 3541f, 3542f nerve injury and, 3531 NSAIDs and, 3530 oligotrophic, 3531, 3531f risk factors for, 3530 soft tissue injury and, 3531 torsion wedge, 3531, 3532f treatment of, 3532–3545 bone grafting for, 3533–3538, 3535f, 3536f, 3537f, 3538f corticotomy for, 3545, 3546f decortication and grafting for, 3540–3541, 3542f dual onlay graft for, 17–18, 3534, 3535f, 3536f electrical stimulation for, 3539 electromagnetic stimulation for, 3539 external ﬁ xation for, 3533, 3538– 3539, 3542–3545, 3542b, 3543f, 3544f fragment reduction for, 3533 Ilizarov external ﬁ xator for, 3538–3539, 3542–3545, 3542b, 3543f, 3544f infection and, 3539–3542, 3541f, 3542f internal ﬁ xation for, 3538, 3538f intramedullary nailing for, 3538, 3538f low-intensity ultrasound for, 3539 polymethyl methacrylate antibiotic beads for, 3541–3542 stabilization for, 3538–3539, 3538f Taylor spatial frame for, 3545 type A, 3532, 3532f type B, 3532, 3532f odontoid. See Odontoid, fracture of open, 3025–3032 amputation vs. salvage in, 3028– 3030, 3029t, 3030t antibiotics in, 3030–3032, 3031f, 3032f

Fracture(s)—cont’d open—cont’d classiﬁ cation of, 3020, 3020t, 3021f complications of, 3042b, 3072– 3075, 3073f, 3074f débridement and irrigation of, 3035–3038, 3036t, 3037t ﬁ rearm-related, 3025–3028, 3025f, 3026t, 3027f, 3028f fragment removal from, 3038 gas gangrene in, 3073–3074, 3073f infection in, 3030–3032, 3031f, 3032f, 3033, 3033t, 3072– 3074, 3074f soft-tissue injury with, 3032–3035, 3033t, 3034f, 3035f stabilization of, 3038–3039 tetanus with, 3074 Orthopaedic Trauma Association classiﬁ cation of, 3018, 3019f osteogenesis imperfecta and, 1304 patella. See Patella, fracture of pathologic femoral neck, 3283 femoral shaft, 3213–3214, 3214f metastatic disease and, 924–925, 925f, 925t, 928f, 930f, 3283 osteomyelitis and, 696, 697f, 710 pediatric, 1536 pediatric. See at Children and at speciﬁ c bones and joints pelvic. See Pelvis, fracture of phalangeal. See Finger(s), fracture of physeal. See Physis, fracture of plate and screw ﬁ xation for, 3055, 3057f, 3058–3060, 3058f, 3059f, 3059t pulmonary complications of, 3022 radiation-induced, 781 radius. See at Radius Rolando, 1542, 1542f, 3927–3929, 3928f, 3929f, 3930f screw ﬁ xation of, 3051–3055, 3052f. See also at Screw ﬁ xation AO technique of, 3053–3054, 3053f ASIF screws in, 3052–3053, 3053f, 3054, 3055f, 3056f hip screws in, 3055, 3057f locking screws in, 3053 machine screws in, 3052 screw angle in, 3052, 3053f self-tapping screws in, 3053 techniques of, 3053–3055, 3053f, 3054f, 3055f segmental, 3019f severity scores for, 3020–3021 Smith, 3441–3442, 3442f, 3444, 3444f soft-tissue injury with classiﬁ cation of, 3020–3021, 3022f, 3022t treatment of, 3032–3035, 3033t, 3034f, 3035f

Fracture(s)—cont’d spinal. See Cervical spine, fracture of; Spinal injury; Thoracolumbar spine, fracture of stress femoral neck, 1623, 1623f, 3283, 3283f, 3284f ﬁ bula, 2362, 2362f medial malleolus, 3089 metatarsal, 1701, 4885, 4886f patella, 2770–2771, 2771f sarcoma vs., 875–876 spondylolysis and, 2081–2082, 2082f, 2083f surgical treatment of, 3018, 3021– 3039, 3045–3048 Advanced Trauma Life Support system in, 3024–3025 biomaterials for, 3048–3049, 3049t biomechanics of, 3050, 3050f, 3051f, 3051t, 3075, 3075f blood blister after, 3075, 3075f complications of, 3072–3075, 3075f conservative treatment vs., 3045 contraindications to, 3046 damage control concept in, 3023–3024 disadvantages of, 3046–3047 exposure for, 3047 external ﬁ xation with, 3066, 3067f. See also Fracture(s), external ﬁ xation of gas gangrene after, 3073–3074, 3073f guidelines for, 3047–3048 indications for, 3045–3046 infection after, 3046–3047, 3072–3073 intramedullary nails in, 3060–3063, 3061f, 3062f. See also Intramedullary nails/nailing Lambotte’s principles of, 3047–3048 locking plates in, 3059–3060, 3060f pin and wire ﬁ xation in, 3050–3051 plate and screw ﬁ xation in, 3055, 3057f, 3058–3060, 3058f, 3059f, 3059t principles of, 3045–3048 provisional stabilization in, 3048 reduction in, 3047–3048 rehabilitation after, 3072 screw ﬁ xation in, 3051–3055, 3052f. See also Fracture(s), screw ﬁ xation of soft-tissue complications after, 3074–3075, 3074f tetanus after, 3074 thromboembolic complications of, 3075 timing of, 3047 total care in, 3022–3023 weight bearing after, 3072

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Fracture(s)—cont’d talus. See Talus, fracture of thoracolumbar. See Thoracolumbar spine, fracture of thumb. See Thumb, fracture of tibial. See Tibial fracture toe, 1701–1702, 1704f, 3463, 4889– 4890, 4890f trapezium, 1544, 4036t–4037t, 4039– 4040, 4039f, 4040f trapezoid, 1544, 4037t, 4039–4040 triquetrum, 1544–1545, 4036t ulna. See at Ulna unicameral bone cyst and, 866 wrist. See Radius, distal, fracture of; Ulna, distal, fracture of Fracture-dislocation ankle, 3096, 3097f, 3101. See also Ankle, fracture of; Ankle, ligamentous injury of atlantoaxial joint, 1605 distal radioulnar joint, 3420, 3420f, 3421f Galeazzi, 1556, 1556f, 3425, 3425f hip. See Hip, fracture-dislocation of Lisfranc joint. See Lisfranc joint, fracture-dislocation of Monteggia. See Monteggia fracture-dislocation olecranon, 3415, 3417, 3417f, 3418f proximal interphalangeal joint, 3951– 3952, 3954–3962, 3955f, 3956f proximal tibial plateau, 1350f, 3148–3151 sacroiliac joint, 3342f–3343f, 3354, 3355–3356 tarsometatarsal joint. See Tarsometatarsal joint, fracture-dislocation of Frankle et al. technique, for reverse shoulder arthroplasty, 509– 514, 512f–513f Free ﬂ ap(s), 3731–3744 advantages of, 3732–3733 anastomoses for, 3735–3736 anterolateral thigh, 3740–3741, 3741f for chronic osteomyelitis treatment, 709 contraindications to, 3733 disadvantages of, 3733 dorsalis pedis, 3769f, 3770–3773, 3772f dressing for, 3736 ﬁ rst web space, 3769f, 3773–3775, 3773f general plan for, 3735–3736 gracilis muscle, 3753–3754, 3754f groin, 3737–3740, 3737f, 3738f, 3739f, 3842–3843, 3843f historical perspective on, 3731 hypogastric, 3844–3845, 3844f indications for, 3732–3733 lateral arm, 3743, 3744f, 3745f

Free ﬂ ap(s)—cont’d latissimus dorsi, 3744, 3746–3747, 3746f, 3747f for lower extremity defects, 3734 monitoring for, 3736–3737 myocutaneous, 3731, 3732f patient evaluation for, 3734–3735 pectoralis major, 3749–3750, 3750f, 3751f pulp, 3773–3775, 3775f random pattern vs. axial pattern, 3731, 3732f rectus abdominis, 3754–3756, 3755f, 3756f scapular, 3741–3742, 3741f, 3742f, 3743f selection of, 3733–3734 serratus anterior, 3748–3749, 3749f teams for, 3735 tensor fasciae latae, 3751–3753, 3752f for upper extremity defects, 3734 vascularized, 3786 Freiberg infraction, 1252–1253, 4660–4663 conservative treatment of, 4660–4661 dorsal wedge osteotomy for, 1253, 1254f, 4661, 4661f loose body with, 1253, 1254f metatarsal head remodeling for, 4661– 4662, 4662f radiography of, 1253f, 4660f, 4662f French technique, for humeral osteotomy, 1592–1593, 1594, 1594f, 1595f Frey technique, for proximal phalangeal osteotomy, 4524–4525, 4525f Fried and Hendel technique, for peroneus longus tendon transfer, 1420–1421 Friedreich ataxia, 1520, 2024 Frndak et al. technique, for lateral hip exposure, 68, 70f Froimson and Oh technique, for biceps brachii tendon repair, 2773, 2773f Frostbite injury, 564–565 in children, 4114, 4115f hand, 4114, 4114b, 4115f Frozen shoulder, 2625–2627 Functional electrical stimulation, for stroke-related dysfunctions, 1388 Fungal infection hand, 4346t, 4361 osseous, 765–767 spinal, 2249–2250 Fusion. See also Arthrodesis and speciﬁ c joint arthrodeses atlantoaxial. See Atlantoaxial fusion calcaneotibial, 4861–4862, 4862f occipitocervical. See Occipitocervical fusion spinal. See Spinal fusion tibioﬁ bular, 3765, 3767f

G Gaenslen technique, for split heel incision, 711–712, 712f Gage et al. technique, for rectus femoris tendon transfer, 1364–1365, 1364f Gaines technique, for L5 vertebrectomy, 2092, 2093f Gait analysis in cerebral palsy, 1340–1341 after knee arthroplasty, 247–248 knee in, 246–247, 247f Galeazzi fracture-dislocation, 1556, 1556f, 3425, 3425f Galeazzi sign, 1182, 1182f Gallie technique for atlantoaxial fusion, 1790–1791, 1792f, 1883–1884, 1883b, 1883f, 1884f for subtalar arthrodesis, 3466–3467, 3467f Gallium scan infection, 680, 681–682 osteomyelitis, 703–704 spinal infection, 2244–2245 tumor, 777 Galveston technique, for sacropelvic ﬁ xation, 2013–2015, 2013f, 2014f, 2015f Gamekeeper thumb. See Thumb, gamekeeper Gamma nail for intertrochanteric hip fracture, 3244, 3244f, 3254 for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3264, 3266 Ganglion cyst hand and wrist, 4330–4333, 4331f, 4332f intraosseous, 870, 872f spinoglenoid notch, 149, 150f, 2631, 2633, 2633f, 2635f Ganz et al. technique for pelvic fracture clamp, 3350–3351, 3350f, 3351f for periacetabular osteotomy, 1024– 1029, 1028f, 1215, 1215f Garden alignment index, for femoral neck fracture, 3273, 3273f, 3274f Gardner-Wells tongs, 1776–1777, 1776f, 1776t Garré, sclerosing osteomyelitis of, 709– 710, 710f Gas gangrene, 3073–3074, 3073f, 4359–4360 Gastrocnemius bursitis, 975–978, 977f, 978f Gastrocnemius muscle, 2396, 2399f contracture of, posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency and, 4786– 4787 evaluation of, in cerebral palsy, 1359, 1360f

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Gastrocnemius muscle—cont’d paralysis of, 1405–1406 rupture of, 2759 Gastrocnemius-soleus muscle lengthening, 1369, 1370f, 1371f Gatellier and Chastang technique, for ankle approach, 30, 30f Gaucher disease, hip arthroplasty in, 389 Gear-stick sign, 1277 Gebhardt et al. technique, for proximal humerus arthroplasty, 805–806 Genitalia, adhesive tape for, 9 Genitofemoral nerve, 3688 Genu recurvatum, 1427–1429 cerebral palsy and, 1365 closing wedge osteotomy for, 1427, 1428f soft-tissue techniques for, 1427–1428 tibial osteotomy for, 1427 triple tenodesis for, 1428–1429, 1429f Genu valgum in dwarﬁ sm, 1310 in rickets, 1291 Genu varum. See also Tibia vara in dwarﬁ sm, 1310, 1312f in rickets, 1290f, 1291, 1291f Gerber and Jost technique, for pectoralis major transfer, 2698, 2699f Gerber et al. technique, for latissimus dorsi transfer, 2620–2623, 2622f Gerber subcoracoid impingement test, 2604f, 2606 Giachino technique, for malunited Bennett fracture, 3927, 3927f Giannestras technique, for shortening oblique metatarsal osteotomy, 4651–4652, 4651f Giant cell tumor, 883–886, 884f distal femur, 884f–885f distal radius, 153f, 813f, 886, 887f–888f distal ulna, 814f hand, 4322, 4323f, 4324f proximal tibia, 789f–790f sacrum, 886, 889f spinal, 2325 tendon sheath, 942, 944f, 4315, 4316f Gibson technique, for posterolateral hip exposure, 69–71, 71f, 72f Gilbert technique for ﬁ bular graft harvest, 3762, 3763f– 3764f, 3766f for scapular ﬂ ap dissection, 3742–3743, 3743f Gill et al. technique, for laminectomy, 2306, 2307f Gill technique, for sliding graft, 3536, 3536f Gillies and Millard technique, for thumb reconstruction, 661–662

Girdlestone technique, for hip resection, 738–739, 739f Glasgow Coma Scale, in spinal injury, 1763, 1763t Glass, bioactive, for fracture treatment, 3043 Glassman and Engh technique, for femoral implant removal, 435–436, 436f Glenohumeral joint. See Shoulder Glenohumeral ligaments, 2678–2679, 2678f arthroscopy of, 2931f, 2932, 2933 normal, 2931f, 2933 Glenoid. See also Shoulder anatomy of, 2677–2679, 2677f, 2678f deﬁ ciency of, 509, 2697–2698, 2699f fracture of, 2680, 3376, 3377f arthroplasty and, 518–519 hemangioendothelioma of, 916f mobility of, 2679 osteotomy of, 2712, 2714–2716, 2714f–2715f radiography of, 2683–2684, 2683f, 2684f version of, 2679, 2704 Glenoid labrum anatomy of, 2678, 2935 arthroscopy of, 2931f, 2932 Bankart lesion of, 2680. See also Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of cyst of, 2991 magnetic resonance imaging of, 148– 149, 148f tears of, 2935–2942 areas of, 2935, 2935f débridement of, 2935–2936 magnetic resonance imaging of, 148–149, 148f type I, 2936 type II, 2936, 2937f arthroscopic ﬁ xation of, 2936– 2942, 2938f–2942f, 2943t–2944t peel-back test in, 2937, 2937f type III, 2936, 2936f type IV, 2936, 2936f Glenoid rim, fracture of, 3376, 3377f Glick et al. technique, for lateral decubitus position hip arthroscopy, 2907–2909, 2908f, 2910f Glomus tumor, 942, 946 foot, 4778–4781, 4780f hand, 4317, 4318f, 4780f Gloves, surgical, 677 Gluteal cleft adhesive tape for, 9 cleansing of, 9 Gluteal nerve, 3688f, 3690 arthroplasty-related injury to, 398

Gluteus maximus bursitis of, 979–981 paralysis of, 1433–1435, 1436f in snapping hip, 967–968 Gluteus medius, paralysis of, 1433–1435, 1434f, 1436f Goldner and Clippinger technique, for trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty, 4231 Goldner et al. technique, for anterior lumbar interbody fusion, 1872–1873, 1873f Gordon approach, for ulna exposure, 122 Gottschalk technique, for transfemoral amputation, 610–611, 611f Gould technique for forefoot arthroplasty, 4675 for metatarsal osteotomy and plantar fasciotomy, 4740–4741, 4741f Gout, 4199–4200, 4200f, 4336, 4336f Gower sign, 1504, 1505f Gracilis muscle ﬂ ap, 3753–3754, 3754f Graft(s) bone. See Bone graft/grafting meniscal, 2430–2432, 2430f, 2842– 2845, 2844f nerve. See Nerve graft/grafting neurovascular island. See Neurovascular island graft skin. See Skin graft/grafting tendon. See Tendon graft/grafting vein, 3710, 3711f for digit replantation, 3724, 3727 for ischemic hand disorders, 4105, 4105f Grafton, 17t Gram stain, 683, 684 Granuloma eosinophilic, 896–897, 896f, 897f foreign body, 4336 pyogenic, 4336, 4336f Graves et al. technique, for tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis, 184–186, 184f, 185f, 186f Grease gun injury, 4116–4117, 4116f Great toe. See also at Hallux amputation of, 565, 565f, 582, 583f, 585, 586f clawed, 4551, 4553f, 4561, 4561f arthrodesis for, 4559–4560, 4561, 4739, 4740f cavus foot and, 4737–4739, 4738f, 4740f in cerebral palsy, 1380 in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 1515f, 1517, 1518–1519, 1518f, 1519f correction of, 4737–4739, 4738f extensor digitorum longus transfer for, 4741–4742, 4742f extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer for, 1518–1519, 1518f

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Great toe—cont’d clawed—cont’d Hibbs procedure for, 1517, 1519, 1519f, 4741, 4742f Jones procedure for, 1517, 1518– 1519, 1518f, 4561, 4739, 4740f plantar plate release for, 4560, 4560f resection arthroplasty for, 4559, 4559f cock-up, 4562, 4563f deviation of lateral, 4471–4563. See also Hallux valgus medial, 1072–1073, 4549–4562. See also Hallux varus dorsal bunion deformity of, 1407– 1409, 1408f Dupuytren disease of, 4273, 4274f fracture of pediatric, 1701–1702 sesamoid, 4890–4892 ingrown nail of. See Ingrown toenail interphalangeal joint of approach to, 24 arthrodesis of for clawed toe, 4559–4560, 4561, 4739 for hallux varus, 4554–4557, 4556f–4557f dislocation of, 4887–4888, 4887f lateral deviation of, 4471–4563. See also Hallux valgus limited motion of, 4563–4572. See also Hallux rigidus medial deviation of, 4549–4562. See also Hallux varus metatarsophalangeal joint of. See Metatarsophalangeal joint(s), great toe physis of, ﬁ ssuring of, 1702, 1704f sesamoids of, 4572–4578 excision of, 4575, 4576f, 4577– 4578, 4577f, 4578f fracture of, 4890–4892 inﬂ ammation of, 4892 osteochondritis of, 4892 radiography of, 4573, 4573f, 4574f, 4576f stiff. See Hallux rigidus subungual exostosis of, 862 transfer of, single-stage, 3779–3782, 3781f indications for, 3779 planning for, 3779–3780 wraparound ﬂ ap from, 3775–3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f, 3779f Greater trochanter. See Trochanter Green and Banks technique, for ﬂ exorpronator origin release, 4182–4184, 4183f

Green contracture release and latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer, 1485–1487, 1486f–1487f Green contracture release technique for Achilles tendon, 1506–1507, 1507f for hip, 1506–1507, 1507f Green procedure, for Sprengel deformity, 1232 Greene posterior tibial tendon transfer, 1507–1508, 1508f Greene technique for ankle synovectomy, 1288–1289 for chevron osteotomy, 1298–1299, 1299f for constriction band release, 1113 Gregory and Sanders technique, for dynamic condylar screw ﬁ xation, 3181–3183, 3183f Grice and Green technique, for subtalar arthrodesis, 1104–1105, 1104f, 1105f, 1410–1411, 1411f Groin, full-thickness skin graft from, 3829, 3829f Groin ﬂ ap application of, 3737–3740, 3842–3843, 3843f dissection for, 3738–3740, 3739f vascular anatomy of, 3737–3738, 3737f, 3738f, 3739f Groves and Goldner technique, for ﬂ exor carpi ulnaris tendon transfer, 4133, 4134f Growing rod instrumentation, for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 1926–1928, 1928f, 1929f Growth factors, for fracture treatment, 3044 Grudziak and Ward technique, for transiliac osteotomy, 1211– 1215, 1212f–1213f Gull sign, 3322, 3322f Gunshot injury classiﬁ cation of, 3026t hand, 4117 high-velocity, 3026–3027, 3027f, 3028f knee, 2575–2577, 2576f low-velocity, 3025–3026, 3025f, 3128, 3128f, 4117 open fracture, 3025–3028, 3025f, 3027f, 3028f, 3128, 3128f spinal, 2026f, 2027f Gupta technique, for chronic hip dislocation reduction, 3607– 3608, 3608f Gurd technique, for clavicular resection, 3610 Gustilo-Anderson classiﬁ cation, of open fractures, 3020, 3021f

H Haddad and Riordan technique, for wrist arthrodesis, 226–228, 227f, 4071, 4071f Haemophilus inﬂ uenzae, in septic arthritis, 724t, 725, 727t Haglund deformity, 4822, 4825–4827 Hair, preoperative removal of, 677 Hall et al. technique, for transoral cervical spine exposure, 1891, 1892f Hall technique for cervical spine arthrodesis, 1909, 1909f for facet fusion, 1947, 1948f Hallux extensus, 4561, 4562, 4563f Hallux rigidus, 4563–4572, 4564f arthrodesis for, 4565, 4566f, 4571 arthroplasty for, 4566–4567, 4567f cheilectomy for, 4565–4566, 4568– 4571, 4568f, 4569f, 4571f nonoperative treatment of, 4565 pathophysiology of, 4563, 4565, 4565f proximal phalangeal extension osteotomy for, 4571–4572, 4572f severity of, 4563, 4564t Hallux valgus, 4471–4563 anatomy of, 4471–4473, 4472f, 4473f, 4474f cerebral palsy–related, 1380, 4540 clubfoot and, 1100, 1101f distal metatarsal articular angle in, 4472–4473, 4475, 4476, 4476f with recurrent valgus, 4546–4547, 4546f familial, 4473 ﬁ rst-ray hypermobility in, 4473 intermetatarsal angle in, 4471, 4472f, 4475, 4476, 4478f juvenile, 4533–4540 chevron osteotomy for, 4534, 4535f clinical features of, 4533 double ﬁ rst metatarsal osteotomy for, 4534, 4536–4537, 4537f ﬁ rst cuneiform osteotomy for, 4539–4540 Peterson procedure for, 4537–4539, 4538f proximal crescentic osteotomy for, 4534, 4535f proximal phalangeal osteotomy for, 4536 triple osteotomy for, 4536 medial capsular ligament in, 4471, 4472f medial eminence hypertrophy in, 4473 metatarsus primus varus in, 4473, 4495–4496, 4522, 4527f metatarsus varus in, 4476 os tibialis externum in, 4476

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Hallux valgus—cont’d pathomechanics of, 4471–4473, 4472f, 4473f, 4474f, 4475f phalangeal articular angle in, 4472– 4473, 4523, 4523f poliomyelitis-related, 1407–1409, 1408f preoperative evaluation of, 4475–4476, 4476f, 4477f, 4478f, 4541, 4541b, 4542f recurrence of abnormal distal metatarsal articular angle with, 4546–4547, 4546f after basilar metatarsal osteotomy, 4547 after bunionectomy, 4543–4547, 4543b, 4544f, 4545f, 4546f after chevron osteotomy, 4547– 4549, 4548f Keller resection arthroplasty for, 4547 after Mitchell metatarsal osteotomy, 4496 osteoarthritis with, 4547 soft-tissue repair for, 4543–4546, 4543b, 4544f, 4545f web space dissection, lateral release, and capsular imbrication for, 4543–4546, 4544f, 4545f treatment of, 4474–4475, 4475b Akin osteotomy for, 4524–4525, 4525f approach to, 24–25, 24f arthrodesis for, 4526–4533, 4526f, 4527f Lapidus procedure, 4531–4533, 4532f molded (ball-and-socket), 4533 small plate ﬁ xation with, 4527– 4529, 4528f threaded Kirschner wire, 4530– 4531, 4531f truncated cone, 4529, 4530f chevron osteotomy with Akin osteotomy for, 4508–4509, 4509f complications of, 4540–4563 after arthrodesis, 4563 after bunionectomy, 4541–4547, 4542f, 4544f, 4545f, 4546f claw toe, 4561, 4561f cock-up hallux, 4562, 4563f hallux extensus, 4561 hallux varus, 4549–4562, 4549f, 4550f. See also Hallux varus, acquired after Keller arthroplasty, 4549f, 4562–4563, 4563f metatarsalgia, 4562–4563, 4563f metatarsophalangeal joint limitation, 4561 neuroma, 4561, 4562f

Hallux valgus—cont’d treatment of—cont’d complications of—cont’d prevention of, 4541, 4541f, 4542f stress fracture, 4561–4562 evaluation for, 4475–4476, 4476f, 4477f, 4478f hallux varus after, 4549–4562, 4549f, 4550f. See also Hallux varus, acquired Keller resection arthroplasty for, 4487–4495, 4490f, 4491f, 4493f–4494f, 4495f, 4547 Ludloff osteotomy for, 4510f, 4520, 4521f McBride procedure for, 4476, 4478–4487, 4479f–4489f. See also McBride bunionectomy (modiﬁ ed) complications of, 4541–4547, 4542f, 4543b, 4544f, 4545f, 4546f, 4549f, 4550f medial cuneiform osteotomy for, 4521–4522, 4522f metatarsal osteotomy for, 4495–4509 chevron, 4497, 4500–4507, 4501f, 4503f, 4504f–4506f, 4508f, 4509f Mitchell, 4496, 4496f, 4497– 4500, 4497b, 4498f proximal chevron ﬁ rst metatarsal osteotomy for, 4510f, 4516– 4518, 4516f, 4517f proximal crescentic osteotomy for, 4510–4516, 4512f–4513f, 4514f, 4515f, 4516f proximal ﬁ rst metatarsal osteotomy for, 4509–4522, 4510f Coetzee, 4518–4520, 4519f Ludloff, 4510f, 4520, 4521f Mann and Coughlin, 4510f, 4511–4516, 4512f–4513f, 4514f, 4515f Sammarco and Conti, 4516–4518, 4516f, 4517f proximal phalangeal osteotomy for, 4522–4526, 4523f, 4524f, 4525f scarf osteotomy for, 4510f, 4518– 4520, 4519f valgus angle in, 4471, 4472f, 4475, 4476, 4478f Hallux varus acquired, 4549–4562, 4549f, 4550f, 4551f multiplanar (dynamic), 4551, 4551f, 4559–4560, 4559f, 4560f pathogenesis of, 4551–4552, 4552f, 4553f uniplanar (static), 4551–4559, 4554f, 4555f, 4556f–4557f, 4558f congenital, 1072–1073, 1074f, 1075f

Halo vest immobilization, 1777–1778, 1777t, 1779f application of, 1778, 1779f for atlas fracture, 1785, 1786f after cervical spine arthrodesis, 1854 complications of, 1777–1778, 1777t for hangman’s fracture, 1796, 1797 for occipital condyle fracture, 1788 for odontoid fracture, 1789 pediatric, 1898–1899, 1899f Hamate anatomy of, 3999–4000, 4000f fracture of, 4035, 4037t–4038t, 4038– 4039, 4039f imaging of, 4005, 4005f pediatric, 1544 treatment of, 4038–4039 Hamilton et al. technique, for ﬁ broosseous tunnel release, 4812–4813, 4813f Hammer toe. See Toe(s), hammer Hamstring muscle, in cerebral palsy, 1359, 1359f, 1360f Hamstring tendon graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2506, 2517– 2519, 2518f, 2519f for patellar tendon reconstruction, 2763 quadruple, for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2869–2871, 2870f, 2873– 2876, 2874b, 2876f for shoulder instability, 2698–2699, 2700f Hamstring tendon lengthening, for cerebral palsy–related deformity, 1360–1363, 1362f, 1363f Hand. See also Finger(s); Fingertip; Thumb; Wrist amputation of, 639–671. See also Finger(s), amputation of; Fingertip, amputation of; Thumb, amputation of reconstruction after, 658–660, 659f traumatic. See Hand injury; Hand surgery aneurysm of, 4103–4104, 4105f aneurysmal bone cyst of, 4321–4322, 4323f arteriovenous ﬁ stula of, 4334–4335 arthritic. See Rheumatoid arthritis, hand/ﬁ nger deformity in basal cell carcinoma of, 4329 Bouchard nodes of, 4197, 4198f burns of. See Hand injury, burn calcinosis circumscripta of, 4337, 4338f calcinosis of, 4336–4337, 4337f carpometacarpal boss of, 4338, 4338f cavernous hemangioma of, 4319, 4319f

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Hand—cont’d centralization of, 4378–4387 Bayne and Klug technique for, 4384–4385, 4384f Bora et al. technique for, 4383– 4384, 4383f Buck-Gramcko technique for, 4385–4386, 4385f Manske, McCarroll, and Swanson technique for, 4378–4379, 4380f, 4381f Watson, Beebe, and Cruz technique for, 4380–4381, 4382f cerebral palsy–related deformity of, 4173–4192. See also Cerebral palsy, hand deformity in chondrosarcoma of, 4326–4327, 4327f claw, 4125–4126, 4126f cleft. See Cleft hand compartment syndrome of, 4260, 4260f, 4263, 4264f congenital anomalies of, 4367–4451 classiﬁ cation of, 4368–4369, 4369b constrictive, 4438–4440, 4439f, 4440f duplication, 4410–4420. See also Polydactyly incidence of, 4368, 4368t longitudinal, 4374–4403. See also Cleft hand; Clubhand; Phocomelia overgrowth, 4420–4424, 4421f, 4422f, 4423f ring syndrome, 4438–4440, 4439f, 4440f transverse, 4369–4374, 4370f, 4371f, 4372f, 4373f, 4374f undergrowth, 4424–4438. See also Finger(s), hypoplastic; Hand, hypoplastic; Thumb, hypoplastic webbed, 4403–4410. See also Syndactyly cross-sectional anatomy of, 4349, 4349f cyst of epidermoid, 4333–4334, 4334f mucous, 4334, 4335f sebaceous, 4334 deep spaces of, 4349, 4349f Déjérine-Sottas disease of, 4336, 4337f Dupuytren contracture of. See Dupuytren contracture dysfunctional postures of, 4118–4119, 4118f, 4119f embryology of, 4369, 4369f enchondroma of, 4320–4321, 4321f epidermoid cyst of, 4333–4334, 4334f epidermolysis bullosa of, 4338–4339, 4338f epithelioid sarcoma of, 4327–4328, 4328f Ewing sarcoma of, 4330

Hand—cont’d extensor tendons of. See Extensor tendon(s) factitious syndromes of, 4119–4120, 4120f ﬁ broma of, 4316–4317, 4317f ﬁ brosarcoma of, 4330 ﬁ brous tumors of, 4316–4317 ﬁ st position of, 3846, 3847f ﬂ exor tendons of. See Flexor tendon(s) foreign body granuloma of, 4336 fracture of. See at Finger(s); Interphalangeal joint(s); Thumb; Wrist and speciﬁ c bones ganglion of, 4330–4333, 4331f, 4332f giant cell tumor of, 4315, 4316f, 4322, 4323f, 4324f glomus tumor of, 4317, 4318f gout of, 4199–4200, 4200f, 4336, 4337f Heberden nodes of, 4197, 4198f hemangioma of, 4319, 4319f hypoplastic, 4368t, 4434–4438 lengthening procedures for, 4435– 4437, 4435f, 4436f immobilization of, 3846, 3847f infection of. See Hand infection injury to. See Hand injury ischemic disorders of, 4103–4105, 4104f, 4105f lipoblastoma of, 4314 lipoﬁ broma of, 4314, 4315f lipoma of, 4313–4314, 4313f lymphangioma of, 4319 malignant ﬁ brous histiocytoma of, 4326, 4326f malignant melanoma of, 4329–4330 metastatic tumors of, 4330 mirror, 4418–4420, 4418f, 4419f mucous cyst of, 4334, 4335f neurilemoma of, 4319–4320, 4320f neuroﬁ broma of, 4317, 4318f neuroma of, 4336 osteoblastoma of, 4321, 4322f osteochondroma of, 4322, 4324f osteogenic sarcoma of, 4326, 4327f osteoid osteoma of, 4320, 4320f Paget disease of, 4339, 4339f palm of incisions for, 3810–3812, 3811f infection of, 4350–4351, 4351f, 4352f median nerve injury in, 3993–3994, 3993f scar on, 3847, 3847f ulnar nerve distribution in, 3811f paralytic, 4125–4170 combined high median and ulnar nerve lesions and, 4157 combined low median and ulnar nerve lesions and, 4156– 4157, 4157f

Hand—cont’d paralytic—cont’d high median nerve lesions and, 4156, 4156f high ulnar nerve lesions and, 4155, 4155f intrinsic ﬁ nger function restoration in, 4139–4149. See also Finger(s), intrinsic function restoration for low median nerve lesions and, 4155–4156, 4155f low ulnar nerve lesions and, 4153– 4155, 4154f, 4155f pinch restoration in, 4128–4139. See also Pinch restoration radial nerve lesions and, 4149–4153, 4149f, 4150t, 4152f spinal cord lesions and, 4157–4170. See also Tetraplegia tendon transfer for, 4126–4128, 4127t, 4128f, 4128t. See also speciﬁ c transfers psychoextended, 4119 psychoﬂ exed, 4118–4119, 4118f, 4119f pyogenic granuloma of, 4336, 4336f replantation of, 3718, 3719f. See also Replantation ﬁ xation in, 3725 rhabdomyosarcoma of, 4330 rheumatoid arthritis of. See Rheumatoid arthritis, hand/ ﬁ nger deformity in sebaceous cyst of, 4334 squamous cell carcinoma of, 4328– 4329, 4329f stenosing tenosynovitis of, 4299–4305. See also de Quervain disease surgery on. See Hand surgery and speciﬁ c injuries and procedures synergistic muscles of, 4125, 4126f synovial chondromatosis of, 4322, 4325, 4325f tuberculosis of, 762–763 tumors of, 4311–4339 benign, 4311, 4312t, 4313–4325. See also speciﬁ c tumors classiﬁ cation of, 4311–4312, 4312t diagnosis of, 4312 malignant, 4311–4312, 4312t, 4325– 4330. See also speciﬁ c tumors metastatic, 4330 treatment of, 4312–4313, 4312t Turret exostosis of, 4337–4338, 4338f xanthoma of, 4315, 4316f Hand infection, 4343–4361 anatomical factors in, 4343 antibiotics for, 4344, 4345t antifungals for, 4344, 4346t antivirals for, 4344, 4346t bite-related, 4356–4358, 4357f bone, 4356, 4356f bursae, 4354–4355, 4355f clostridial, 4359–4360

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Hand infection—cont’d deep fascial space, 4350–4351, 4351f, 4352f drug abuse–related, 4358 eponychial, 4347–4348, 4347f, 4348f evaluation of, 4343–4344 ﬂ exor tendon sheath, 4351–4354, 4353f, 4354f fungal, 4346t, 4361 herpetic, 4358, 4358f HIV infection and, 4358 incision and drainage for, 4344, 4346 joint, 4355–4356 midpalmar space, 4350–4351, 4351f, 4352f mycobacterial, 4360–4361, 4361f necrotizing, 4358–4359 organisms in, 4344 pyoderma gangrenosum vs., 4361 subaponeurotic space, 4351 subcutaneous, 4348–4349, 4349f subfascial, 4349, 4349f systemic factors in, 4343 tenosynovial, 4351–4355, 4353f, 4354f, 4355f thenar space, 4350–4351, 4351f, 4352f web space, 4350, 4350f Hand injury, 3821–3847 arterial injury with, 3824 bleeding control in, 3822–3823 burn, 4106–4111 chemical, 4112–4114, 4113f, 4113t depth of, 4106–4108, 4106f, 4107f electrical, 4111–4112, 4111f escharotomy for, 4108–4109 full-thickness, 4107–4108, 4109f full-thickness excision and grafting for, 4110–4111 partial-thickness, 4106–4107, 4107f radiation, 4112 self-induced, 4119, 4120f superﬁ cial, 4106 tangential excision and grafting for, 4109–4110 treatment algorithm for, 4108f closure methods for, 3824–3827 direct suture for, 3824 skin ﬂ ap for, 3824–3827, 3825f, 3826f skin graft for, 3824, 3825f vacuum-assisted, 3825 cold, 4114, 4114b, 4115f evaluation of, 3822–3824, 3900–3901, 3900f, 3901f, 3923–3924 anesthesia for, 3822 cleansing for, 3822–3823, 3823f motor testing in, 3982–3983, 3983f patient history in, 3821 preoperative, 3822–3823 sensory testing in, 3982, 3982f sudomotor testing in, 3983 tissue assessment in, 3823–3824 tourniquet for, 3822, 3824

Hand injury—cont’d evaluation of—cont’d wound cleansing for, 3822–3823, 3823f extravasation, 4117–4118 ﬁ lleted graft for, 3826, 3826f, 3845 ﬁ rst aid for, 3821–3822 ﬂ aps for, 3829–3845 abdominal, 3840–3845, 3841f, 3842f, 3843f, 3844f advancement, 3829–3830 Boomerang, 3831f cross ﬁ nger, 3833–3834, 3835f, 3837f in ﬁ ngers, 3831f, 3832–3833, 3833f forearm, 3837–3840, 3838f, 3839f, 3840f local, 3829–3837, 3829f posterior interosseous, 3839–3840, 3839f, 3840f radial forearm, 3837–3839, 3838f reverse adipofascial, 643, 645f, 3830, 3832f rotation, 3829f translation, 3830, 3831f transposition, 3829f, 3830, 3831f turnover, 3830–3831, 3832f vascular basis for, 3830, 3831f fracture with. See at Finger(s); Metacarpal(s); Thumb and speciﬁ c bones frostbite, 4114, 4114b, 4115f grafts for free, 3827 full-thickness, 3829, 3829f split-thickness, 3827–3828, 3827f, 3828f grease gun, 4114, 4116–4117, 4116f injection, 4114, 4116–4117, 4116f nerve injury with, 3981–3996. See also speciﬁ c nerves classiﬁ cation of, 3982, 3982t conduit repair for, 3987–3988, 3988f epineurial-perineurial suture repair of, 3712–3713, 3713f, 3986, 3987f epineurial suture repair of, 3711– 3712, 3712f evaluation of, 3981–3984, 3982f interfascicular grafting for, 3713– 3715, 3714f, 3986–3989, 3989f motor evaluation of, 3982–3983, 3983f, 3984 neurovascular island graft for, 3994–3996, 3995f perineurial suture repair of, 3712, 3712f, 3986, 3987f postoperative evaluation in, 3983– 3984, 3984f primary repair in, 3985 regeneration in, 3984–3985 secondary repair in, 3985–3986

Hand injury—cont’d nerve injury with—cont’d sensory evaluation of, 3982, 3982f, 3983–3984, 3984f sudomotor evaluation of, 3983, 3984 revascularization for, 3730–3731 scar with, 3845–3847, 3846f, 3847f area, 3846–3847, 3846f, 3847f linear, 3846, 3846f self-induced, 4119–4120, 4120f shotgun, 4117 tendon injury with. See at Extensor tendon(s); Flexor tendon(s) tourniquet in, 3822, 3824 wound cleansing in, 3822–3823, 3823f wringer, 4117 Z -plasty for, 3829, 3830f Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, 893, 896 Hand surgery, 3799–3818. See also Replantation anesthesia for, 3801–3804 assessment of, 3983–3984, 3984f brachial plexus block for, 3802 care after, 3813–3814, 3816f closure technique for, 3812–3813, 3812f, 3813f digital nerve block for, 3803, 3805f draping for, 3804–3805 dressing for, 3813–3814 ﬁ nger incisions for, 3808–3810, 3809f, 3810f incisions for, 3807–3812, 3808f, 3809f instruments for, 3801, 3801f, 3806– 3807, 3806f, 3807f motor function after, 3984 operating room arrangement for, 3800–3801, 3800f, 3801f palmar incisions for, 3810–3812, 3811f peripheral nerve block for, 3802– 3803, 3804f physical therapy after, 3814 planning for, 3799–3801, 3800f, 3801f regional anesthesia for, 3802, 3803f sensory function after, 3983–3984, 3984f skin preparation for, 3804 splinting after, 3814–3818, 3817f, 3818f sudomotor function after, 3984 thumb incisions for, 3810 tourniquet for, 3804, 3805–3806, 3805f, 3806t Z -plasty for, 3813, 3813f, 3814f, 3815f Hand therapy, in cerebral palsy, 4174 Hand washing, 677 Hanging hip operation, 1029–1030 Hanging toe procedure, 4559–4560 Hangman’s fracture, 1795–1797, 1796f, 1797f

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Hangody et al. technique, for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2381, 2383–2384, 2386– 2389, 2387f–2388f Hanover frame, for pelvic fracture, 3349–3350 Hardinge technique, for lateral hip exposure, 66, 68, 68f Harmon technique for femoral neck reconstruction, 748, 748f for origin of deltoid transfer, 1442, 1442f for tibia exposure, 33, 34f–35f Harrington instrumentation, for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1951, 1951f Harris technique, for lateral hip exposure, 64–66, 64f–65f Hastings technique, for metacarpal head fracture plate ﬁ xation, 3947– 3948, 3948f Hawkins and Janda technique, for posterior capsular tendon retensioning, 2710–2712, 2713f Hawkins-Kennedy test, in shoulder injury, 2603, 2604f, 2606, 2607t Hawkins line, 1694, 1694f, 4859 Hawkins technique, for hallux varus correction, 4554, 4554f Hay technique, for lateral hip exposure, 68–69, 70f Head et al. technique, for trochanteric osteotomy, 366–367, 368f Head injury, external fracture ﬁ xation in, 3066 Hearing loss, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905, 1905b Heart, anomalies of, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905, 1905b Heberden nodes, 4197, 4198f Heel. See also Calcaneus; Hindfoot painful, 4815–4822, 4815f bone scan in, 4816 calcaneal spur excision for, 4817 clinical ﬁ ndings in, 4816 corticosteroid injections for, 4816–4817 differential diagnosis of, 4815 electromyography in, 4816 endoscopic plantar fascia release for, 4818, 4820–4822, 4821f etiology of, 4815–4816, 4816f extracorporeal shock wave therapy for, 4817 heel spur excision for, 4817 imaging in, 4816 neurogenic factors in, 4815–4816 neurolysis for, 4817, 4818 nonsteroidal antiinﬂ ammatory agents in, 4816–4817 open plantar fascia and nerve release for, 4818–4820, 4819f

Heel—cont’d painful—cont’d physical ﬁ ndings in, 4816 plantar fascia release for, 4818–4820 windlass mechanism in, 4815, 4816f spur of, 4815, 4815f excision of, 4817 tennis, 4815 Heinrich et al. technique, for femoral shaft fracture ﬁ xation, 1659–1660 Helgenreiner’s line, 1183, 1184f Hemangioendothelioma, 192f, 916–917, 916f Hemangioma, 871, 873f, 942, 946f capillary, 942 cavernous, 942, 4319, 4319f epidural, 2324 hand, 4319, 4319f magnetic resonance imaging of, 155, 155f spinal, 2117–2118, 2118f, 2324 strawberry, 942 Hemarthrosis, arthroscopy-related, 2806 Hematoma amputation and, 571 enoxaparin and, 395 hip arthroplasty and, 392–393, 397 Hemiarthroplasty. See Hip hemiarthroplasty; Shoulder hemiarthroplasty Hemiatlas, 1915 Hemicylindrical bone graft, 18 Hemiepiphysiodesis, for congenital scoliosis, 2039–2040, 2039f, 2040f Hemilaminectomy, for lumbar disc disease, 2210 Hemimelia ﬁ bular, 1118f, 1125–1127, 1125f, 1126f Boyd amputation for, 1127, 1128f classiﬁ cation of, 1125–1126, 1125f closing wedge osteotomy for, 1127, 1127f varus supramalleolar osteotomy for, 1127, 1127f tibial, 1118–1125, 1118f Brown procedure for, 1120, 1122f classiﬁ cation of, 1119, 1119f, 1120f, 1121f distal ﬁ bulotalar arthrodesis for, 1123 proximal tibioﬁ bular synostosis and Syme amputation for, 1120– 1121, 1123–1124, 1123f Putti procedure for, 1121, 1123, 1124f Hemipelvectomy, 617–622 anterior ﬂ ap, 619–621, 620f–621f conservative, 617, 621–622, 622f extended, 617 internal, 617, 818, 820f, 821f, 822 palliative, 567 standard, 617–619, 618f

Hemipulp ﬂ ap, 3773–3775 Hemivertebra, 2032–2033, 2032f, 2034f, 2036f. See also Scoliosis (congenital) excision of, 2041–2042, 2041f, 2043f, 2044f Hemophilia, 1281, 1283–1289 arthrodesis in, 1286, 1287f arthroplasty in, 280, 280f, 1284, 1284f complications of, 1286–1288 hip arthroplasty in, 390, 1284 HIV infection and, 1287–1288 knee arthroplasty in, 280, 280f, 1284 osteotomy in, 1286 peripheral nerve lesions in, 1286– 1287 pseudotumor in, 1286 radionuclide synovectomy in, 1285–1286 surgical indications in, 1283 surgical principles in, 1283–1284 synovectomy in, 1284–1286, 1288–1289 synoviorthesis in, 1288 Hemorrhage. See Bleeding Hemostasis, in amputation, 569 Henderson technique for knee drainage, 731, 731f, 732f for knee exposure, 40–41, 41f, 42f Henry et al. technique, for antibioticimpregnated bead application, 708 Henry technique for anterior radius exposure, 117, 120f for anterolateral elbow exposure, 117, 119f for anterolateral humerus exposure, 100–102, 101f, 102f, 103f for anteromedial shoulder exposure, 92–94, 93f, 94f for ﬁ bula exposure, 19, 21f, 35–36, 37f for lateral knee exposure, 58, 59f for medial knee exposure, 58, 59f Heparin in acetabular fracture, 3334 for hip arthroplasty, 395–396 for knee arthroplasty, 281 Hepatitis, occupational transmission of, 689 Herbert screw, for scaphoid fracture ﬁ xation, 4015, 4016f Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, 1514–1521, 1514t. See also CharcotMarie-Tooth disease Hernia Davis muscle-pedicle graft and, 21 iliac graft and, 21 Herniation disc. See Intervertebral disc disease muscle, 2777–2778

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Hernigou et al. technique, for proximal tibial osteotomy, 1009–1010, 1010f Herpes simplex virus infection, 4357f, 4358 Herscovici and Whiteman technique, for retrograde femoral nailing, 3207–3208, 3208f Heterotopic ossiﬁ cation acetabular, 3333, 3333f elbow, 2645, 3410, 3410f hip, 393–394, 393f, 3298 shoulder, 521–522 Hibbs technique for extensor tendon transfer to middle cuneiform, 1517, 1519, 1519f, 4741, 4742f for lumbar arthrodesis, 1866–1867 Hibernoma, 940 Hill-Sachs lesion, 2680, 2680f, 2685– 2686, 2697 arthroscopy of, 2933 Hindfoot. See also Calcaneus; Heel amputation of, 590–597, 591f, 593f–594f cavus deformity of, 4733, 4733f, 4747–4752 calcaneal osteotomy for, 4747–4748, 4747f, 4748f peroneus brevis tenodesis for, 4751– 4752, 4752f triplanar osteotomy for, 4749–4751, 4750f triple arthrodesis for, 4749f, 4752– 4757, 4753f, 4754f, 4755f, 4756f myelomeningocele-related valgus of, 1459 rheumatoid deformity of, 4684– 4692 calcaneocuboid arthrodesis for, 4687–4688 nonoperative treatment of, 4684–4685 subtalar arthrodesis for, 4685–4686, 4685f talonavicular arthrodesis for, 4686– 4687, 4687f triple arthrodesis for, 4688–4692, 4688f, 4691f valgus deformity of, 1459 Hinged elbow external ﬁ xator, 3624– 3630, 3625f, 3626f, 3627f, 3629f Hip. See also Acetabulum; Femoral head; Femoral neck; Femur ankylosis of, postexcision, 761, 761f approach to, 60–75 anterior, 60–63, 61f, 62f anterolateral, 63 lateral, 63–69 Hardinge, 66, 68, 68f, 69f Harris, 64–66, 64f–65f Hay (McLauchlan), 68–69, 70f

Hip—cont’d approach to—cont’d lateral—cont’d McFarland and Osborne, 66, 67f Watson-Jones, 63–64, 63f medial, 74–75, 75f posterior, 73–74, 73f, 74f posterolateral, 69–72, 71f, 72f, 343– 347, 344f arthritis of posttraumatic, 3298 rheumatoid, 369, 995–996, 996f septic, 732–739. See also Septic arthritis, hip arthrodesis of. See Hip arthrodesis arthroplasty of. See Hip arthroplasty arthroscopy of. See Hip arthroscopy aspiration of, 733–734 anterior, 734 lateral, 733, 733f medial, 734, 734f in postarthroplasty infection, 417 biomechanics of, 314–318, 315f, 316f, 1437, 1437f Boyd disarticulation of, 615–617, 616f chondroblastoma of, 891f chondrolysis of fracture and, 1620, 1623 slipped capital femoral epiphysis and, 1648–1649, 1649f congenital dysplasia of. See Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip contracture of abduction, 1468 Duchenne muscular dystrophy– related, 1506–1507, 1507f fascial release for, 1468 percutaneous release for, 1506– 1507, 1507f poliomyelitis-related, 1430–1433, 1431f, 1432f adduction, 1468–1469 adductor release for, 1469 external rotation, 1468 ﬂ exion anterior release for, 1468 arthrogryposis-related, 1477 Duchenne muscular dystrophy– related, 1506–1507, 1507f myelomeningocele-related, 1467–1468 percutaneous release of, 1506– 1507, 1507f poliomyelitis-related, 1430–1433, 1432f, 1433f ﬂ exion-abduction-external rotation, 1468 deformity of arthrogryposis-related, 1477 cerebral palsy–related, 1346–1358. See also Cerebral palsy, hip deformity in

Hip—cont’d deformity of—cont’d coxa plana. See Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease coxa valga in dwarﬁ sm, 1310 in spinal muscular atrophy, 1521, 1521f coxa vara acquired, 1619–1620, 1621f, 1624–1628, 1625f, 1626t, 1627f congenital, 1220–1222, 1221f in dwarﬁ sm, 1310, 1312f myelomeningocele-related, 1467–1477 poliomyelitis-related, 1430–1437 septic arthritis–related, 747–750 Brackett ball-and-socket osteotomy in, 748, 749f, 750 Harmon reconstruction for, 748, 748f transverse opening wedge osteotomy for, 748 trochanteric osteotomy for, 748– 750, 749f developmental dysplasia of. See Developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip disarticulation of, 615–617, 616f dislocation of. See Hip dislocation drainage of, 734–737 anterior, 734, 736f arthroscopic, 736 lateral, 734, 736 medial, 736, 737f posterior, 734, 735f drapes for, 9, 10f in dwarﬁ sm, 1310, 1312f dysplasia of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and, 1519 developmental. See Developmental/ congenital dysplasia of hip excision of, in tuberculosis, 761, 761f forces acting on, 314–315, 314f, 315f fracture-dislocation of. See also Hip dislocation arthritis after, 3298 complications of, 3296–3298, 3296f, 3297f posterior type I, 3287–3291, 3288f, 3289f, 3290f type II, III, IV, 3291 type V, 3291–3295 acetabular, 3294–3295, 3294f, 3295f classiﬁ cation of, 3291–3292, 3292f, 3293f closed reduction for, 3292– 3293, 3294f femoral head, 3292–3294, 3294f

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Hip—cont’d fracture-dislocation of—cont’d posterior—cont’d type V—cont’d femoral neck, 3294 open reduction for, 3293–3295, 3294f, 3295f osteonecrosis with, 3297, 3297f fracture of. See Hip fracture gunshot injury to, 3027–3028 heterotopic ossiﬁ cation of, 393–394, 3298 idiopathic transient osteoporosis of, 1041–1042, 1042f incongruous reduction of, 1628, 1629f, 1630f irritable, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease vs., 1263 juvenile rheumatoid arthritis of, 991, 991f Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease of, 1262– 1281. See also Legg-CalvéPerthes disease magnetic resonance imaging of, 140, 142–144, 142f, 143f Meyer dysplasia of, Legg-CalvéPerthes disease vs., 1263 neuropathic arthropathy of, 1044–1045 osteoarthritis of. See Osteoarthritis, hip osteochondritis dissecans of, 1281, 1282f osteoid osteoma of, 856f, 857f osteonecrosis of. See also Femoral head, osteonecrosis of developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip and, 1195–1197, 1196f, 1197f dislocation and, 1628, 1629f, 3296– 3297, 3296f, 3297f magnetic resonance imaging of, 142, 142f pediatric fracture and, 1618, 1619f Paget disease of, 388–389, 389f pain in, 338, 339b pediatric dislocation of congenital. See Developmental/ congenital dysplasia of hip teratological, 1194–1195, 1195f traumatic, 1628–1630, 1629f, 1630f fracture of. See Children, hip fracture in resection of. See also Hip arthroplasty, resection for persistent infection, 738–739, 739f rheumatoid arthritis of, 995–996, 996f septic arthritis of, 732–739. See also Septic arthritis, hip snapping, 967–969, 968f Solocum disarticulation of, 617

Hip—cont’d stiffness of, myelomeningocele-related, 1471–1472 stress transfer in, 315–317, 316f synovectomy of, 760, 760f for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 995 transient osteoporosis of, 142, 143f trauma to. See Hip fracture; Hip dislocation tuberculosis of, 391, 760, 760f Hip arthrodesis, 195–203 arthroplasty vs., 336–337, 386–388, 387f cancellous screw ﬁ xation for, 196 for cerebral palsy–related hip dislocation, 1358 cobra plate ﬁ xation for, 197–199, 198f–199f, 201–202, 203f compression screw ﬁ xation for, 199–200 after failed total hip arthroplasty, 201– 202, 203f femoral head absence and, 200–201 for fracture nonunion, 3558 indications for, 195–196 muscle-pedicle bone graft for, 196– 197, 197f hernia and, 21 for osteoarthritis, 1031 septic arthritis and, 747 total hip arthroplasty after, 202–203 for tuberculosis, 761 Hip arthroplasty, 312–466 acetabular component for, 328–335 alternative bearings for, 332–335, 334f cemented, 328–329, 329f loosening of, 425–426, 427f pelvic bone stresses with, 317 cementless, 329–332, 329f, 330f, 331f, 332f antiprotrusio ring/cage for, 331– 332, 332f constrained liners for, 330–331, 331f custom-made, 331, 332f implantation of, 347–349, 347f, 348f liners for, 330–331, 330f, 331f loosening of, 329–330, 425–426, 428f polar gaps with, 317, 317f porous metal augments for, 331, 332f specialized, 331, 332f stress transfer with, 317–318, 318f ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for, 334–335 highly cross-linked polyethylene for, 333 loosening of, 425–428, 426f, 427f, 428f

Hip arthroplasty—cont’d acetabular component for—cont’d metal-on-metal bearings for, 333– 334, 335f, 336f for acetabular fracture, 382, 384, 384f, 3323, 3334, 3335f acetabulum preparation in, 345–347, 346f adaptive bone remodeling in, 315–317, 316f antibiotic prophylaxis for, 415–416, 416t after arthrodesis, 202–203, 386–388, 387f, 388f arthrodesis vs., 336–337, 386–388, 387f bilateral, 338 biomechanics of, 314–318, 314f, 315f, 316f, 318f care after, 464–466, 464f for chronic hip dislocation reduction, 3608 in chronic renal failure, 390 complications of, 392–430 component loosening, 420–428 acetabular, 425–428, 426f, 427f, 428f femoral, 420–425, 421f, 422f, 423f, 424f, 426–428 dislocation/subluxation, 401–406, 401f, 402f, 403f, 404f, 405f fracture, 406–411, 407f–408f, 409f, 409t, 410f, 411f, 412f, 412t, 3215–3216, 3216f hematoma, 392–393 heterotopic ossiﬁ cation, 393–394, 393f infectious, 414–420. See also Hip arthroplasty, infection after limb-length, 399–401, 399f, 400f nerve-related, 386–398 osteolytic, 428–430, 429f, 430f thromboembolic, 394–396, 394t trochanteric nonunion, 411–414, 413f, 414f vascular, 398–399, 399f contraindications to, 337 for developmental dysplasia, 328, 328f, 372–379, 373f–380f dislocation/subluxation after, 401– 406, 401f, 402f, 403f, 404f, 405f draping for, 340 in dwarﬁ sm, 379–382, 381f, 1310 evaluation for, 337–338, 339b exercises after, 465 failed. See also Hip arthroplasty, revision cobra plate arthrodesis after, 201– 202, 203f for failed reconstructive procedures, 385–388, 385f, 386f, 387f, 388f false aneurysm with, 399, 399f

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Hip arthroplasty—cont’d femoral component for, 318–328, 319f, 320f, 321f cemented, 321–323, 322f, 323f implantation of, 355–359, 356f, 357f, 358f, 359f length of, 323 loosening of, 420–423, 421f, 422f, 423f neutral positioning of, 322f, 323 polished, 323, 323f surface texturing of, 322–323, 322f cementless, 323–327, 324f, 325f, 326f, 327f anatomical, 323–325, 324f bone hypertrophy and, 316 bone remodeling and, 326 bone strain with, 317 diameter of, 325–326 implantation of, 351–355, 352f, 353f, 354f loosening of, 423–425, 424f modular, 325, 326f nonporous, 326–327, 327f porous, 323–326, 324f, 325f, 326f straight, 323–325, 324f, 325f stress shielding and, 316, 316f, 317, 325–326 custom-made, 327–328, 328f head size of, 320–321, 321f horizontal offset for, 319, 320f loosening of, 420–425, 421f, 422f, 423f, 424f, 426–428 modular, 319–320, 319f, 320f neck-stem angle of, 319, 320f nonporous, 326–327, 327f removal of, 433–438, 434f, 435f, 436f, 437f, 438f specialized, 327–328, 328f version of, 319–320, 320f vertical height for, 319, 319f for femoral head osteonecrosis, 369– 370, 389 for femoral neck fracture, 382, 3279– 3282, 3280f femur preparation in, 351, 351f follow-up after, 465 fracture complications of, 406–411, 407f–408f, 409f, 409t, 410f, 411f, 412f, 412t for fracture nonunion, 3558 gait training after, 465 for Gaucher disease, 389 hematoma formation with, 392–393 for hemophilic arthropathy, 390, 1284 heterotopic ossiﬁ cation with, 393–394, 393f historical perspective on, 313–314 indications for, 335–337, 336b infection after, 414–420, 415t antibiotic prophylaxis and, 415–416, 416t classiﬁ cation of, 416

Hip arthroplasty—cont’d infection after—cont’d diagnosis of, 416–417, 416f early postoperative, 416, 417–418 hematogenous, 416, 418 late chronic, 416, 418 management of, 417–420 reconstruction after, 418–420 resection arthroplasty after, 420, 420f for intertrochanteric fracture, 3261, 3261f leg-length measurement in, 345, 345f limb-length discrepancy with, 399– 401, 399f, 400f loosening after, 420–428. See also Hip arthroplasty, revision acetabular, 421f, 425–426, 426f, 427f diagnosis of, 431 femoral, 420–425, 421f, 422f, 423f, 424f minimally invasive, 359–361, 360f mortality rates after, 392 for myelomeningocele-related stiffness, 1471–1472 nerve injury with, 386–398 for neuromuscular disorder, 392 for osteoarthritis, 368–369, 369f, 1030–1031 osteolysis after, 428–430, 429f, 430f for Paget disease, 388–389, 389f patient preparation for, 340 posterolateral approach for, 343–347, 344f, 345f, 346f postinfection, 419–420 prostheses for. See Hip arthroplasty, acetabular component for; Hip arthroplasty, femoral component for for protrusio acetabuli, 370–372, 370f, 371f, 372f after proximal femoral osteotomy, 385–386, 385f, 386f for pyogenic arthritis, 390–391 radiography for, 338–340, 340, 341f–342f resection for cerebral palsy-related hip dislocation, 1354 for infection, 418–419, 420, 420f resurfacing, 334, 335f, 336f, 361–364, 363f complications of, 364 failure of, 364 for osteoarthritis, 1030–1031 revision, 430–464 acetabular component removal in, 444–446, 445f, 446f acetabular deﬁ cit in, 446–453, 447f, 448t cavitary, 447f, 448, 449f segmental, 447f, 448, 450–453, 450f, 451f, 452f

Hip arthroplasty—cont’d revision—cont’d broken stem removal in, 438–440, 439f contraindications to, 431 equipment for, 432 femoral allograft in, 460–464, 463f femoral cement removal in, 440– 444, 441f, 442f, 444f femoral deﬁ cit in, 453–464, 454t, 455f, 456f cavitary, 454t, 455f, 456f, 458– 460, 458f, 460f, 461f segmental, 454t, 455f, 456f, 457– 458, 457f, 458f femoral deformity in, 460, 462f indications for, 431 pelvic discontinuity in, 452, 453f preparation for, 431–432 radiography for, 432 stem removal in, 433–438, 434f, 435f, 436f, 437f, 438f trochanteric osteotomy in, 433, 433f for rheumatoid arthritis, 369, 995– 996, 996f septic arthritis and, 747, 748 for sickle cell anemia, 389–390 splint placement after, 464, 464f stress transfer in, 315–317, 316f template planning for, 339 thromboembolic complications of, 394–396, 394t for trochanteric fracture, 382, 383f trochanteric nonunion after, 411–414, 413f, 414f trochanteric osteotomy in, 364–368, 365f, 366f, 367f, 368f complications of, 411–414, 413f, 414f for tuberculosis, 391 for tumors, 391 two-incision, 361 vascular complications of, 398–399, 399f Hip arthroscopy, 2905–2912 complications of, 2911–2912 indications for, 2905 for labral injuries, 2909, 2911 lateral decubitus position, 2907–2909, 2908f, 2910f for osteochondritis dissecans, 1281 for septic arthritis, 736 supine position, 2905–2907, 2906f, 2907f Hip dislocation, 3286–3298, 3581–3585, 3582f anterior, 3296, 3296f unreduced, 3606–3607 arthritis after, 3298 arthrogryposis-related, 1477 Bankart-type repair for, 2671–2672, 2673f central, 3582

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Hip dislocation—cont’d cerebral palsy–related, 1351–1358 evaluation of, 1347, 1347f proximal femoral resection for, 1357, 1357f San Diego procedure for, 1353– 1354, 1355f, 1356f varus derotational osteotomy for, 1353–1354, 1355f, 1356f classiﬁ cation of, 3582 closed reduction of, 3288–3290, 3582 Allis maneuver for, 3289, 3289f, 3582, 3583f Bigelow maneuver for, 3289, 3289f East Baltimore lift for, 3290, 3290f, 3584f Lefkowitz maneuver for, 3582, 3583f Stimson method for, 3288, 3288f, 3582, 3583f complications of, 3296–3298, 3296f, 3297f, 3584–3585, 3584f congenital. See Developmental/ congenital dysplasia of hip femoral shaft fracture and, 3214– 3215 instability after, 3585 ipsilateral femoral fracture with, 1629–1630 in Morquio syndrome, 1310, 1311f myelomeningocele-related, 1469–1471, 1470f open reduction for, 3583–3584 osteonecrosis and, 1628, 1629f, 3296– 3297, 3296f, 3297f paralytic, 1435–1437 pediatric. See also Developmental/ congenital dysplasia of hip incongruous reduction of, 1628, 1629f, 1630f teratological, 1194–1195, 1195f traumatic, 1628–1630, 1629f, 1630f postarthroplasty, 401–406 acetabular component position and, 401–403, 402f, 403f, 404, 404f closed reduction of, 405, 405f femoral component position and, 403, 404, 404f osteophytes and, 403–404, 404f physical therapy precautions and, 404–405 revision surgery for, 405–406 soft-tissue tension and, 404 surgical approach and, 401, 401f posterior, 3287–3296 femoral head fracture with, 3291– 3295, 3292f, 3293f, 3294f femoral neck/shaft fracture with, 3295–3296 traction and abduction for, 3607– 3608, 3608f

Hip dislocation—cont’d posterior—cont’d type I, 3287–3291, 3288f Allis maneuver for, 3289, 3289f Bigelow maneuver for, 3289, 3289f closed reduction for, 3288–3290, 3288f, 3289f, 3290f complications of, 3296–3298, 3296f East Baltimore lift for, 3290, 3290f open reduction for, 3290–3291 Stimson maneuver for, 3288, 3288f type II, II, IV, 3291 type V, 3291–3295, 3292f, 3293f, 3294f, 3295f unreduced, 3607–3608, 3608f posterior bone block for, 2671, 2672f prognosis for, 3296–3298 radiography of, 1628, 1629f, 1630f, 3582, 3582f recurrent, 969, 2670–2672, 2672f, 2673f pediatric, 1628 septic arthritis and, 736–737, 738f snapping with, 969 teratological, 1194–1195, 1195f unreduced, 3606–3608, 3608f Hip fracture, 3237–3286. See also Hip dislocation Buck traction for, 3238 classiﬁ cation of, 3237–3238 delayed ﬁ xation of, 3238 falls and, 3238 femoral head malunion of, 3493 posterior hip dislocation with, 3291–3295, 3292f, 3293f femoral neck, 3271–3285 alignment index in, 3273, 3273f, 3274f AO classiﬁ cation system for, 3275, 3275f arthroplasty for, 382 bone scan of, 3273 classiﬁ cation of, 3274–3276, 3274f, 3275f displaced, 3279–3282, 3280f, 3282f displaced vs. nondisplaced, 3274– 3275, 3274f femoral shaft fracture and, 3216– 3217, 3217f ﬁ xation of, 3271–3274 gunshot-related, 3027–3028 impacted vs. nondisplaced, 3275 infection after, 3282–3283 intracapsular, 3273 intracapsular pressures with, 3272–3273 intramedullary femoral shaft fracture nailing and, 3216– 3217, 3217f

Hip fracture—cont’d femoral neck—cont’d ipsilateral shaft fracture with, 3285– 3286, 3286f magnetic resonance imaging of, 143–144, 143f, 3273 malunion of, 3492–3493 nonunion of, 3272, 3555–3557 arthroplasty for, 382 osteosynthesis for, 3557 osteotomy for, 3557 prosthetic replacement for, 3558 occult, 3216–3217 osteonecrosis with, 3238, 3272– 3274, 3273f, 3274f pathological type, 3283 postirradiation, 3284–3285 prognosis for, 3238 shaft fracture with, 3216–3217, 3217f slipped capital femoral epiphysis treatment and, 1649–1651, 1650f stress type, 1623, 1623f, 3283, 3283f, 3284f pediatric, 1623, 1623f tension type, 3283 treatment of, 3276–3285 closed reduction for, 3276 compression screw and plate for, 3275, 3279 failure of, 3282–3283 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3276–3278, 3277f, 3278f, 3282–3283 prosthetic placement for, 3279– 3282, 3280t, 3282f screw ﬁ xation for, 3275–3276, 3277–3279, 3277f, 3278f incidence of, 3237 intertrochanteric, 3238f, 3239–3272 bone quality and, 3241, 3241f classiﬁ cation of, 3239–3240, 3239f, 3240f, 3241f communited vs. uncomminuted, 3240, 3241f infection after, 3283 malunion of, 3491–3492 nonoperative treatment of, 3240–3241 nonunion of, 382, 383f, 3261–3262 operative treatment of, 3241–3262 antibiotics for, 3242–3243 anticoagulation for, 3243 bone quality and, 3241–3242, 3241f closed vs. open, 3242 compression plates for, 3243, 3244f, 3245, 3246f, 3252, 3253f compression screw ﬁ xation for, 3241–3242, 3243, 3243f, 3245–3251, 3247f, 3248f, 3249f, 3251f

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Hip fracture—cont’d intertrochanteric—cont’d operative treatment of—cont’d intramedullary ﬁ xation devices for, 3243, 3244–3245, 3244f, 3254–3261, 3256f–3257f, 3259f–3260f osteotomy for, 3253–3254, 3254f physical therapy after, 3243 polymethyl methacrylate for, 3242 prosthetic arthroplasty for, 3261, 3261f salvage procedures for, 3261– 3262, 3261f tip-apex distance in, 3241–3242, 3242f prognosis for, 3238 stable, 3240, 3240f, 3242 unstable, 3240, 3240f, 3242, 3243f, 3244–3245 magnetic resonance imaging of, 143– 144, 143f, 3238, 3238f metastatic disease and, 925, 925f mortality with, 3238 nonunion of, 3555–3558, 3555f in children, 1620, 1622f, 1624–1625 femoral neck, 382, 3272, 3555–3558 intertrochanteric, 382, 383f, 3261–3262 subtrochanteric, 3555 trochanteric, 3555 occult, 143–144, 143f osteoporosis and, 3238, 3242 pediatric. See Children, hip fracture in periprosthetic, 406–411 acetabular, 411, 412f, 412t classiﬁ cation of, 406, 407f–408f femoral, 406–411, 407f–408f, 409f, 409t, 410f, 411f prognosis for, 3238, 3239 radiography of, 3238, 3238f risk factors for, 3238 subtrochanteric, 3214, 3262–3271 classiﬁ cation of, 3262–3263, 3262f, 3263f infection after, 3283 nonoperative treatment of, 3263 nonunion of, 3555 operative treatment of, 3263–3271, 3264t AO blade-plate ﬁ xation for, 3263–3264 closed technique for, 3264–3265, 3265f compression screw ﬁ xation for, 3264, 3270 interlocking reconstruction nails for, 3265–3270, 3267f– 3268f 95-degree condylar plate ﬁ xation for, 3270–3271, 3271f

Hip fracture—cont’d subtrochanteric—cont’d operative treatment of—cont’d Russell-Taylor reconstruction nails for, 3264–3265, 3265f prognosis for, 3238 traction for, 3238 Hip hemiarthroplasty bipolar vs. unipolar, 3281–3282, 3282f cemented vs. cementless, 3282 for femoral head osteonecrosis, 1040, 1041 for femoral neck fracture, 3279–3282, 3280t, 3282f resurfacing, 1040 Hirayama technique, for ulnar osteotomy, 1558, 1558f Hirose and Johnson technique, for plantar ﬂ exion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy, 4592–4594, 4593f Histiocytoma, ﬁ brous benign, 863 malignant, 825f, 917, 918f–919f, 924f, 946–949, 948f, 4326, 4326f Histiocytosis X, 893, 896–897, 896f, 897f Histoplasmosis, 766, 767f Hitchcock technique, for biceps tendon transfer, 982–983, 983f HIV (human immunodeﬁ ciency virus) infection. See Human immunodeﬁ ciency virus (HIV) infection Hoffer technique for obstetric brachial palsy, 1487, 1488f for split anterior tibial tendon transfer, 1374, 1375f Hofmann et al. technique, for lateral closing wedge tibial osteotomy, 1006–1010, 1008f–1009f Hoke-Kite arthrodesis, for calcaneocavovarus and cavovarus deformity, 4753, 4755–4756, 4755f Holt-Oram syndrome, 4376 Hook of hamate, fracture of, 4035, 4037t–4038t, 4038–4039, 4039f Hoppenfeld and deBoer technique for lateral knee exposure, 47–48, 47f for medial hip exposure, 74–75, 75f for medial knee exposure, 43, 44f–45f Horst and Nunley technique, for glomus tumor excision, 4779–4781, 4780f Hotchkiss technique, for hinged elbow external ﬁ xator, 3624–3630, 3625f, 3626f, 3627f, 3629f Houghton and Ackroyd technique, for patellar sleeve fracture reduction, 1668, 1669f

House et al. technique for pinch restoration, 4164–4167, 4164f, 4165f, 4166f, 4170b for thumb-in-palm deformity, 4187– 4189, 4188f, 4189f Hovnanian technique, for latissimus dorsi transfer, 1445, 1447– 1448, 1447f Howard technique, for extensor tendon adherence, 3898, 3898f Hughston and Jacobson technique, for posterolateral rotary instability, 2482–2485, 2483f, 2484f Hughston and Losee, jerk test of, 2444, 2446f Hughston et al. technique, for popliteal cyst excision, 976–977, 977f Hughston technique, for posteromedial corner reconstruction, 2470– 2471, 2472f Human immunodeﬁ ciency virus (HIV) infection, 685–689 diagnosis of, 686 hand infection in, 4358 in hemophilic patients, 1287–1288 musculoskeletal syndromes in, 686– 687, 687t natural history of, 685–686, 686f pediatric, hip pain in, 1263 postexposure prophylaxis in, 688t, 689 prevalence of, 687 prevention of, 10–11, 687–689, 688b, 3046–3047 risks for, 687–689 transmission of, 687–689, 688b, 688t Humeral circumﬂ ex artery, quadrilateral space compression of, 2630– 2631, 2631f, 2632f Humeral condyles, fracture of. See Humeral fracture, distal Humeral fracture distal, 1567–1599, 3400–3410 buttress plating for, 3401, 3401f capitellar, 1568–1569, 1569f, 1580 classiﬁ cation of, 3400, 3400f complications of, 1568 epiphyseal lateral condyle, 1569–1573, 1570f, 1572f, 1574f medial condyle, 1579–1580, 1579f medial epicondyle, 1575, 1577– 1579, 1578f lateral condyle, 1569–1573 classiﬁ cation of, 1569–1570, 1570f closed reduction for, 1570–1571 complications of, 1571, 1571f, 1572 displacement with, 1569–1570, 1570f epiphyseal separation vs., 1598, 1598f ﬁ shtail deformity with, 1571, 1571f, 1572

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Humeral fracture—cont’d distal—cont’d lateral condyle—cont’d magnetic resonance imaging in, 1570–1571 nonunion of, 1570, 1570f, 1571, 1572–1575, 1574f, 1575f, 1576f, 1577f, 3562–3563, 3563f open reduction for, 1571, 1571f, 1572–1573, 1572f, 1574f osteonecrosis with, 1571, 1571f, 1572 pediatric, 1569–1573, 1570f, 1571f, 1572f, 1574f, 1575f ulnar nerve palsy and, 1570, 1570f, 1575 malunion of, 3503 medial condyle, 1579–1580, 1579f medial epicondyle, 1575, 1577–1579, 1578f nonunion of, 3562–3563, 3563f metastasis and, 808f–809f nonunion of, 3563 olecranon osteotomy approach for, 3401, 3402t, 3406–3408, 3406f, 3407f open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3401, 3402t, 3405–3408, 3405b, 3405f, 3406f, 3407f pediatric, 1558–1599, 1568t. See also Children, elbow fracture in physeal, 1569–1573, 1570f, 1572f, 1574f, 1598–1599, 1598f plate ﬁ xation for, 3401, 3404f, 3405, 3405b, 3405f supracondylar, 1548, 1580–1597. See also Children, supracondylar fracture in T -condylar, 1580, 1580f, 1581f triceps-reﬂ ecting anconeus pedicle approach for, 3401, 3402t, 3403f triceps-reﬂ ecting approach for, 3401, 3402t, 3403f triceps-splitting approach for, 3401, 3402t, 3404f trochlear, 1580 proximal, 3377–3388 arthroplasty and, 517–518, 517t classiﬁ cation of, 3378, 3378f complications of, 3382–3383, 3382f, 3388 four-part, 3384 intramedullary nailing for, 3381, 3381f, 3384–3385, 3385f, 3386f, 3387f malunion of, 3496, 3499–3502 anatomical neck, 3501 evaluation of, 3499–3500 nonoperative treatment for, 3500 operative treatment for, 3500– 3504, 3501f, 3502f

Humeral fracture—cont’d proximal—cont’d malunion of—cont’d radiography in, 3500 surgical neck, 3501–3502, 3501f nonoperative treatment of, 3377, 3378–3379 nonunion of, 3382, 3388, 3559– 3560, 3560f open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3385–3386, 3388, 3388f osteonecrosis and, 149, 149f, 3388 percutaneous pinning for, 3380– 3381, 3381f physeal, 1599–1601, 1600f, 1601f plate-and-screw constructs for, 3381–3382, 3382f radiographic evaluation of, 3378, 3379f, 3380f shoulder arthrodesis and, 219 transosseous suture ﬁ xation for, 3380, 3380f, 3383, 3383f, 3384, 3384f two-part greater tuberosity type of, 3383, 3383f two-part surgical neck type of, 3383–3384, 3384f shaft of, 3389–3400, 3502 arthroplasty and, 517–518, 517t, 518f, 520–521 elbow arthroplasty and, 3398, 3400 functional bracing for, 3389 intramedullary nailing for, 3394– 3397, 3395f, 3396f–3397f nonoperative treatment of, 3389 nonunion of, 3560–3562, 3561f, 3562f intramedullary ﬁ bular allograft for, 3537–3538, 3538f operative treatment of, 3389, 3389b periprosthetic, 3398, 3400 plate osteosynthesis for, 3390–3392, 3390f, 3391f, 3392f radial nerve injury with, 3391– 3392, 3397–3398, 3398f, 3399f, 4149–4150, 4149f shoulder arthroplasty and, 3398, 3400 triceps-reﬂ ecting approach for, 3392–3394, 3393f–3394f Humeral head Hill-Sachs lesion of, 2680, 2680f, 2685–2686, 2697, 2933 osteonecrosis of, 490, 491f, 1041 Humeral osteotomy distal for cubitus valgus, 1575, 1577f for cubitus varus, 1592–1597, 1592f, 1593f, 1594f, 1595f, 1596f, 1597f lateral closing wedge, for cubitus varus, 1592, 1592f, 1593– 1594, 1594f, 1595f

Humeral osteotomy—cont’d distal—cont’d oblique, for cubitus varus, 1592, 1595 step-cut, for cubitus varus, 1592, 1596–1597, 1596f, 1597f three-dimensional, for cubitus varus, 1592, 1592f proximal, rotational for brachial plexus injury, 1484–1485 for shoulder dislocation, 2702–2704, 2703f Humerus. See also Elbow; Shoulder anatomy of, 2678–2679, 2678f approach to, 100–105 anterolateral, 100–102, 101f, 102f, 103f posterior, 102–103, 103f distal approach to, 103–105, 104f capitellum of fracture of, 1568–1569, 1569f, 1580 osteonecrosis of, lateral condylar fracture and, 1571, 1571f, 1572 epiphysis of fracture of lateral condyle, 1569–1573, 1570f, 1572f, 1574f medial condyle, 1579–1580, 1579f medial epicondyle, 1575, 1577– 1578, 1578f separation of, 1598–1599, 1598f fracture of. See Humeral fracture, distal medial condyle of, fracture of, 1579–1580, 1579f medial epicondyle of displacement/entrapment of, 1577–1579, 1578f excision of, 3682, 3683, 3683f fracture of, 1575, 1577–1579, 1578f nonunion of, 3562–3563, 3563f osteotomy of, 112–113, 113f osteonecrosis of, fracture and, 1568, 1571, 1571f, 1572 osteotomy of. See Humeral osteotomy, distal resection of, 807, 808f–809f growth of, 1535, 1536f proximal arthrodesis of, 805, 805f biopsy of, 804 blood supply of, 3378, 3379f chondroblastoma of, 890f chondrosarcoma of, 804f, 910f fracture of. See Humeral fracture, proximal gunshot injury to, 3027f intraosseous ganglion of, 872f

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Humerus—cont’d proximal—cont’d metastatic carcinoma of, 926f osteomyelitis of, 700f osteosarcoma of, 792f, 904f posterior approach to, 102–103, 103f resection of, 801–802, 804f, 805f arthrodesis with, 805, 805f arthroplasty with, 805–806 rotational osteotomy of for brachial plexus injury, 1484–1485 for shoulder dislocation, 2702– 2704, 2703f surgical neck of amputation through, 631, 632f fracture malunion at, 3501–3502, 3501f fracture of, 3383–3384, 3384f unicameral bone cyst of, 868 radiography of, 2684, 2684f shaft of Ewing sarcoma of, 806f fracture of. See Humeral fracture, shaft of resection of, 806–807, 806f Humpback deformity, scaphoid nonunion and, 4028–4032, 4029f–4032f Hungerford technique, for core decompression, 1035–1036 Hunter technique, for ﬂ exor pollicis longus graft repair, 3896 Hurler syndrome, spinal deformity in, 2126–2129, 2128f Hutchinson sign, 4781f Hybrid external ﬁ xation, for tibial pilon fracture, 3114–3117, 3115f, 3116f Hydatid disease, 767 Hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele and, 1451–1452 Hydrosyringomyelia, myelomeningocele and, 1452 Hydroxyapatite, interporous, for fracture treatment, 3043 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic osteomyelitis, 709 for gas gangrene, 3073–3074 Hyperkyphosis, in cerebral palsy, 1381 Hyperlordosis, in cerebral palsy, 1381 Hyperparathyroidism, brown tumor of, 873, 875, 875f Hyperthermia, osteogenesis imperfecta and, 2122 Hypogammaglobulinemia, infection and, 676 Hypogastric ﬂ ap, 3844–3845, 3844f Hypothermia, 564

I Idiopathic transient osteoporosis, 1041– 1042, 1042f Ileus, after scoliosis surgery, 1977

Iliac cortical density, 3357, 3359f Iliac crest graft, 15, 20–23, 21f, 22f, 23f ankle arthrodesis with, 169, 170f, 171, 172f antibiotic with, 685 complications of, 1949, 1950f for glenoid deﬁ ciency, 2697–2698, 2699f for great toe wraparound ﬂ ap, 3775– 3779, 3778f, 3779f spinal arthrodesis with, 1948–1949, 1949f, 1950f vascularized, 3760f, 3765, 3767 Wolfe-Kawamoto technique in, 21, 22f Iliac crest transfer, 1432–1433, 1433f Iliac ﬁ xation, 2019, 2020f Iliac osteotomy, for bladder exstrophy, 1222–1224, 1223f Iliac vein injury, arthroplasty-related, 398 Iliofemoral approach, to acetabulum, 79, 80f, 81–85, 82f, 83f–84f Iliofemoral ﬂ ap application of, 3737–3740, 3842–3843, 3843f dissection for, 3738–3740, 3739f vascular anatomy of, 3737–3738, 3737f, 3738f, 3739f Iliohypogastric nerve, 3688 Ilioinguinal approach, to acetabulum, 75–79, 76f–78f, 79f Ilioinguinal nerve, 3688 injury to, iliac graft and, 22 Iliopectineal bursa, inﬂ ammation of, 980–981 Iliopsoas bursa, inﬂ ammation of, 980–981 Iliopsoas muscle transfer, 1435, 1436f Iliopsoas tendon medial release of, 969 recession of, for cerebral palsy–related hip deformity, 1349, 1351, 1351f release of, for cerebral palsy–related hip deformity, 1351 snapping, 968–969, 968f step-cut lengthening of, 969 Iliosacral screw ﬁ xation for sacral fracture, 3353–3354, 3355, 3355f for sacroiliac joint disruption, 3356– 3363, 3359f–3362f Iliotibial band, 2397, 2408 in snapping hip, 967–968, 968f tenodesis of, for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2502–2505, 2502f, 2503f, 2504f, 2505f Z -plasty of, 968, 968f Iliotibial tract, 2397, 2397f Ilium approach to, 89 bleeding from, 23

Ilium—cont’d cosmetic defect in, 22, 23f Ewing sarcoma of, 816f graft from, 15, 20–23, 21f, 22f, 23f osteomyelitis of, 713, 715–716, 715f, 716f, 737 osteosarcoma of, 815f pericapsular osteotomy of, 1201–1202, 1207–1208, 1207f, 1208f resection of, 815f, 816f for osteomyelitis, 715–716, 715f, 716f tuberculosis of, 760 Wolfe-Kawamoto graft technique for, 21, 22f Ilizarov external ﬁ xator, 3071–3072 for chronic osteomyelitis treatment, 709 for femoral lengthening, 1163–1166, 1165f for femoral shaft fracture nonunion, 3555, 3556f for fracture nonunion, 3538–3539, 3542–3545, 3542b, 3543f, 3544f for proximal tibial fracture, 3154, 3155f for resistant clubfoot, 1095–1096 for supracondylar fracture nonunion, 3553, 3553f for tibia vara, 1296–1297, 1302, 1303f for tibial fracture nonunion, 3543– 3544, 3544f, 3552–3553 for tibial lengthening, 1155, 1156f, 1157–1160, 1158f, 1159f for tibial pseudarthrosis, 1109–1110 for tibial shaft fracture, 3131–3138, 3132f–3137f Immune globulin, tetanus, 3074 Immune system, in infection, 676 Immunization polio, 1402 tetanus, 3074 Impingement syndromes elbow, 3003, 3004f shoulder. See Shoulder, impingement syndromes of talar, 2374–2377, 2375f, 2849f, 2901, 2902f anterior inferior tibioﬁ bular ligament resection for, 2376, 2376f, 2377f trochanter, 1276–1277 Impingement tests, in shoulder injury, 2603–2606, 2604f–2605f, 2607t Implant. See Bioabsorbable materials; Intramedullary nails/nailing; Pin(s); Plate(s); Prostheses; Screw(s) Incision. See also at speciﬁ c structures and procedures drapes for, 10, 10f scarring and, 23–24. See also Scar

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Incisional biopsy, 780–781 Inclusion cyst. See Epidermoid cyst Index ﬁ nger. See Finger(s), index Indium-111-labeled leukocyte imaging, 682 postarthroplasty infection, 417 septic arthritis, 725 spinal infection, 2245 Indium-111-labeled monoclonal immunoglobulin imaging, 682 Indomethacin for acetabular fracture, 3334 for heterotopic ossiﬁ cation prevention, 3410 Infant. See Children Infantile idiopathic scoliosis, 1922–1924, 1923t mechanism of, 1923–1924, 1923f resolving vs. progressive, 1924, 1924f rib-vertebral angle difference in, 1924, 1924f treatment of, 1924 Infarction, bone, 875, 876f Infection, 675–689, 676b. See also Abscess and speciﬁ c infections amputation and, 571, 571f amputation for, 565–566, 565f, 565t anaerobic, 711 arthroplasty and, 282–286, 283f, 284f, 285f, 414–420, 415t, 416f, 416t arthroscopy and, 2807 bone. See Osteomyelitis diagnosis of, 678–684 culture in, 683–684 imaging in, 679–683, 679f, 680f, 681f, 681t, 682f laboratory studies in, 678–679, 679t elbow arthroplasty and, 533, 549 etiology of, 675–678 foot, amputation for, 565, 565f, 565t fungal hand, 4346t, 4361 osseous, 765–767 spinal, 2249–2250 gas-forming, 565–566, 565f, 565t gunshot wound, 3026 hand. See Hand infection hip arthroplasty and, 414–420, 415t, 416f, 416t hip fracture and, 3282–3283 HIV. See Human immunodeﬁ ciency virus (HIV) infection immunological status and, 676 intramedullary nails/nailing and, 3063, 3072–3073 joint. See Septic arthritis knee arthroplasty and, 282–286, 283f, 284f, 285f malnutrition and, 675–676 nonunion and, 3539–3542, 3541f, 3542f

Infection—cont’d open fracture, 3030–3032, 3031f, 3032f, 3033, 3033t, 3072–3073 antibiotics for, 3030–3032, 3031f, 3032f operating room environment and, 677 organism identiﬁ cation in, 683–684 pathogenesis of, 3030, 3031f, 3032f patient-dependent factors in, 675–676 pin track, 1167–1168 prophylactic antibiotics and, 678 radiography in, 679, 679f scoliosis surgery and, 1977, 1979 shoulder arthroplasty and, 521 skin preparation and, 677, 677t spinal. See Spinal infection surgeon-dependent factors in, 677–678 treatment of, 684–685 tuberculosis. See Tuberculosis Inﬂ ammation bursal. See Bursitis cutaneous, after amputation, 573 joint. See Rheumatoid arthritis osseous. See Osteomyelitis Infrapatellar bursa, inﬂ ammation of, 975 Infraspinatus muscle drop sign test of, 2607, 2608f external rotation lag sign test of, 2607, 2608f external rotation stress test of, 2607, 2608f paralysis of, 1442–1443 Inglis and Cooper technique, for ﬂ exorpronator origin release, 4180, 4180f Ingram et al. technique, for epiphyseal and metaphyseal osteotomy, 1299–1301, 1300f Ingram technique, for physeal bridge resection, 1313, 1314f Ingrown toenail, 4761–4776 etiology of, 4761–4762, 4762f nail fold removal or reduction for, 4771–4773, 4772f, 4773f, 4774f nail plate and germinal matrix removal for, 4766, 4768, 4769f, 4770f nonoperative management of, 4762– 4763, 4762f partial nail fold and nail matrix removal for, 4768, 4770– 4771, 4771f partial nail plate and matrix removal for, 4765–4766, 4765f, 4766f–4767f partial nail plate removal for, 4764, 4764f, 4765f phenol ablation for, 4775–4776, 4776f stage I, 4762, 4762f, 4763f stage II, 4762–4763 stage III, 4763

Ingrown toenail—cont’d terminal Syme procedure for, 4773– 4775, 4775f total nail plate removal for, 4763– 4764, 4763f, 4764f trimming of, 4762, 4763f Inhofe and Moneim technique, for malunited proximal radial fracture, 3503–3504 Injection injury, hand, 4114, 4116–4117, 4116t Injury. See Trauma and at speciﬁ c bones, nerves, and soft tissues Inlay bone graft, 18 for ﬁ fth metatarsal fracture, 4883–4884 for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2885–2886, 2887f Innominate bone, resection of, 818, 820f, 821f, 822 Innominate osteotomy Canale et al. technique for, 1268, 1268f for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1202, 1202f, 1203–1207, 1204f, 1204t, 1206f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1266f, 1267–1268, 1267f, 1268f with medial acetabular displacement. See Chiari pelvic osteotomy triple, for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1202–1203, 1204t, 1209– 1211, 1209f, 1211f Inside-out technique, for arthroscopic meniscal tear repair, 2832, 2833t, 2834–2836, 2835f, 2836f Instability ankle. See Ankle, ligamentous injury of carpal. See Carpal ligaments, instability of cervical spine. See Cervical spine, instability of elbow, 2718–2719, 2718f, 2719f, 2720f. See also Elbow, recurrent dislocation of knee, 2450–2453, 2451f. See also Knee ligaments, injury to metatarsophalangeal joint, 4625–4630, 4626f, 4627f, 4628f, 4629f patellar, 2890, 3577 patellofemoral joint, 286–287, 286f, 293–294, 293f radioulnar joint, 3508–3509, 4045b, 4046, 4053–4061, 4054f– 4055f, 4057f, 4058f shoulder, 2949, 2952–2964. See also Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of Instability index, in odontoid anomalies, 1882, 1882f

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Intercarpal ligaments, 4000, 4001, 4001f, 4002f Intercondylar eminence, tibial, fracture of, 1668–1671, 1669f, 1670f, 1671f classiﬁ cation of, 1668–1669, 1669f complications of, 1669–1670 reduction and ﬁ xation for, 1670–1671, 1670f Intercondylar notch, 2818f, 2820–2821, 2820f chondroblastoma of, 892f Interdigital neuroma. See Neuroma, interdigital (Morton) Interfascicular nerve grafting. See Nerve graft/grafting, interfascicular Interlocking horizontal mattress suture, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3858, 3859f Intermetacarpal ligament reconstruction, for thumb carpometacarpal joint dislocation, 3930–3931, 3931f Internal derangement ankle. See Ankle, internal derangement of intervertebral disc. See Intervertebral disc, internal derangement of knee, 2416–2417 Internal ﬁ xation. See Fracture(s), surgical treatment of Internal rotation lag sign, in shoulder injury, 2607, 2608f, 2609 Internal rotation resistance stress test, in shoulder injury, 2604f, 2606 Internode, 3638, 3638f Interosseous artery, 3839, 3839f Interosseous nerve injury, elbow dislocation and, 3409 Interphalangeal joint(s) ﬁ nger. See also Finger(s) distal arthrodesis of, 4219, 4220, 4221– 4222, 4221f hyperﬂ exion of, 4211, 4214f mallet deformity of. See Mallet ﬁ nger proximal arthrodesis of, 4219–4221, 4220f arthroplasty of, 4209–4211, 4210f, 4211f, 4212f, 4213f capsulotomy of, 3975–3977, 3976f, 3977f collateral ligament of, rupture of, 3962–3963, 3965, 3965f dislocation of, 1543, 3962–3967, 3963f, 3964f, 3965f, 3966f collateral ligament repair for, 3963, 3965 open reduction and ﬁ xation for, 3965–3966, 3965f, 3966f tendon graft for, 3962–3963, 3965f

Interphalangeal joint(s)—cont’d ﬁ nger—cont’d proximal—cont’d dislocation of—cont’d undiagnosed, 3965–3966, 3965f, 3966f ﬂ exion deformity of. See also Buttonhole deformity congenital, 4442–4445, 4442f, 4443f, 4444t fracture-dislocation of, 3951– 3952, 3954–3962, 3955f, 3956f, 3957f closed reduction for, 3954, 3960f external ﬁ xation frame for, 3954, 3958f–3959f force-couple splint reduction for, 3960–3962, 3961f open reduction for, 3954–3955, 3960 hyperextension deformity of. See Swan-neck deformity sublimis tenodesis of, 4192, 4192f synovectomy of, 4218 septic arthritis of, 4355–4356 great toe. See also Great toe approach to, 24 arthrodesis of for claw toe, 4561 for hallux varus, 4554–4557, 4556f–4557f dislocation of, 4887–4888, 4887f, 4888f thumb. See also Thumb arthrodesis of, 4241 synovectomy of, 4223 toe. See also Toe(s) approach to, 24 ﬂ exion deformity of. See Toe(s), claw; Toe(s), hammer; Toe(s), mallet rheumatoid arthritis of, 4684 Interporous hydroxyapatite, for fracture treatment, 3043 Interposition arthroplasty elbow, 530, 531f, 537–538, 538f trapeziometacarpal joint, 4231–4236, 4232f, 4235f, 4241 Interposition hemiarthroplasty, shoulder, 495 Intertrochanteric femoral fracture. See Hip fracture, intertrochanteric Intertrochanteric osteotomy, 748–750, 749f Brackett ball-and-socket, 749f, 750 for chronic unreduced hip dislocation, 3606–3607 for femoral fracture malunion, 3491–3492 for septic arthritis-associated deformity, 748–750, 749f

Intertrochanteric osteotomy—cont’d transverse closing wedge, 748, 749f transverse opening wedge, 748, 749– 750, 749f Intervertebral disc, 1729–1730 anatomy of, 2161–2163, 2162f, 2163f anulus cells of, 2162 arthroplasty for, 2223, 2223f bulge of, 144 calciﬁ cation of, 1915 cells of, 2162 excision of for anterior spinal instrumentation, 1988–1989, 1989f for lumbar arthrodesis, 1871–1873, 1872f, 1873f for rupture, 2209–2210 video-assisted thoracoscopic, 1994– 1997, 1996f, 1997f extrusion (herniation) of, 144, 144f, 146f. See also Intervertebral disc disease infection of. See Discitis; Spinal infection internal derangement of, 2216–2223 diagnosis of, 2216–2217 discography in, 2221 imaging in, 2217, 2217f operative treatment for, 2221–2223, 2222f, 2223f patient selection for, 2218–2223, 2218t, 2219t, 2220t, 2221t pain in, 2216, 2217f patient education for, 2217–2218 spinal anesthetic testing in, 2219– 2221, 2219t, 2220t, 2221t total disc replacement for, 2223, 2223f magnetic resonance imaging of, 144– 147, 145f, 146f, 2167f, 2170– 2171, 2170f, 2189, 2203, 2204f microscopic anatomy of, 2238–2239, 2238f, 2239f neural elements of, 2162–2163, 2162f, 2163f postoperative, 144–147, 146f protrusion of, 144 sequestration of, 144 venous drainage of, 2239, 2239f, 2240f Intervertebral disc disease, 2159–2224 cervical, 2184–2216 anterior approach for, 2185–2186, 2185t, 2192–2195, 2194f arthrodesis for. See Cervical spine arthrodesis arthroplasty for, 2195 bone scan in, 2171 bracing for, 2190 classiﬁ cation of, 2188–2189 differential diagnosis of, 2188–2189 discography in, 2189 distraction test in, 2188

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Intervertebral disc disease—cont’d cervical—cont’d facet dislocation and, 1798 foraminotomy for anterior, 2193–2195, 2194f posterior, 2190–2192, 2191f imaging in, 2166, 2189 injection studies in, 2171–2180, 2172b discographic, 2183–2184, 2184f epidural cortisone for, 2172–2173, 2174f zygapophyseal joint, 2178, 2178f magnetic resonance imaging in, 144, 145f, 2167f, 2170–2171, 2189 motion limitation in, 2188 myelography in, 2166–2169, 2167f nerve root compression in, 2186– 2188, 2186b, 2187b, 2187f nonoperative treatment of, 2189–2190 pain in, 2185, 2185t, 2186 pathogenesis of, 2161–2162, 2162f pathophysiology of, 2184–2185, 2185f posterior approach for, 2190–2192, 2191f radiography in, 2166 shoulder abduction relief sign in, 2188 signs and symptoms of, 2186–2188, 2186t, 2187f, 2187t spinal cord compression in, 2186, 2188 traction for, 2190 diagnosis of, 2166–2171, 2167f, 2169f, 2170f computed tomography in, 2169– 2170, 2169f discography in, 2180–2184, 2182f, 2183f, 2184f electromyography in, 2171 genetics in, 2160 injection studies in, 2171–2180, 2172b discographic, 2180–2184, 2182f, 2183f, 2184f epidural cortisone for, 2172–2177, 2174f, 2175f, 2176f, 2177f zygapophyseal joint, 2177–2180, 2178f, 2179f, 2180f magnetic resonance imaging in, 2170–2171, 2170f myelography in, 2166–2169, 2167f lumbar, 2199–2216 arthrodesis for. See Lumbar spine arthrodesis bone scan in, 2171 cauda equina syndrome in, 2201, 2206 computed tomography in, 2169– 2170, 2169f differential diagnosis of, 2203

Intervertebral disc disease—cont’d lumbar—cont’d electromyography in, 2171 endoscopic techniques for, 2210 fusion for, 2216 hemilaminectomy for, 2210 imaging in, 2203, 2203f, 2204f injection studies in, 2171–2184, 2172b discographic, 2181–2182, 2182f epidural cortisone for, 2174–2177, 2176f, 2177f zygapophyseal joint, 2178–2179, 2179f lateral approach for, 2210–2211, 2211f lumbar root anomalies and, 2211– 2212, 2211f, 2212f, 2213f magnetic resonance imaging in, 144, 146f, 2170–2171, 2170f, 2203, 2204f medications for, 2205 microdiscectomy for, 2206–2208, 2206f, 2208f myelography in, 2166–2169 natural history of, 2164–2166, 2164t, 2165f, 2165t, 2166t nerve root compression in, 2201– 2202, 2202b nonoperative treatment for, 2204–2205 NSAIDs for, 2205 operative treatment for, 2161f, 2205–2210, 2206f, 2208f complications of, 2212–2215, 2213t, 2214f dural tear with, 2213–2215, 2213t, 2214f, 2215b patient selection for, 2205–2206, 2212 repeat, 2215 results of, 2212 pain in, 2165–2166, 2165f, 2165t, 2206 paresthesias in, 2201 pathogenesis of, 2161–2162, 2162f patient education for, 2204–2205 physical therapy in, 2205 psychosocial factors in, 2165–2166, 2165f, 2165t radiography in, 2166 rest for, 2204 ruptured disc excision for, 2209–2210 signs and symptoms of, 2199–2203, 2201f, 2202t spasm in, 2201 straight leg raising test in, 2203 transdural approach for, 2210 weakness in, 2201 overview of, 2159–2161 thoracic, 2195–2199 anterior approach for, 2197–2199, 2198f

Intervertebral disc disease—cont’d thoracic—cont’d costotransversectomy for, 2197 endoscopic technique for, 2199, 2200f imaging in, 2196 injection studies in discographic, 2183, 2183f epidural cortisone for, 2174, 2175f nonoperative treatment for, 2196 pain in, 2195–2196, 2196f pathogenesis of, 2161–2162, 2162f signs and symptoms of, 2195–2196, 2196f video-assisted thoracic surgery for, 2196 Intraarticular osteotomy, in knee deformity, 746–747, 746f, 747f Intramedullary nails/nailing, 3060–3063, 3061f, 3062f arthrodesis with ankle, 169, 184–186, 184f, 185f knee, 189–194, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193f postarthroplasty, 284–286, 285f biomechanics of, 3061, 3062f centromedullary, 3061 cephalomedullary, 3061–3062 condylocephalic, 3061 for distal femoral fracture, 3175–3176 dynamic, 3062–3063, 3062f failure of, 3075, 3075f for femoral shaft fracture, 3027, 3060, 3191, 3193–3214, 3285–3286, 3286f. See also Femoral fracture, shaft, intramedullary nailing for for femoral shaft fracture nonunion, 3555, 3556f for forearm fracture, 1547–1548, 1550f for fracture nonunion, 3538, 3538f for gunshot-related femoral shaft fracture, 3027 for humeral shaft fracture, 3394–3397, 3395f, 3396f–3397f for humeral shaft fracture nonunion, 3561, 3561f indications for, 3060–3061 infection with, 3063, 3072–3073 interlocking, 3062 for intertrochanteric hip fracture, 3243, 3244–3245, 3244f, 3254–3261, 3256f–3257f, 3259f–3260f for osteogenesis imperfecta, 1305– 1309, 1305f, 1306f, 1307f, 1308f, 1309f Poller screw with, 3061, 3061f principles of, 3061 for proximal humeral fracture, 3381, 3381f, 3384–3385, 3385f, 3386f, 3387f

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Intramedullary nails/nailing—cont’d for radial and ulnar shaft fractures, 3426, 3427f, 3431–3441, 3432f–3440f for radial neck fracture reduction, 1561, 1562–1563 reamed vs. unreamed, 3063 static, 3062, 3062f for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3264, 3264t, 3265–3270, 3267f–3268f for supracondylar femoral fracture, 3188–3190, 3189f for tibial fracture nonunion, 3551– 3552, 3552f for tibial shaft fracture, 3120–3125, 3121f, 3141–3146, 3142f, 3143f, 3144f, 3145f Intramedullary Skeletal Kinetic Device, 1155, 1156f, 1160–1162, 1161f, 1162f Intraosseous ganglion cyst, 870, 872f Intrapelvic protrusio acetabuli, 1045– 1046, 1045f Intrinsic hallucal deformity, 4551, 4553f Intrinsic plus deformity, 4202–4203, 4203f Inverted U technique, for shoulder exposure, 99–100, 99f, 100f Iodine, tincture of, 8 Iodine starch test, in peripheral nerve injury, 3650 Iodophors, for skin preparation, 677, 677t Irrigation additives for, 3036–3037, 3037t antibiotic solutions for, 678 for chemical burn injury, 4112–4114, 4113f, 4113t ﬂ uid volume for, 3036, 3036t high-pressure, 3036, 3036t solutions for, 9, 678 wound, 3036–3038, 3036t, 3037t Ischemia free ﬂ ap, 3736–3737 hand, 4103–4105, 4104f, 4105f replantation and, 3718–3719, 3720, 3726, 3729 Ischemic index, in diabetes mellitus, 4699, 4699f, 4700f, 4701 Ischial tuberosity osteomyelitis of, 713 resection of, 816–818, 817f Ischiogluteal bursa, inﬂ ammation of, 980 Ischium osteomyelitis of, 713 proximal femur arthrodesis to, 201– 202, 202f resection of, 816–818, 817f Iselin disease, 1251–1252, 1252f, 1253f, 1701 Island pedicle ﬂ ap, in ﬁ ngertip amputation, 648–649

Isthmic spondylolisthesis. See Spondylolisthesis, isthmic

J Jahss technique, for tarsometatarsal arthrodesis, 4742–4745, 4743f Jailhouse appearance, of hemangioma, 871, 873f Jakab and Gledhill technique, for scapulothoracic fusion, 1512, 1512f Jansey technique, for nail fold removal, 4773, 4774f Jantea et al. technique, for triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex repair, 4049–4052, 4051f Japas technique, for tarsal V -osteotomy, 4745–4746, 4746f Jefferson fracture, 1785, 1787f Jeffery technique, for lateral condylar fracture reduction and ﬁ xation, 1573, 1575f Jerk test of Hughston and Losee, for knee ligament injury, 2444, 2446f Jho technique, for anterior cervical foraminotomy, 2193–2195, 2194f Jobe apprehension-relocation test, 2605f, 2606 Jobe supraspinatus test, 2604f, 2606, 2607t Jobe technique, for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, 2720–2722, 2720f Johnson and Alexander technique, for ﬁ rst metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis, 4529, 4530f Johnson and Spiegl technique, for hallucis longus transfer and interphalangeal joint arthrodesis, 4554–4557, 4555f Johnson outside-to-inside suture meniscal repair, 2837, 2837f, 2838, 2838f, 2839f, 2840f Johnson technique for chevron osteotomy, 4500–4502, 4501f for modiﬁ ed chevron osteotomy, 4507–4508, 4508f for talar onlay graft, 4859, 4860f, 4861 Joint(s). See also speciﬁ c joints aspiration of. See Aspiration (joint) Charcot. See Charcot joint degeneration of. See Osteoarthritis endoscopic examination of. See Arthroscopy and at speciﬁ c joints fusion of. See Arthrodesis and at speciﬁ c joints infection of. See Septic arthritis and speciﬁ c infections

Joint(s)—cont’d inﬂ ammation of. See Rheumatoid arthritis replacement of. See Arthroplasty and at speciﬁ c joints transplantation of, 3786 viral infection of, 765 Jones et al. technique for epiphyseal hemielevation and osteotomy, 1302, 1303f for scarf osteotomy, 4518–4520, 4519f Jones fracture, 1701 Jones technique for extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer, 1517, 1518–1519, 1518f, 4739, 4740f for peroneal tendon repair, 2779– 2780, 2780f Juliano et al. technique, for extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis, 4557–4559, 4558f Jumper’s knee, 2769–2772, 2770f, 2770t, 2771f Juvenile aponeurotic ﬁ broma, 4316, 4317f Juvenile hallux valgus, 4533–4540, 4535f double ﬁ rst metatarsal osteotomy for, 4536–4537, 4537f ﬁ rst cuneiform osteotomy for, 4539–4540 Peterson procedure for, 4537–4539, 4538f Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 1924–1928 bracing for, 1924, 1924b crankshaft phenomenon in, 1926, 1926f evaluation of, 1924–1925 growing rod instrumentation for, 1926–1928, 1928f, 1929f Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 990–992, 990b, 991f, 992b synovial ﬂ uid analysis in, 679t

K Kamineni et al. technique, for proximal radioulnar synostosis, 3505–3506 Kanaya and Ibaraki technique, for fasciafat graft for congenital radioulnar synostosis, 1244–1245 Kaneda and Gaines technique, for anterior spinal instrumentation, 1821–1825, 1822f–1823f Kaplan technique, for metacarpophalangeal joint reduction, 3942–3943, 3943f Karakousis and Vezeridis technique, for innominate bone resection, 820f, 822 Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, 4319

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Kashiwagi technique, for calcaneal lateral prominence resection, 3468–3469, 3469f Kates et al. technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4674, 4675f Kato et al. technique, for metacarpal lengthening, 4437 Kavanaugh et al. technique, for malleolar screw fracture ﬁ xation, 4880–4881, 4883, 4883f Kawai and Yamamoto technique, for pedicle graft for scaphoid nonunion, 4033, 4033f Kelikian et al. technique, for hallux varus, 1072, 1074f Kelikian technique, for knee drainage, 732, 733f Keller resection arthroplasty, 4487–4495 complications of, 4562–4563, 4563f for recurrent valgus, 4547 results of, 4489f, 4490f technique of, 4487–4495, 4491f, 4493f–4494f, 4495f Kelly et al. technique, for acetabular labral tear repair, 2909, 2910f Keppler technique, for posterior shoulder dislocation reduction, 3620, 3620f Keratosis. See Corn(s) Kessel and Bonney technique, for proximal phalangeal osteotomy, 4572 Kessler et al. technique, for metacarpal lengthening, 4374, 4374f Kessler grasping suture technique, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3855f, 3856f, 3857, 3858f, 3859, 3861f Keyser and Eaton technique, for eponychial marsupialization, 4347–4348, 4348f Kidner procedure, for accessory navicular, 4602, 4604, 4605f–4606f, 4607f Kidney anomalies of, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905, 1905b cancer of, metastases from, 924, 926f, 928f Kienböck disease, 4041–4044, 4041f fracture pattern in, 4041, 4041f joint leveling procedures for, 4042, 4043–4044 magnetic resonance imaging of, 150, 151f osteotomy for, 4042 prosthetic lunate placement for, 4043– 4044, 4044f radial shortening for, 4042, 4043–4044 revascularization procedures for, 4042–4043, 4043f

Kienböck disease—cont’d staging of, 4041 ulna-minus variant of, 4042 Kim et al. technique for arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization, 2959–2961, 2960f, 2961f, 2962f for humeral osteotomy, 1593, 1596– 1597, 1597f Kinast et al. technique, for subtrochanteric femoral fracture reduction, 3270– 3271, 3271f Kinematic Rotating Hinge prosthesis, 245, 245f King et al. technique, for combined anterior and posterior spinal arthrodesis, 2037–2039, 2038f King technique, for shoulder exposure, 97–99, 98f Kingella kingae infection, 725 Kirner deformity, 4445–4446, 4445f, 4446f Kirschenbaum et al. technique, for lunotriquetral arthrodesis, 4089–4090, 4090f Kirschner wires, 3050–3051 for acromioclavicular ﬁ xation, 3589– 3590, 3590f for condylar phalangeal fracture, 3968–3969, 3970f for digit replantation, 3724–3725, 3725f for ﬁ rst metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis, 4530–4531, 4531f for forearm fracture ﬁ xation, 1547–1548 for hallux valgus correction, 4530– 4531, 4531f for hallux varus correction, 4559–4560 for interphalangeal dislocation, 3965–3966 for mallet ﬁ nger, 3967, 3969f for medial condyle fracture, 1580 for metacarpal fracture, 3944, 3945f, 3947, 3947f for olecranon fracture, 3412–3414, 3413f for percutaneous radial head fracture reduction, 1559, 1561, 1561f for proximal phalangeal fracture, 3949, 3951, 3952f, 3954f for proximal phalangeal fracturedislocation, 3965–3966, 3965f, 3966f for radial head and neck fracture, 1561–1563, 1561f in rheumatoid arthritis, 4202 for wrist arthrodesis, 228 Kjøble technique, for knee disarticulation, 608, 608f

Klein technique, for knee drainage, 732 Kleinert suture, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3857, 3859, 3860f Kleinman and Eckenrode technique, for trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty, 4234–4236, 4235f Kling et al. technique, for split posterior tibial tendon transfer, 1373– 1374, 1373f Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1904–1911, 1905b atlantodens interval in, 1907f cardiovascular anomalies in, 1905 cervical ribs in, 1906 clinical ﬁ ndings in, 1906–1907, 1906f deafness in, 1905 patterns of, 1904 prognosis for, 1904 radiography of, 1906f, 1907–1908, 1907f renal anomalies in, 1905 respiratory anomalies in, 1905 scoliosis in, 1904 Sprengel deformity in, 1905–1906 synkinesis in, 1905 treatment of, 1908–1911 posterior C3-7 fusion for, 1908– 1909, 1908f, 1909f rib resection for, 1911, 1911f sternal split approach for, 1909– 1910, 1910f Klumpke palsy, 3665. See also Brachial plexus injury Knee. See also Knee ligaments; Meniscus (menisci); Patella adhesions of, 2892 anatomy of, 37f, 52f, 2396–2414, 2666f intraarticular, 2410, 2414, 2415f layer I, 2403, 2404f, 2408, 2408f, 2409, 2410f, 2411f layer II, 2403, 2404f, 2405f–2406f, 2407f, 2408, 2408f, 2409, 2410f, 2411f layer III, 2403, 2407f, 2408, 2408f, 2409–2410, 2410f, 2411f ligamentous, 2399–2410, 2400f– 2414f. See also Knee ligaments osseous, 2396. See also Femoral condyles; Patella; Tibial condyles tendinous, 2396–2399, 2397f, 2398f, 2399f ankylosis of, 2570–2575 in extension, 2570–2574, 2572f–2573f in ﬂ exion, 2574–2575 mini-invasive quadricepsplasty for, 2571–2574, 2572f–2573f posterior capsulotomy for, 2574–2575

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Knee—cont’d ankylosis of—cont’d Thompson quadricepsplasty for, 2571 approach to, 36–52 anterolateral, 39, 40f anteromedial, 36–39, 37f, 38f, 39f parapatellar, 37–38, 38f subvastus (Southern), 39, 39f extensile, 48–51, 49f, 50f lateral, 45–48, 46f, 47f medial, 42–43, 43f, 44f–45f posterior, 51–52, 51f, 52f, 53f, 54f posterolateral, 40–41, 40f, 41f posteromedial, 41, 42f transverse, 43, 45, 45f arthrodesis of. See Knee arthrodesis arthrography of, in meniscal injury, 2425, 2425f arthroplasty of. See Knee arthroplasty arthroscopy of. See Knee arthroscopy articular cartilage injury of, 2553– 2558, 2553t, 2554t abrasion chondroplasty for, 2554–2555 autologous chondrocyte implantation for, 2555, 2557f, 2558f collagen scaffold-based chondrocyte transplantation for, 2555–2556 microfracture technique for, 2554– 2555, 2555f operative treatment of, 2554, 2554t osteochondral allograft implantation for, 2555, 2557f osteochondral autograft implantation for, 2555, 2556f aspiration of, 729, 730f bursae of, 973f, 975f distention of, 139–140, 140f, 975– 979, 977f, 978f drainage of, 973–974 excision of, 974 inﬂ ammation of, 973–975, 977f, 978f capsule of, 2399–2402, 2400f, 2401f, 2408, 2408f compartments of lateral, 2818f, 2821–2822 medial, 2817, 2818f, 2819–2820, 2819f posterolateral, 2822–2823 posteromedial, 2818f, 2821 deformity of arthrogryposis and, 1476 cerebral palsy and, 1358–1366. See also Cerebral palsy, knee deformity in intraarticular osteotomy for, 746– 747, 746f, 747f myelomeningocele and, 1463, 1466– 1467, 1466f, 1467f

Knee—cont’d deformity of—cont’d poliomyelitis and, 1425–1430, 1425f, 1426f, 1428f, 1429f septic arthritis and, 743–747. See also Knee, septic arthritis of supracondylar controlled rotational osteotomy for, 745–746, 745f supracondylar cuneiform osteotomy for, 745, 745f supracondylar osteotomy for, 743– 744, 744f valgus, 1407, 1407f arthroplasty and, 269–270, 269f, 270f cerebral palsy–related, 1365 osteoarthritis and, 993, 993f varus, 1407, 1407f arthroplasty and, 268 osteoarthritis and, 993, 993f V -osteotomy for, 744–745, 744f disarticulation of, 605–608, 606f, 607f, 608f advantages of, 605 Batch, Spittler, McFaddin technique of, 605–607, 606f Kjøble technique of, 608, 608f Mazet and Hennessy technique of, 607–608, 607f for tibial hemimelia, 1120 dislocation of, 2546–2552, 3578–3580, 3578f, 3579f. See also Patella, dislocation of ankle-brachial index in, 2548 anterior, 3578, 3578f arteriography in, 2548, 2548f associated injuries with, 2549 classiﬁ cation of, 2547 closed reduction for, 2549 congenital, 1113–1115, 1114f, 1115f lateral, 3578, 3578f ligament injury with, 3579 nerve injury with, 2549 obesity and, 2547 operative treatment of, 2549–2552, 2550f, 2551b, 3579 for old unreduced dislocation, 3605–3606 pediatric, 1674–1675 peroneal nerve injury with, 2549 physical examination of, 2547 radiography of, 2547, 2548f transarticular pins for, 3578–3579, 3579f unreduced, 3604–3606, 3605f vascular injury with, 2547–2549, 2548f, 2550 drainage of, 729–732 anterior, 731 arthroscopic, 730–731, 730f posterolateral, 731, 731f, 732 posteromedial, 732, 732f, 733f drapes for, 9, 9f effusion of, 2423–2424

Knee—cont’d extension contracture of arthrogryposis-related, 1476 mini-invasive quadricepsplasty for, 2571–2574, 2572f–2573f Thompson quadricepsplasty for, 2571 V Y quadricepsplasty for, 1466, 1466f extension of, 246–247, 246f, 247f, 2416 extensor mechanism of rupture of, 2759, 2760f tendinitis of, 2769–2772, 2770f, 2770t, 2771f false locking of, 2423 ﬁ brosis of, 2892 ﬂ ail, 1429–1430 ﬂ exion contracture of arthrogryposis-related, 1476 arthroplasty and, 270–271 cuneiform osteotomy for, 745, 745f intraarticular osteotomy for, 746– 747, 746f, 747f poliomyelitis-related, 1425, 1425f posterior capsulotomy for, 2574–2575 radical ﬂ exor release for, 1464, 1466, 1466f stroke and, 1385 supracondylar controlled rotational osteotomy for, 745–746, 745f supracondylar osteotomy for, 743– 744, 744f transverse supracondylar osteotomy for, 743–744, 744f V -osteotomy for, 744–745, 744f ﬂ exion crease of, 51, 51f ﬂ exion of, 246–247, 246f, 247f, 251– 252, 252f, 2416, 2416f ﬂ oating, 1674, 1674f, 1675f, 1675t fracture-dislocation of, 3148–3151, 3150f fracture of. See also Femoral fracture, distal; Patella, fracture of; Tibial fracture, proximal arthroscopy in, 2891–2892 external ﬁ xation of, 3066–3067 gunshot-related, 2575–2577, 2576f intercondylar eminence, 1668–1671, 1669f, 1670f, 1671f osteochondral, 1673–1674, 1673f, 3169–3170, 3171f pediatric. See Children, knee fracture in tibial tuberosity, 1671–1673, 1671f, 1672f giving away of, 2423 gunshot wound of, 2575–2577, 2576f hemangioendothelioma of, 192f hyperextension of, congenital, 1113– 1115, 1114f

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Knee—cont’d injury to, 2395–2577 cartilaginous, 2553–2558, 2553t, 2554t ligamentous, 2436–2546. See also Knee ligaments, injury to and at speciﬁ c ligaments meniscal, 2421–2432, 2823–2845. See also Meniscus (menisci), tears of osseous. See Femoral fracture, distal; Knee, fracture of; Patella, fracture of; Tibial fracture, proximal pediatric, 1666–1674. See also Children, knee fracture in penetrating (open), 2575–2577, 2576f instability of, 2450–2453, 2451b, 2451f. See also Knee ligaments, injury to combined, 2451b, 2452–2453 one-plane, 2451–2452, 2451b rotary, 2451b, 2452 anterolateral, 2451b, 2452, 2496 anteromedial, 2451b, 2452 posterolateral, 2451b, 2452, 2482–2496 posteromedial, 2451b, 2452 intercondylar notch of, 2818f, 2820– 2821, 2820f chondroblastoma of, 892f internal derangement of, 2416–2417 jumper’s, 2769–2772, 2770f, 2770t, 2771f juvenile rheumatoid arthritis of, 991–992 kinematics of, 246–252, 246f, 247f, 249f, 250f, 251f lateral compartment of, 2818f, 2821–2822 reconstruction of, 2481–2490, 2483f, 2484f, 2486f–2489f repair of, 2475–2481, 2477f, 2479f, 2480f lateral gutter of, 2822–2823 ligaments of. See Knee ligaments ligamentum mucosum of, 2820 locking of, 2423 loose bodies in arthroscopic removal of, 2845– 2846, 2846f excision of, 2852 osteochondral fracture and, 1673, 1673f, 3169–3170 osteochondritis dissecans and, 1258, 1258f, 1259f, 2849, 2852 magnetic resonance imaging of, 134, 136–140, 136f–141f malignant ﬁ brous histiocytoma of, 918f–919f mechanics of, 2414, 2416, 2416f, 2417f medial compartment of, 2817, 2818f, 2819–2820, 2819f

Knee—cont’d medial compartment of—cont’d reconstruction of, 2465–2468, 2466f, 2467f repair of, 2456–2465, 2458f, 2460f–2465f medial gutter of, 2817 menisci of. See Meniscus (menisci) neuropathic arthropathy of, 1043– 1044, 1044f osteoarthritis of. See Osteoarthritis, knee osteochondritis dissecans of. See Femoral condyles, osteochondritis dissecans of; Patella, osteochondritis dissecans of osteosarcoma of, 567 pain in, tibial fracture intramedullary nailing and, 3125 patella of. See Patella popliteus tendon of, 2818f, 2822 posterolateral aspect of, 2409–2410, 2414f, 2822–2823 reconstruction of, 2482–2490, 2483f, 2484f, 2486f–2489f, 2494–2496, 2494f, 2496f posteromedial aspect of, 2400–2402, 2401f, 2818f, 2821 reconstruction of, 2470–2471, 2472f repair of, 2468–2470, 2471f prosthetic. See Knee arthroplasty pyarthrosis of, 2891 reconstruction of, for tibial hemimelia, 1120–1123, 1123f, 1124f replacement of. See Knee arthroplasty rheumatoid arthritis of, 992–995 arthrodesis for, 994. See also Knee arthrodesis arthroplasty for, 994–995, 995f. See also Knee arthroplasty proximal tibial osteotomy for, 994 synovectomy for, 992–994, 993b, 993f, 2890–2891, 2891f rotation of, 2415f, 2416 septic arthritis of, 729–732 aspiration for, 729, 730f deformity after, 743–747, 744f, 745f, 746f, 747f femoral V -osteotomy for, 744– 745, 744f intraarticular osteotomy for, 746– 747, 746f, 747f supracondylar controlled rotational femoral osteotomy for, 745–746, 745f supracondylar cuneiform osteotomy for, 745, 745f transverse supracondylar femoral osteotomy for, 743–744, 744f drainage for, 729–732, 730f, 731f, 732f, 733f snapping, 966–967, 967f

Knee—cont’d stiff, stroke-related, 1385 suprapatellar pouch of, 2817, 2818f synovectomy of for hemophilic arthropathy, 1284– 1285, 1288 for medial patellar plica, 2847–2848 for rheumatoid arthritis, 992–994, 993b, 993f, 2890–2891, 2891f synovial plicae of, 2552–2553, 2552f, 2846–2848 infrapatellar, 2552, 2552f lateral, 2552, 2552f, 2847 medial, 2552, 2552f, 2817, 2818f suprapatellar, 2552, 2552f, 2847 tenderness about, 2424 triaxial motion of, 246–247, 246f, 247f tuberculosis of, 759–760, 759f tumors of, 567 valgus deformity of, 1407, 1407f arthroplasty and, 269–270, 269f, 270f cerebral palsy and, 1365 osteoarthritis and, 993, 993f varus deformity of, 1407, 1407f arthroplasty and, 268 osteoarthritis and, 993, 993f Knee arthrodesis, 187–195 Enneking and Shirley technique for, 832–837, 833f–835f external ﬁ xation for, 188–189, 189f for hemophilic arthropathy, 1286 indications for, 187–188 intramedullary nail ﬁ xation for, 189– 194, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193f for osteoarthritis, 1017 plate ﬁ xation for, 194–195, 194f for postarthroplasty infection, 283– 286, 284f, 285f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1131–1132, 1131f, 1133, 1133f resection and, 832–837, 833f–835f for rheumatoid arthritis, 994 for tuberculosis, 759, 759f Knee arthroplasty, 241–300 anesthesia for, 261–262 arterial compromise with, 274, 289 aseptic failure of, 291–294, 293f. See also Knee arthroplasty, revision bilateral, 258 biomechanics of, 246–255 component ﬁ xation in, 255, 255f kinematic, 246–252, 246f, 247f, 249f, 250f, 251f, 252f polyethylene factors in, 248, 249f, 253–255, 253f, 254f care after, 278 complications of, 281–291 fracture, 290–291, 290f, 291f, 292f, 293f

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Knee arthroplasty—cont’d complications of—cont’d infectious, 282–286, 283f, 284f, 285f neurovascular, 289–290 patellofemoral, 286–289, 286f, 287f, 288f, 289f thromboembolic, 281–282 diabetes mellitus and, 280–281 evaluation for, 261–262, 261f exchange, 285–286, 285f femoral alignment in, 249–250, 249f, 261, 261f femoral fracture after, 290–291, 290f, 291f, 292f ﬂ exion space assessment in, 250, 250f gait analysis after, 247–248 indications for, 256–258 hemophilic arthropathy, 280, 280f, 1284 juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 992 osteoarthritis, 1002, 1016–1017 patellofemoral arthritis, 1019 rheumatoid arthritis, 994–995, 995f infection after, 192f, 193f, 282–286 antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate spacers for, 285–286, 285f antibiotic suppression for, 283 arthrodesis for, 283–286, 284f, 285f débridement for, 283 exchange arthroplasty for, 285–286, 285f resection arthroplasty for, 283, 283f instability after, 286–287, 286f, 293– 294, 293f joint line elevation in, 248 medial collateral ligament advancement in, 270, 270f midvastus exposure for, 264, 265f neuropathic arthropathy and, 280 patellar clunk syndrome after, 248, 288–289, 288f patellar resurfacing in, 257–258 patellar tendon rupture after, 289 patellectomy and, 279–280, 280f patellofemoral instability after, 293– 294, 293f peroneal nerve palsy after, 289–290 polyethylene wear and, 248, 249f, 253–255, 253f, 254f, 292–293 posterior cruciate ligament in, 247– 248, 247f, 249f balancing of, 271–272, 271f, 272f in valgus deformity correction, 269, 269f prostheses for, 241–246, 242f, 243f cementless, 255, 255f failure of, 287–288, 288f ﬁ xation of, 255, 255f hinged, 245, 245f loosening of, 288, 292, 293f mobile bearing, 244

Knee arthroplasty—cont’d prostheses for—cont’d polyethylene wear of, 248, 249f, 253–255, 253f, 254f sterilization of, 254, 254f survival of, 259, 261 unicompartmental, 244–245, 245f varus-valgus constrained, 243–244, 244f proximal tibial osteotomy and, 278– 279, 279f, 1014 psoriasis and, 281 Q angle in, 251, 251f, 286, 2888–2889 quadriceps rupture after, 289 resection, 283, 283f results of, 258–261 functional, 258–259, 259t prosthesis survival and, 259, 261 radiographic, 258–259, 260f revision, 291–300 for aseptic failure, 291–294, 293f cement ﬁ xation for, 299 component removal in, 296, 296f, 297f exposure for, 294–296, 294f, 295f femoral peel for, 295–296 principles of, 296–299, 297f, 298f, 299f prostheses for, 296–299, 297f, 298f, 299f quadriceps turndown procedure for, 294–295, 294f rectus snip procedure for, 295, 295f results of, 299–300 tibial tubercle osteotomy for, 295, 295f rotational assessment in, 250, 250f subvastus exposure for, 263, 264f tibial alignment in, 249–250, 249f, 261, 261f tricompartmental, 262–278 alignment determinations for, 264– 268, 265f, 266f bone deﬁ ciency management in, 272–273, 272f, 273f, 274f, 276f bone preparation for, 264–268, 265f, 266f component implantation in, 275–276 computer-assisted alignment for, 267–268, 268f exposure for, 262–263, 262f, 263f, 264f, 265f extramedullary alignment instrumentation for, 267 ﬂ exion contracture correction in, 270–271 indications for, 256 intramedullary alignment instrumentation for, 267, 268f

Knee arthroplasty—cont’d tricompartmental—cont’d ligamentous balancing in, 248, 268–272, 269f, 270f, 271f, 272f patellofemoral tracking in, 273–275, 275f, 276f pie-crusting technique in, 269–270, 270f posterior cruciate ligament balancing in, 271–272, 271f, 272f valgus deformity correction in, 269, 269f varus deformity correction in, 268 wound closure in, 276–277 unicondylar, 277–278, 277f, 278f contraindications to, 257 indications for, 256–257 for osteoarthritis, 1016–1017 prostheses for, 244–245, 245f Knee arthroscopy, 2811–2893 complications of, 2805, 2806, 2893–2894 diagnostic, 2812–2817 accessory far lateral portal for, 2816 accessory far medial portal for, 2816 anesthesia for, 2812 anterolateral portal for, 2815, 2815f, 2821 anteromedial portal for, 2815, 2818f, 2819 central transpatellar tendon portal for, 2816 illumination for, 2813–2814 infection after, 2812 instruments for, 2812 intercondylar notch on, 2818f, 2820, 2820f landmarks for, 2814, 2814f lateral compartment on, 2818f, 2821–2822 lateral gutter on, 2822–2823 leg holder for, 2812, 2813f medial compartment on, 2817– 2820, 2818f, 2819f medial gutter on, 2817 patellofemoral joint on, 2817, 2818f patient positioning in, 2813, 2813f, 2814f for popliteal cyst, 976 portal placement for, 2813–2816, 2814f, 2815f posterolateral portal for, 2816, 2822 posteromedial compartment on, 2818f, 2821 posteromedial portal for, 2815, 2818f, 2819, 2821 principles of, 2812 proximal midpatellar lateral portal for, 2816 proximal midpatellar medial portal for, 2816

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Knee arthroscopy—cont’d diagnostic—cont’d for proximal tibial osteotomy, 2892–2893 scope insertion in, 2816–2817 superolateral portal for, 2816 suprapatellar pouch on, 2817, 2818f synovial plica on, 2552, 2553f systematic approach to, 2817–2823, 2818f, 2819f, 2820f tourniquet for, 2812 ligament injuries with, 2805, 2806 nerve injury with, 2805 surgical, 2823–2845 for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2855–2881. See also Anterior cruciate ligament, reconstruction of for arthroﬁ brosis, 2892 complications of, 2893–2894 for débridement, 1000–1002, 1001t for discoid lateral meniscus, 2830– 2831, 2831f for drainage and débridement, 2891 dropped graft handling in, 2893–2894 for fracture, 2891–2892 for loose bodies, 2845–2846, 2846f, 2852 for meniscal cyst, 2433, 2434f, 2831–2832 for meniscal tears, 2823–2845. See also Meniscus (menisci), tears of, arthroscopic repair of for osteoarthritis, 1000–1002, 1001t for osteoarthrosis, 2893 for osteochondritis dissecans, 2848– 2855, 2848f, 2850f, 2851f, 2854f–2855f, 2856f for patellar chondromalacia, 2886, 2888–2890, 2888f, 2889f, 2890f for patellar instability, 2890 for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2881–2886. See also Posterior cruciate ligament, reconstruction of for rheumatoid arthritis, 2890–2891, 2891f in septic arthritis, 730–731, 730f for synovectomy, 992–994, 993b, 993f, 2890–2891, 2891f for synovial plicae, 2846–2848, 2847–2848 for tibial plateau fracture, 3157–3158 vascular injury with, 2805 Knee ligaments. See also Anterior cruciate ligament; Medial collateral ligament; Posterior cruciate ligament; Tibial collateral ligament anatomy of, 2399–2410, 2400f–2414f artiﬁ cial, 2519–2521

Knee ligaments—cont’d bone anchoring of, 2454–2455, 2454f injury to, 2436–2546 anterior cruciate ligament, 2496– 2527. See also Anterior cruciate ligament classiﬁ cation of, 2437–2438, 2450– 2453, 2451f, 2451t collagen ﬁ bers in, 2437 combined instabilities in, 2451t, 2452–2453 diagnosis of, 2438–2450 abduction (valgus) stress test in, 2439, 2439f adduction (varus) stress test in, 2439, 2440f anterior drawer test in, 2440, 2441f, 2442f, 2443f external rotation recurvatum test in, 2446, 2448f ﬂ exion rotation drawer test in, 2446, 2448f jerk test in, 2444, 2446f Lachman test in, 2440–2441, 2443f lateral pivot shift test in, 2444– 2446, 2447f magnetic resonance imaging in, 2450, 2450f palpation in, 2438 posterior drawer test in, 2441, 2444f, 2445f posterolateral drawer test in, 2448 quadriceps active test in, 2443, 2445f radiography in, 2448, 2450 reverse pivot shift sign in, 2446– 2447, 2449f Slocum anterior rotary drawer test in, 2443–2444 tibial external rotation test in, 2447–2448, 2449f etiology of, 2436 healing of, 2437 instability with combined, 2451t, 2452–2453 one-plane, 2451–2452, 2451t rotary, 2451t, 2452 isolated, 2437 lateral compartment, 2475–2496 reconstruction for, 2481–2490 Clancy technique for, 2488– 2490, 2489f Hughston and Jacobson technique for, 2482–2485, 2483f, 2484f Müller technique for, 2485– 2488, 2486f, 2487f, 2488f Noyes technique for, 2494– 2495, 2494f semitendinosus tendon for, 2495–2496, 2496f repair for, 2476–2481, 2477f, 2479f, 2480f

Knee ligaments—cont’d injury to—cont’d lateral compartment—cont’d with varus knee, 2490–2494, 2491f, 2492f mechanism of, 2436–2437 medial compartment, 2456–2475. See also Medial collateral ligament allograft tendons for, 2475 pes anserinus transplantation for, 2471–2475, 2473f, 2475f posteromedial corner, 2468–2471, 2471f, 2472f reconstruction for, 2465–2475 Hughston technique for, 2470– 2471, 2472f Slocum technique for, 2465– 2468, 2466f, 2467f, 2469f, 2470f repair for, 2456–2465, 2458f–2464f nonoperative treatment of, 2453–2454 one-plane instability in, 2451–2452, 2451t operative treatment of, 2454–2456, 2455f posterior cruciate ligament, 2527– 2546. See also Posterior cruciate ligament posteromedial corner, 2468–2471 reconstruction for, 2470–2471, 2478f repair for, 2468–2470, 2471f rotary instability in, 2451t, 2452 Knots, for arthroscopic shoulder repairs, 2961–2964, 2963f, 2964f Kocher technique for ankle exposure, 29, 29f for calcaneus exposure, 27, 29f for elbow exposure, 112, 112f for knee exposure, 39, 40f Koenig and Schaefer technique, for ankle approach, 32, 32f Köhler disease, 1253–1255, 1254f Koman et al. technique, for medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy, 1377, 1377f Konstam’s angle, 2253, 2253f Koop et al. technique, for occipitocervical fusion, 1886–1888, 1887f Kostuik and Alexander technique, for hip arthrodesis, 201–202, 203f Kotz and Salzer technique, for distal femur rotationplasty, 842, 843f Koutsogiannis technique, for posterior calcaneal displacement osteotomy, 4597–4598, 4598f

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Krackow and Cohn technique, for tendon-to-bone ﬁ xation, 11– 12, 11f Krackow et al. technique for Achilles tendon repair, 2750, 2750f for tendon-to-bone ﬁ xation, 12, 12f Krackow locking stitch, 2459, 2463f Kramer et al. technique, for compensatory basilar osteotomy of femoral neck, 1643–1644, 1644f Krukenberg operation, 658–660, 659f, 4371–4373, 4372f Kugelberg-Welander disease, 1520–1521 Kumar et al. technique, for talonavicular and subtalar reduction and realignment, 1103–1104, 1103f Kumar technique, for hip spica cast, 1188–1190, 1189f, 1191f Kutler V Y advancement ﬂ ap, 641–643, 642f, 643f, 646 Kyle technique, for femoral neck fracture reduction and ﬁ xation, 3277f, 3278–3279 Kyphoplasty, balloon, 1817, 1818f Kyphoscoliosis in dwarﬁ sm, 1310 in myelomeningocele, 2092–2106. See also Myelomeningocele, spinal deformity in in neuroﬁ bromatosis, 2108–2109, 2109f Kyphosis, 2052–2076, 2294–2295, 2294f in achondroplasia, 2126, 2127f anatomy of, 2052, 2052f, 2053f cervical, in diastrophic dwarﬁ sm, 2121 in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 1519 congenital, 2063, 2066–2076 classiﬁ cation of, 2063, 2066, 2066f clinical ﬁ ndings in, 2066–2067 computed tomography in, 2067, 2068f magnetic resonance imaging in, 2067, 2069f operative treatment for, 2067–2076 anterior cord decompression and fusion for, 2071–2072, 2073f, 2074f anterior osteotomy and fusion for, 2070–2071, 2072f anterior vascular rib bone grafting for, 2072–2076, 2074f, 2075f complications of, 2076 type I, 2067–2068, 2070f, 2071f type II, 2070, 2071f radiography in, 2066–2067, 2067f, 2068f in dwarﬁ sm, 1310, 2121 junctional, multihook segmental instrumentation and, 1964, 1966f

Kyphosis—cont’d in Marfan syndrome, 2111, 2112f in mucopolysaccharidoses, 2126–2129, 2127f, 2128f myelomeningocele-related, 1474, 2093, 2093b, 2100–2104, 2101f vertebral excision and reduction for, 2101–2104, 2102f, 2103f, 2104f normal, 1938t postlaminectomy, 2123–2126, 2124f, 2125f postural, 2054f Scheuermann, 2052–2062. See also Scheuermann disease spinal cord injury and, 2026, 2028 tuberculosis and, 2253, 2253f

L Labrum. See Acetabular labrum; Glenoid labrum Lachman test in knee ligament injury, 2440–2441, 2443f in metatarsophalangeal joint instability, 4626, 4627f in shoulder dislocation, 2682–2683 Lamb et al. technique, for biﬁ d thumb, 4413–4414, 4415f Lambrinudi arthrodesis for calcaneocavovarus and cavovarus deformity, 4756, 4756f for talipes equinus, 1415–1416, 1416f Lamey and Fernandez technique, for distal radioulnar joint arthrodesis, 4065–4066, 4065f Laminar hooks, for multihook segmental instrumentation, 1952, 1956– 1957, 1956f Laminectomy for degenerative scoliosis, 2291 fusion with, for spinal stenosis, 2287–2288 for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2306, 2307f kyphosis after, 2123–2126, 2124f, 2125f for sacral fracture, 1833, 1835f for spinal stenosis, 2282–2285, 2282f, 2285f, 2287–2288 for spondylolisthesis, 2291 Langenskiöld technique for physeal bridge resection, 1311, 1313, 1314f for tibioﬁ bular synostosis, 1106, 1106f Langerhans cell, 897 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 893, 896– 897, 896f, 897f vertebra plana in, 896, 896f, 897 Lapidus technique for dorsal bunion deformity, 1408f, 1409

Lapidus technique—cont’d for ﬁ rst metatarsocuneiform arthrodesis, 4531–4533, 4532f Larmon technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4674, 4674f Larsen technique, for peroneus brevis tendon transfer, 2363, 2364f Larson technique, for posterolateral knee reconstruction, 2495–2496, 2496f Lasègue sign, 2160, 2201–2202 Laser, in wrist arthroscopy, 4007 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, for interfascicular grafting, 3658 Lateral arm ﬂ ap, 3743, 3744f, 3745f Lateral band ﬂ ap, for buttonhole deformity, 3907, 3909f Lateral band mobilization and skin release, for swan-neck deformity, 4205, 4207, 4207f Lateral block test, in cavus foot, 4733, 4734f Lateral closing wedge tibial osteotomy, 1003, 1004–1010, 1005f–1009f knee arthroplasty and, 1014 Lateral collateral ligament, knee fracture-related injury to, 3157 repair of, 2476–2481, 2478f tears of, 2454, 2477f, 2478 Lateral condyle fracture femoral, 3178, 3179f, 3484–3485, 3485f humeral. See Humeral fracture, distal tibial. See Tibial fracture, proximal Lateral epicondylitis, 2634–2638, 2637f arthroscopic release for, 2638, 3006–3007 Nirschl technique for, 2636, 2637f, 2638b rehabilitation protocol for, 2636, 2638b resection and anconeus muscle transfer for, 2636–2638, 2639f Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 3688, 3688f injury to, iliac graft and, 22 Lateral malleolus. See Malleolus (malleoli), lateral Lateral mass screw and rod ﬁ xation, for cervical spine injury, 1804, 1806, 1807f Lateral mass screw ﬁ xation, for cervical spine injury, 1804, 1805f Lateral meniscus. See Meniscus (menisci), lateral Lateral pectoral nerve, 3663, 3663f Lateral pivot shift test of MacIntosh, for knee ligament injury, 2444– 2446, 2447f Lateral retinacular release, for chondromalacia of patella, 2889–2890, 2889f, 2890f

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Lateral retropharyngeal approach, for cervical spine exposure, 1895–1896, 1895f Lateral rhachotomy, 2265–2266, 2266f Lateral shelf acetabuloplasty, for LeggCalvé-Perthes disease, 1266, 1268, 1269f Laterjet procedure, for shoulder dislocation, 2688, 2690f– 2692f, 2692–2693 Latex hypersensitivity avoidance protocol for, 1453b myelomeningocele and, 1452–1453 prophylaxis for, 1453t Latissimus dorsi ﬂ ap, 3744, 3746–3748, 3746f dissection for, 3746–3748, 3747f vascular supply of, 3746, 3746f Latissimus dorsi transfer, 1443, 1445, 1447–1448, 1447f for obstetric brachial palsy, 1485– 1488, 1486f–1487f, 1488f for rotator cuff tear, 2620–2623, 2622f Lavage. See Irrigation Lefkowitz maneuver, 3582, 3583f Leg. See Femur; Fibula; Lower extremity; Tibia Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1262–1281 bilateral, 1264 classiﬁ cation of, 1263–1264, 1263f, 1264f diagnosis of, 1263 imaging in, 1264–1265 lateral pillar height in, 1264, 1264f magnetic resonance imaging in, 1264–1265 osteochondritis dissecans after, 1281, 1282f subchondral fracture in, 1263–1264, 1263f treatment of, 1265–1275 arthrodiastasis for, 1266, 1274–1275, 1275f cheilectomy for, 1276, 1277f Chiari osteotomy for, 1276, 1278f, 1279f innominate osteotomy for, 1266, 1267–1268, 1267f, 1268f lateral opening wedge osteotomy for, 1273–1274 lateral shelf procedures for, 1266, 1268, 1269f, 1276 nonoperative, 1265 reconstructive surgery for, 1266– 1267, 1275–1280 results of, 1265–1266 surgical indications in, 1265–1266 trochanteric advancement for, 1278– 1280, 1280f for trochanteric overgrowth, 1276– 1280, 1279f, 1280f valgus extension osteotomy for, 1275, 1276f

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease—cont’d treatment of—cont’d valgus ﬂ exion internal rotation osteotomy for, 1275 varus derotational osteotomy for, 1266, 1268–1273, 1269f, 1271f–1272f, 1274t Lehmer technique, for spondylolisthesis reduction, 2311 Lengthening-distraction wedge calcaneal osteotomy and interposition bone graft, for pes planus, 4598–4601, 4600f Lenke and Bridwell technique, for posterolateral spinal fusion, 2086, 2087f L’Episcopo reconstruction, 748 Less Invasive Stabilization System, 3060, 3060f Lesser trochanter, fracture of. See Hip fracture, intertrochanteric; Hip fracture, subtrochanteric Letournel and Judet technique for extended iliofemoral acetabular and pelvic exposure, 81, 82f for iliofemoral acetabular and pelvic exposure, 79, 80f for ilioinguinal acetabular and pelvic exposure, 76–79, 76f–78f for posterior acetabular and pelvic exposure, 79–81, 80f Letterer-Siwe disease, 896 Leukocytosis, in spinal infection, 2245 Levator scapulae paralysis, 1439 Lewis and Chekofsky technique, for proximal femur resection, 824, 826 Lewis technique for femur resection, 826 for intercalary resection of humeral shaft, 806–807 Li et al. technique, for multiple osteotomies, 1308, 1309f Lichtblau technique, for calcaneal osteotomy, 1096–1097, 1096f, 1097f Lieberman et al. technique, for recurrent hip dislocation, 2671–2672, 2673f Liebolt technique, for distal radioulnar joint dislocation, 3595, 3597f Lift-off test, in shoulder injury, 2607, 2608f Ligament(s) ankle, 2353–2355, 2354f. See also Calcaneoﬁ bular ligament; Deltoid ligament; Taloﬁ bular ligament carpal, 4073–4090. See also Carpal ligaments elbow, 525, 526f, 2717–2718, 2717f knee, 2399–2410, 2400f–2414f. See also Knee ligaments shoulder, 2601–2602

Ligament augmentation device, for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2520–2521 Ligamentotaxis, external ﬁ xation in, 3066 Ligamentum mucosum, 2820, 2847 Ligier et al. technique, for femoral shaft fracture ﬁ xation, 1660–1661, 1660f Limb bud, 4369, 4369f Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 1511, 1511f Limb length. See also Limb-length discrepancy; Limb lengthening; Limb shortening measurement of, 400, 400f, 1140– 1143, 1141f, 1142f, 1143b, 1145t Limb-length discrepancy acquired, hip arthroplasty and, 399– 401, 399f computed tomography for, 1141 congenital, 1140–1169. See also Hemimelia clinical assessment of, 1140–1143, 1141f, 1142f, 1143t, 1144f, 1145t closed femoral diaphyseal shortening for, 1151–1153, 1152f, 1153f distal femoral metaphyseal shortening for, 1150, 1150f epiphysiodesis for, 1146–1148, 1147f, 1149f limb lengthening for, 1153–1169. See also Limb lengthening limb shortening for, 1148–1153, 1150f, 1151f, 1152f, 1153f. See also Limb shortening measurement of, 1140–1143, 1141f, 1142f, 1143b, 1145t proximal femoral metaphyseal shortening for, 1149–1150, 1149f proximal tibial metaphyseal shortening for, 1150, 1150f radiography for, 1141–1143, 1141f scanogram for, 1141, 1141f slow distraction lengthening for, 1153, 1155–1167, 1156f, 1157f tibial diaphyseal shortening for, 1150, 1151f transiliac lengthening for, 1153, 1154f Limb lengthening, 1153–1169, 1154f, 1156f, 1157f bone problems with, 1168–1169 complications of, 1155, 1167–1169 in dwarﬁ sm, 1310–1311 femoral, 1162–1166 DeBastiani et al. technique for, 1162–1163, 1163f

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Limb lengthening—cont’d femoral—cont’d Ilizarov technique for, 1163–1166, 1165f over intramedullary nail, 1167, 1167f joint problems with, 1168 muscle problems with, 1168 neurovascular problems with, 1168 pin track infection with, 1167–1168 for protrusio acetabuli, 372 tibial, 1153, 1157–1160 DeBastiani et al. technique for, 1155, 1157 Ilizarov technique for, 1155, 1156f, 1157–1160, 1158f, 1159f over intramedullary nail, 1160– 1162, 1161f, 1162f transiliac, 1153, 1154f Limb occlusion pressure, for tourniquet, 4 Limb salvage, vs. amputation, 785–788, 787f, 788f, 3028–3030 Limb Salvage Index, 3029 Limb shortening, 1148–1153 femoral, 1149–1153 closed diaphyseal, 1151–1153, 1152f, 1153f distal metaphyseal, 1150, 1150f proximal metaphyseal, 1149–1150, 1150f tibial diaphyseal, 1150, 1151f proximal metaphyseal, 1150, 1150f Lin et al. technique for interphalangeal joint arthroplasty, 4210–4211, 4212f, 4213f for radial and ulnar osteotomies, 1244, 1244f Lindholm technique, for Achilles tendon repair, 2750–2751, 2751f Lindseth and Selzer technique, for vertebral excision, 2101– 2104, 2102f, 2104f Lindseth technique, for pelvic osteotomy, 1472, 1473f Lipoblastoma, 4314 Lipoblastomatosis, 940 Lipoﬁ broma, intraneural, 4314, 4314f, 4315f Lipoma, 871, 873f, 940 chondroid, 940 hand, 4313–4314, 4313f intermuscular, 4314 intramuscular, 154f, 940, 940f, 4314 soleus, 154f Liposarcoma, 154f, 949–950, 949f Lipscomb et al. technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4675, 4675f Liquid nitrogen cryosurgery, benign tumor, 790 Lisfranc amputation, 580f, 581, 581f, 582f, 587

Lisfranc joint, fracture-dislocation of, 4871, 4873–4877, 4873f, 4874f classiﬁ cation of, 4873, 4874f compartment syndrome with, 4873, 4875, 4875f displaced, 4875, 4876f evaluation of, 4873, 4875–4876 pediatric, 1701, 1702f, 1703f reduction and ﬁ xation for, 4875–4877, 4876f, 4877f, 4878f Little ﬁ nger. See Finger(s), little Little Leaguer’s elbow, 1260–1261 Littler and Cooley technique for abductor digiti quinti muscle transfer, 4133, 4135f for adducted thumb contracture correction, 4425, 4425f Littler et al. technique, for de Quervain disease, 4300, 4302f Littler technique for buttonhole deformity, 3907–3909, 3908f for congenital clasped thumb correction, 4432–4433, 4433f for intrinsic hand contracture release, 4266, 4266f, 4267 for metacarpal fracture nonunion, 3973–3974, 3973f, 3974f for pollicization, 664–666, 665f–666f, 667f–668f Littlewood technique, for forequarter amputation, 634–637, 636f Lloyd-Roberts and Bucknill technique, for Monteggia fracture reduction, 1555 Lloyd-Roberts and Swann technique, for trochanteric advancement, 1196–1197 Lo and Burkhart technique, for rotator cuff repair, 2976–2977, 2982–2983, 2982f, 2984f Load deformation curves, implant, 3050, 3051f Lobster claw. See Cleft hand Lobster foot, 1067–1070, 1068f, 1069f, 1070f Local ﬂ ap(s), 3829–3837 adipofascial, 3832, 3832f advancement, 3829–3830 butterﬂ y, 4406, 4407f cross ﬁ nger, 3833–3834, 3835f, 3837, 3837f design of, 3832–3833 digital artery-metacarpal artery-based, 3830, 3831f dorsoulnar, 3833, 3836f for ﬁ nger injury, 3829f, 3830, 3831f, 3832–3837, 3832f, 3833f, 3835f, 3836f, 3837f ﬂ ag, 3833, 3836f reverse adipofascial, 643, 645f, 3830, 3832f

Local ﬂ ap(s)—cont’d rotation, 3829f, 3830 rotation-transposition, 3829f for syndactyly, 4406–4408, 4407f, 4408f, 4410f translation, 3830, 3831f transposition, 3829f, 3830, 3831f, 3832, 3832f turnover, 3830, 3832, 3832f for web space injury, 3833, 3834f Localio et al. technique, for sacrum resection, 824 Locking loop suture, 12, 12f Locking plates, 3059–3060, 3060f condylar, 3174–3175, 3174f, 3183 Locking screws, 3053 Locking stitch, 2459, 2463f Lokiec et al. technique, for subungual exostosis excision, 4777, 4778f Long radiolunate ligament, 4001f Long thoracic nerve, 3662–3663, 3663f injury to, 1438–1439, 3672 Longitudinal meniscal tears, 2419f, 2422, 2823, 2823f, 2826– 2828, 2830f incomplete, 2827–2828, 2830f repair of, 2826, 2826f, 2827–2828 resection of, 2828, 2830f Loose bodies. See also Osteochondritis dissecans elbow, 3000, 3001f, 3002f, 3003 Freiberg infraction with, 1253, 1254f knee, 2845–2846, 2846f, 2852 arthroscopic removal of, 2845– 2846, 2846f excision of, 2852 osteochondral fracture and, 1673, 1673f, 3169–3170 osteochondritis dissecans and, 1258, 1258f, 1259f, 2849, 2852 shoulder, 2934 Lordoscoliosis, thoracic, in neuroﬁ bromatosis, 2109 Lordosis cervical, 2294f, 2295 lumbar, 1938t, 2294–2295, 2294f posterior spinal instrumentationrelated decompensation of, 1964, 1966f postsurgical loss of, 1978, 1978f in Marfan syndrome, 2111, 2111f Losee technique, for iliotibial band tenodesis, 2502–2504, 2503f Lotke LAB wiring ﬁ xation, for patellar fracture, 3163, 3163f Lougheed and White technique, for coccygectomy, 2258 Louis et al. technique, for wrist arthrodesis, 226, 227f

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Low back pain in adult idiopathic scoliosis, 1931 in intervertebral disc disease, 1871– 1872, 2159–2161, 2199– 2200, 2201f. See also Intervertebral disc, internal derangement of; Intervertebral disc disease, lumbar magnetic resonance imaging in, 144, 145f, 146f in spinal stenosis, 2276–2277, 2277t Low contact stress knee prosthesis, 244 Lower extremity. See also Femur; Fibula; Foot (feet); Tibia compartments of, 2737, 2738f. See also Compartment syndrome, lower extremity constriction band of, 1111–1113, 1112f, 1113f cross sections of, for external ﬁ xation, 3065, 3065f frostbite of, 564–565 incision drape for, 10, 10f muscle herniation in, 2777–2778 surgical amputation of. See Amputation (surgical), lower extremity Lucas and Murray technique, for knee arthrodesis, 194–195, 194f Luchetti et al. technique, for dorsal wrist ganglion resection, 4333 Luck technique, for subcutaneous fasciotomy, 4278, 4280, 4280f Ludloff incision, for psoas abscess drainage, 2258 Ludloff osteotomy, 4510f, 4520, 4521f Ludloff technique, for hip drainage, 736, 737f Lumbar disc disease. See Intervertebral disc disease, lumbar Lumbar discography, 2181–2182, 2182f Lumbar interbody fusion anterior for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2292–2293 for internal intervertebral disc derangement, 2221, 2222f for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2309–2310 posterior for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2292–2293, 2293f, 2294f for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2308– 2309, 2309f transforaminal, 2292 Lumbar plexus, 3637 injury to, 3688–3690, 3688f Lumbar spine. See also Thoracolumbar spine anatomy of, 1729, 1730f

Lumbar spine—cont’d approach to anterior L1 to L5, 1747–1749, 1749f L5 to S1, 1749–1750, 1750f video-assisted, 1750–1751 posterior L1 to L5, 1755, 1755f L1 to sacrum, 1755–1757, 1757f paraspinal, 1755, 1756f arthrodesis of. See Lumbar spine arthrodesis brucellosis of, 2249, 2250f cortisone injection of, 2174–2177 caudal approach to, 2177 interlaminar approach to, 2175, 2176f transforaminal approach to, 2175– 2177, 2176f, 2177f disc disease of. See Intervertebral disc disease, lumbar in dwarﬁ sm, 1310 fracture of. See also Thoracolumbar spine, fracture of pediatric, 1606–1607, 1607f hemangioma of, 873f L5 vertebrectomy of, 2092, 2093f, 2094f lordosis of, 1938t, 2294–2295, 2294f posterior spinal instrumentationrelated decompensation of, 1964, 1966f postsurgical loss of, 1978, 1978f medial branch block injection of, 2178–2179, 2179f osteotomy of for ankylosing spondylitis, 2316– 2317, 2316f, 2318f, 2319f eggshell, 2317, 2319f pedicle subtraction, 2317, 2318, 2319f Smith-Peterson, 2317, 2318f pedicles of, 1732–1733, 1732f, 1733f spondylolisthesis of. See Spondylolisthesis spondylolysis of, 2081–2082, 2082f, 2083f Scheuermann disease and, 2055– 2056, 2056f stenosis of. See Spinal stenosis zygapophyseal joint of, injection of, 2178–2179, 2179f Lumbar spine arthrodesis, 1865–1874 care after, 1870 interbody fusion, 1871–1874, 1872f, 1873f, 1874f anterior disc excision and, 1871– 1873, 1872f, 1873f for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2292–2293, 2293f, 2294f for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2308– 2310, 2309f minimally invasive, 1873–1874, 1874f

Lumbar spine arthrodesis—cont’d internal ﬁ xation in, 1869–1870 minimally invasive, 1871 posterior, 1866–1871 care after, 1870 internal ﬁ xation in, 1869–1870 minimally invasive, 1871 posterolateral, 1867–1869, 1868f, 1869f pseudarthrosis after, 1870–1871 posterolateral, 1867–1869, 1868f, 1869f pseudarthrosis after, 1870–1871 Lumbosacral plexus, 3637, 3688f Lumbosacral spine dislocation of, 1830–1835, 1833f pedicle screw stabilization for, 1833, 1834f transperitoneal anterior approach to, 1749–1750, 1750f Lumbrical plus ﬁ nger, 3871, 3888–3889, 3889f Lunate anatomy of, 3999–4000, 4000f anterior dislocation of, 4076, 4076f blood supply of, 4040, 4041f fracture of, 4036t, 4040–4044, 4040f, 4041f osteonecrosis of. See Kienböck disease prosthetic, 4043–4044, 4044f revascularization of, 4042–4043, 4043f Lung cancer, bone metastases from, 924, 927f, 928f Lunotriquetral arthrodesis, 4089–4090, 4090f Lunotriquetral ligament, 4000, 4002f magnetic resonance imaging of, 150 tear of, 4006f Luque rod instrumentation for cerebral palsy–related scoliosis, 2022 for Duchenne muscular dystrophy– related scoliosis, 1509–1510, 1510f sublaminar wiring with for neuromuscular scoliosis, 2010– 2011, 2011f for osteogenesis imperfecta, 2123, 2123f for thoracolumbar fracture, 1817–1821, 1819f, 1820f Lyme disease, 765 Lymphangioma, 4319 Lymphedema, factitious, 4119–4120 Lymphocytes, T in septic arthritis, 725 in spinal infection, 2245 Lymphoma, 920–923 histology of, 921, 922f, 923f imaging of, 920, 922f, 923f Lynn technique, for Achilles tendon repair, 2751–2752, 2751f

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M Ma and Grifﬁ th technique, for Achilles tendon repair, 2753, 2753f MacAusland and Müller technique, for elbow exposure, 109, 109f MacCarty et al. technique, for sacrum resection, 824 MacClean and Silver technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4675 MacIntosh, lateral pivot shift test of, for knee ligament injury, 2444– 2446, 2447f MacIntosh technique, for iliotibial band tenodesis, 2502–2504, 2502f, 2503f Mack et al. technique, for video-assisted thoracic surgery, 1746–1747, 1746f Mackinnon and Novak technique, for ulnar nerve reconstruction, 3681, 3681f Macnicol and Makris technique, for trochanteric advancement, 1278, 1280 Macrodactyly ﬁ nger, 4420–4424, 4421f debulking for, 4422–4423, 4422f digital shortening for, 4423, 4423f epiphysiodesis for, 4423 toe, 1064–1067, 1066f Madelung deformity, 4448–4451 closing wedge osteotomy for, 4450, 4450f dome osteotomy for, 4449, 4450– 4451, 4451f dyschondrosteosis lesion resection for, 4449–4450 incidence of, 4368t radial osteotomy for, 4449, 4449f radiography of, 4449f Vickers ligament excision for, 4449, 4450–4451, 4451f Maffucci syndrome, 859, 907, 4321 Magerl and Seemann technique, for transarticular C1-2 screw ﬁ xation, 1793, 1794f Magnetic resonance imaging, 130–156 acetabular labrum, 144 aneurysmal bone cyst, 868, 869f, 872f anterior cruciate ligament tear, 138, 139f biceps tendon rupture, 150, 151f brachial plexus injury, 3664 calcaneal tendon tear, 132, 133f carpal tunnel syndrome, 4287 chondroblastoma, 890f, 891f, 892f chondrosarcoma, 153f contraindications to, 132 degenerative scoliosis, 2290 degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2290 dermatoﬁ brosarcoma protuberans, 952f desmoid tumor, 947f desmoplastic ﬁ broma, 867f discoid meniscus, 137, 138f

Magnetic resonance imaging—cont’d dorsal patellar defect, 1258, 1261f elbow, 150, 151f, 152f fast spin-echo technique of, 131, 131f fat-suppression technique of, 131, 131f femoral head osteonecrosis, 142, 142f, 1034 femoral neck fracture, 143–144, 143f, 3273, 3283, 3283f ﬂ exor digitorum profundus tendon rupture, 150, 151f foot and ankle, 132–134, 133f, 134f, 135f forearm compartment syndrome, 4262 gadolinium in, 152, 154, 683 giant cell tumor, 789f, 883, 884f, 886, 887f, 889f, 944f glenoid labrum, 148–149, 148f gradient-echo technique of, 131 hemangioma, 155, 155f, 946f high-ﬁ eld scanner for, 131 hip, 140, 142–144, 142f, 143f hip fracture, 3238, 3238f, 3283, 3283f infection, 682–683, 682f intervertebral disc disease, 144, 145f, 146f intraosseous ganglion cyst, 870, 872f isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2304 Kienböck disease, 150, 151f knee, 134, 136–140, 136f–141f labral tear, 148–149, 148f lateral humeral condyle fracture, 1570–1571 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1264–1265 lipoma, 154–155, 154f, 871, 873f, 940, 940f liposarcoma, 949, 949f low back pain, 144, 145f, 146f low-ﬁ eld scanner for, 131 malignant ﬁ brous histiocytoma, 947, 948f malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, 953f medial collateral ligament tear, 138 meniscal cyst, 136, 136f, 137 meniscal tear, 136–137, 136f, 137f menisci, 136–137, 136f, 137f metal prostheses and, 132 myxoid chondrosarcoma, 955f myxoid liposarcoma, 154f neurilemoma, 941, 941f neuroﬁ broma, 943f occult fracture, 140, 141f osteochondritis dissecans, 132, 135f, 140, 142f, 1257, 1259f osteochondroma, 860, 860f, 861f osteomyelitis, 132, 134, 135f, 704 osteosarcoma, 954f Paget disease, 873, 874f patellar dislocation, 140, 140f peroneus longus tendon tear, 132, 134f physeal injury, 140, 141f

Magnetic resonance imaging—cont’d pigmented villonodular synovitis, 155, 155f, 942, 945f popliteal cyst, 139–140, 140f posterior cruciate ligament tear, 138, 139f postoperative discitis, 145–147, 146f proximal ﬁ bula chondrosarcoma, 783f rotator cuff, 147–148, 148f, 2609 scaphoid fracture, 4013, 4014f scaphoid osteonecrosis, 150, 151f schwannoma, 941, 941f septic arthritis, 724–725 short-tau inversion recovery sequence for, 131 shoulder, 147–149, 148f, 149f, 150f, 2609, 2684 sinus tarsi syndrome, 2374 spin-echo technique of, 130–131, 131f spinal infection, 2244 spinal metastases, 2327 spinal rheumatoid arthritis, 2312 spinal stenosis, 2278, 2278f spine, 144–147, 145f, 146f spinoglenoid notch ganglia, 149, 150f Stener lesion, 3935, 3935f surface coils for, 131–132 synovial chondromatosis, 944f synovial sarcoma, 951f talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2378, 2379f talar osteonecrosis, 132, 134f techniques of, 130–132, 131f tibial tendon tear, 132, 133f transient osteoporosis, 142, 143f triangular ﬁ brocartilaginous complex perforation of, 150, 150f triceps tendon avulsion, 150, 152f tuberculosis, 755, 756f tumor, 151–155, 153f, 154f, 155f, 777 ulnar collateral ligament tear, 150, 152f wrist, 149–150, 151f, 152f Magnetic resonance venography, 3334 Magnuson and Stack procedure, 2704, 2706f Magnusson wiring ﬁ xation, for patellar fracture, 3163, 3163f Malawer technique for proximal ﬁ bula resection, 838 for proximal tibia resection, 829–832, 830f–831f Malgaigne fracture, 1611 Malignant ﬁ brous histiocytoma, 917 femur, 825f hand, 4326, 4326f hip, 924f knee, 918f–919f soft tissue, 946–949, 948f Malignant melanoma hand, 4329–4330 toenail, 4781, 4781f Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, 952–953, 953f

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Malleolar screw, for ﬁ fth metatarsal fracture, 4880–4881, 4883, 4883f Malleolus (malleoli) fracture of bimalleolar, 3089–3090, 3092–3093, 3093f open reduction and ﬁ xation for, 3089–3090 diabetes-associated, 3100 lateral, 3089, 3090 ﬁ xation for, 3091, 3091f, 3092– 3093, 3095 lag screw only for, 3090 nonunion of, 3553 medial, 3087–3089, 3088f bioabsorable screws for, 3088–3089 ﬁ xation for, 3093–3094, 3094f nonunion of, 3545, 3547–3549, 3547f, 3548f stress, 3089 pediatric, 1686, 1686f, 1687f posterior, 3097–3099, 3098f stress, 3089 trimalleolar (Cotton), 3096–3097, 3099, 3099f lateral, fracture of, 3089, 3090 ﬁ xation for, 3091, 3091f, 3092– 3093, 3093f, 3095 lag screw only for, 3090 nonunion of, 3553 medial fracture of, 3087–3089, 3088f bioabsorable screws for, 3088–3089 ﬁ xation for, 3093–3094, 3094f nonunion of, 3545, 3547–3549, 3547f, 3548f stress, 3089 osteotomy of, 32, 32f, 2381, 2382f, 2383f, 2384, 2384f tibiotalar arthrodesis with, 179– 180, 180f resection of, 3547, 3547f sliding graft for, 3547–3548, 3547f Mallet ﬁ nger, 3966–3967 classiﬁ cation of, 3966 open reduction and ﬁ xation for, 3967, 3967f pediatric, 1538–1539, 1539f, 3902, 3902f rheumatoid, 4211, 4214f secondary repair of, 3903–3904, 3903f, 3904f splinting for, 3902, 3902f, 3966–3967, 3967f tendon transfer or graft for, 3904, 3904f type 1, 3902, 3902f, 3966–3967, 3967f type 2, 3966, 3967 type 3, 3966, 3967 type 4, 3967, 3968f

Mallet toe, 4632t, 4640–4644, 4642f, 4643f correction of, 4641–4644, 4641f, 4642f etiology of, 4640–4641, 4641f ﬂ exor tenotomy for, 4642 resection dermodesis for, 4642–4643, 4643f terminal Syme procedure for, 4642, 4642f, 4643–4644 Mallory technique, for femoral cement removal, 443 Malnutrition, infection and, 675–676 Malone et al. technique, for two-stage Syme amputation, 595–596, 596f Malunion. See Fracture(s), malunion of Mandelbaum et al. technique, for patellar tendon reconstruction, 2764–2766, 2765f Mandible, actinomycosis of, 765 Mandible-splitting technique, for transoral cervical spine exposure, 1891, 1892f Mangled extremity, amputation in, 562– 564, 563t Mangled Extremity Severity Score, 563, 563t, 3029, 3029t Mankey and Mann technique, for ﬁ rst metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis, 4527–4529, 4528f Manktelow technique, for neuromuscular transfer, 3756–3758, 3758f, 3759f Mann, Nash, Wilham et al. technique, for rib osteotomy, 1983, 1983f Mann and Coughlin technique, for proximal crescentic osteotomy, 4510f, 4511–4516, 4512f–4513f, 4514f, 4515f Mann and DuVries technique, for metatarsophalangeal arthroplasty, 4648–4649, 4648f Mann and Thompson technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4675– 4676, 4677–4679, 4678f Mann et al. technique for cheilectomy, 4568–4570, 4568f, 4569f for tibiotalar arthrodesis with screw ﬁ xation, 171–174, 173f Manske and McCarroll technique, for opponensplasty, 4387, 4389, 4389f, 4390f Manske et al. technique, for hand centralization, 4378–4379, 4380f, 4381f Manske technique, for extensor pollicis longus redirection, 4189, 4191–4192, 4191f

Maquet technique, for tibial tuberosity advancement, 1018, 2569– 2570, 2569f Marcove et al. technique, for shoulder resection, 796, 797f Marfan syndrome kyphosis in, 2111, 2112f lordosis in, 2111, 2111f scoliosis in, 2110–2112 Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, spinal deformity in, 2126–2129 Martin rubber sheet bandage, 4, 6 for hand surgery, 3805 Martin technique, for patellar fracture wire ﬁ xation, 3165–3166 Marx and Axelrod technique, for intraarticular osteotomy, 3518–3519 Mast technique, for tibial pilon fracture ﬁ xation, 3107–3108, 3107f, 3108f, 3109f Matched distal ulnar arthroplasty, 4062– 4063, 4062f Matsuno et al. technique, for Chiari pelvic osteotomy, 1029, 1029f Matta and Saucedo technique, for sacral fracture ﬁ xation, 3356, 3357f, 3358f Matti-Russe technique, for bone grafting for scaphoid nonunion, 4027–4028, 4028f Mauldin et al. technique, for ﬁ rst metatarsocuneiform arthrodesis, 4531–4533, 4532f Maxillectomy extended, 1893f, 1894–1895 subtotal, 1737–1741, 1739f, 1891–1894, 1893f Maxillotomy, extended, 1739f, 1741 Mazet and Hennessy technique, for knee disarticulation, 607–608, 607f Mazzocca et al. technique for arthroscopic Bankart repair, 2952– 2953, 2953f, 2954f, 2956t–2957t for biceps tenodesis, 2949, 2950f–2951f McAfee et al. technique, for anterior retropharyngeal cervical spine approach, 1736–1737, 1738f, 1896–1898, 1897f McBride bunionectomy (modiﬁ ed), 4476, 4478–4487 adductor tendon release in, 4480– 4482, 4481f, 4482f aftertreatment in, 4487, 4487f, 4488f, 4489f closure in, 4485–4486 complications of, 4541–4546, 4542f, 4543b, 4544f, 4545f, 4549f, 4550f

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McBride bunionectomy (modiﬁ ed)—cont’d dressings after, 4487, 4488f, 4489f ﬁ bular sesamoidectomy in, 4482– 4483, 4483f, 4484f–4485f incisions for, 4478–4480, 4479f, 4480f, 4481f medial capsular imbrication in, 4484– 4485, 4486f medial eminence removal in, 4480, 4481f recurrent deformity after, 4541–4546, 4542f, 4543b, 4544f, 4545f results of, 4479f, 4486f tibial sesamoid dislocation with, 4486f toe spacer after, 4487, 4487f McCarthy et al. technique, for proximal femoral resection, 1354, 1357, 1357f McCarthy technique, for sacropelvic ﬁ xation, 2011–2013, 2012f, 2013f, 2015f McConkey and Favero technique, for peroneal tendon repair, 2780, 2781f McConnell technique, for knee exposure, 48, 49f McCulloch technique, for microdecompression, 2286– 2287, 2287f McElfresh et al. technique, for proximal interphalangeal joint fracture reduction, 3954, 3960f McFarland and Osborne technique, for lateral hip exposure, 66, 67f McFarlane et al. technique, for ﬂ exor superﬁ cialis tendon transfer, 4445, 4445f McFerran and Johnson technique, for femoral nailing, 3209, 3209f, 3210f McGregor line, 1901, 1901b, 1901f, 1902, 2312, 2312f, 2313f McHale and Lenhart technique, for cuneiform and cuboid osteotomy, 1078–1079, 1080f McKay technique, for congenital clubfoot, 1090–1091, 1092f McKeever and Buck technique, for olecranon fragment excision, 3415, 3416f McKeever technique for clavicular fracture ﬁ xation, 3373, 3375f for ﬁ rst metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis, 4565, 4565f McLaughlin technique for posterior shoulder dislocation reduction, 3619–3620 for subscapularis tendon transfer, 2716–2717, 2716f for transacromial shoulder exposure, 95, 95f

McMinn technique, for resurfacing hip arthroplasty, 362–364, 363f McMurray test, 2424, 2424f McRae line, 1901, 1901b, 1901f, 2312, 2312f Mears and Rubash technique for sacroiliac joint exposure, 91–92, 91f for triradiate extensile acetabular and pelvic exposure, 85–87, 85f–86f Mears procedure, for Sprengel deformity, 1232 Media, culture, 683 Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, for interfascicular grafting, 3658 Medial capsular ligament, in hallux valgus, 4471, 4472f Medial collateral ligament advancement of, for arthroplasty, 270, 270f anatomy of, 2402–2403, 2402f, 2403f, 2717, 2717f fracture-related injury to, 3157 reconstruction of allograft tendons for, 2475 Altchek et al. technique for, 2721, 2723–2726, 2725f repair of, 2456–2465, 2458f–2464f sprain of arthroscopy of, 2819, 2819f nonoperative treatment of, 2453–2454 tear of, 138, 139f Medial condyle fracture femoral, 3177–3178, 3178f, 3485, 3485f humeral, 1579–1580, 1579f tibial, 3147, 3148f, 3149f, 3158–3159, 3160f Medial cuneiform osteotomy, 4521– 4522, 4522f Medial epicondyle displacement/entrapment of, 1577– 1579, 1578f excision of, 3682, 3683, 3683f fracture of, 1575, 1577–1579, 1578f nonunion of, 3562–3563, 3563f osteotomy of, 112–113, 113f Medial malleolus. See Malleolus (malleoli), medial Medial meniscus. See Meniscus (menisci), medial Medial opening wedge tibial osteotomy, 1003, 1009–1010, 1010f, 1011f–1012f Medial patellar retinaculum, repair of, 3577 Medial patellofemoral ligament, 2666f incompetence of, 2655. See also Patella, recurrent dislocation of repair of, 2661, 2663–2666, 2665f, 2666f, 2667f

Medial pectoral nerve, 3663, 3663f Median artery thrombosis, 4105 Median nerve anatomy of, 3663, 3663f, 3683, 3684f anesthetic block of, 3802–3803, 3804f compression of. See Carpal tunnel syndrome Déjérine-Sottas disease of, 4336, 4337f entrapment of, 3684 examination of, 3685, 3685f injury to, 3646t, 3647, 3683–3688, 3686f delayed repair of, 3687–3688 elbow arthroscopy and, 3007–3008 elbow dislocation and, 3409 high, 4156, 4156f, 4157 low, 4140f, 4155–4157, 4155f sensory effects of, 3642–3643, 3642t splints for, 3817f treatment of, 3685–3688, 3686f, 3993–3994, 3993f lipoﬁ broma of, 4314, 4314f palmar branch of, 3811f repair of, 3993–3994, 3993f in patient positioning, 8f in radial clubhand, 4377 repair of, 3685–3688, 3686f exposure for, 3686–3687 gap-closing techniques for, 3687 in palm, 3993–3994, 3993f pedicle grafting for, 3657 sutures for, 3687–3688 at wrist, 3993 sensory examination of, 3685, 3685f supracondylar fracture and, 1590 Medical condyle, tibial, fracture of, 3152–3153, 3152f Medoff technique for distal radial fracture ﬁ xation, 3451–3453, 3452f for intertrochanteric fracture ﬁ xation, 3252, 3253f Medullary bone graft, 18 Medullary canal, tendon ﬁ xation in, 11f, 12 Melanoma hand, 4329–4330 toenail, 4781, 4781f Menelaus technique, for triceps transfer, 4389–4390 Meniscectomy, 2426–2427, 2824–2825, 2824f for bucket-handle tears, 2827, 2828f degenerative changes after, 2426– 2427 for discoid meniscus, 2830–2831, 2831f Fairbanks changes after, 2427, 2832 ﬁ gure-four position for, 2825, 2825f general principles of, 2825 healing after, 2421 joint laxity after, 2418 for meniscal cyst, 2433, 2434f, 2831–2832

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Meniscectomy—cont’d partial, 2824, 2824f for bucket-handle tear, 2826, 2827, 2828f for cyst, 2433, 2434f radiographic changes after, 2417–2418 repair vs., 2833–2834, 2834t subtotal, 2824–2825, 2824f total, 2824f, 2825 Meniscotibial ligament tear, 2459, 2464f Meniscus (menisci), 2417–2436. See also Knee anatomy of, 2417–2421, 2417f, 2418f, 2419f, 2420f, 2421f arthroscopy-related injury to, 2804– 2805, 2804f blood supply of, 2420–2421, 2420f, 2421f collagen ﬁ bers of, 2418–2419, 2420f cysts of, 2432–2433, 2432f, 2832f magnetic resonance imaging of, 136, 136f, 137 meniscectomy for, 2433, 2434f, 2831–2832 tears and, 2422–2423, 2829 discoid, 2423, 2435–2436, 2435f excision of, 2830–2831, 2831f magnetic resonance imaging of, 137, 138f tears of, 2423, 2435–2436 Wrisberg-type, 2435, 2435f, 2436 excision of. See Meniscectomy function of, 2417–2421, 2419f graft of, 2842–2845, 2844f healing of, 2421 hoop tension in, 2408–2409, 2409f lateral, 2417, 2417f, 2418f, 2420, 2420f arthroscopy of, 2818f, 2820–2822, 2820f tears of. See Meniscus (menisci), tears of magnetic resonance imaging of, 136– 137, 136f, 137f mechanics of, 2420 medial, 2397, 2398f, 2419–2420, 2420f arthroscopy of, 2818f, 2819, 2819f hypertrophy of, tibia vara and, 1294 peripheral detachment of, 2819 tears of. See Meniscus (menisci), tears of transverse approach to, 43, 45, 45f peripheral edges of, 2419 regeneration of, 2421 removal of. See Meniscectomy replacement of, 2842–2845, 2844f tears of, 2421–2432, 2823–2845 allograft repair of, 2430–2432, 2430f Apley grind test for, 2424, 2425f arthrography of, 2425, 2425f arthroscopic examination of, 2818f, 2819–2822, 2819f, 2820f

Meniscus (menisci)—cont’d tears of—cont’d arthroscopic repair of, 2832–2845, 2833t, 2934t all-inside, 2832–2833, 2833b, 2840f, 2841–2842 bone plug for, 2842–2845, 2844f ﬁ brin clot for, 2842 general principles of, 2833–2834 indications for, 2833–2834 inside-out, 2832, 2833b, 2834– 2836, 2835f, 2836f lateral suturing for, 2840–2841 Mulberry knot technique for, 2837, 2837f, 2839 open repair vs., 2833 open vs. closed, 2833 outside-in, 2832, 2833b, 2837– 2841, 2837f, 2838f, 2839f, 2840f resection vs., 2833–2834, 2834t results of, 2832 suture retrieval technique for, 2837, 2837f, 2838, 2838f, 2839f, 2840f suture shuttle technique for, 2837, 2838, 2840f techniques of, 2832–2833, 2833b bucket-handle, 2422, 2819, 2823, 2823f, 2826–2828 mechanism of, 2422, 2422f partial meniscectomy for, 2826, 2827, 2828f repair of, 2826, 2826f, 2827, 2834 classiﬁ cation of, 2422–2423, 2823– 2824, 2823f complex, 2824, 2828–2829 computed tomography of, 2425 cyst and, 2422–2423 degenerative, 2820f, 2824 diagnosis of, 2423–2425, 2424f, 2425f, 2818f, 2819–2822, 2819f, 2820f. See also Knee arthroscopy, diagnostic ﬂ ap, 2824, 2829, 2830f healing of, 2421, 2427–2428, 2427f horizontal, 2419f, 2823, 2823f, 2828–2829 imaging of, 2425, 2425f longitudinal, 2419f, 2422, 2823, 2823f, 2826–2828 incomplete, 2827–2828, 2830f repair of, 2826, 2826f, 2827–2828 resection of, 2828, 2830f magnetic resonance imaging of, 136–137, 136f, 137f, 2425 McMurray test for, 2424, 2424f mechanism of, 2422, 2422f nonoperative management of, 2426 oblique, 2422, 2820f, 2824, 2824f, 2828

Meniscus (menisci)—cont’d tears of—cont’d operative management of, 2426– 2432, 2427f, 2428t, 2429f. See also Meniscectomy allografts for, 2430–2432, 2430f arthroscopic. See Meniscus (menisci), tears of, arthroscopic repair of suture repair in, 2427–2430, 2428t, 2429f pain with, 2424 peripheral, 2823, 2823f radial, 2422, 2820f, 2824, 2824f, 2829, 2830f red-red, 2823, 2823f red-white, 2823, 2823f squat test for, 2425 transverse, 2422 vascular zone of, 2427–2428, 2427f transplantation of, 2430–2432, 2430f, 2842–2845, 2844f Mensor and Scheck technique, for hanging hip operation, 1029–1030, 1030f Meralgia paresthetica, 3688 Meryon sign, 1504 MESS (Mangled Extremity Severity Score), 563, 563t, 3029, 3029t Metacarpal(s). See also Finger(s); Thumb dislocation of, 3940 ﬁ fth intraarticular fracture of, 3940– 3941, 3942f osteotomizing of, 656, 657f phalangization of, 657–658 ﬁ rst fracture of, 3925–3927, 3925f, 3926f, 3927f closed pinning for, 3926, 3926f malunion of, 3927, 3927f open reduction for, 3926–3927, 3927f pediatric, 1540–1543, 1542f Y -shaped (Rolando), 3927–3929, 3928f, 3929f, 3930f osteotomizing of, 657f osteotomy of, for malunited Bennett fracture, 3927, 3927f fracture of head, 3947–3949, 3947f, 3948f Kirschner wires for, 3944, 3945f, 3947, 3947f malunion of, 3969, 3971–3973, 3972f minicondylar plate ﬁ xation for, 3949 90/90 wiring for, 3949, 3950f nonunion of, 3973–3974, 3973f, 3974f pediatric, 1540–1543, 1542f percutaneous pinning for, 3944, 3946–3947, 3947f

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Metacarpal(s)—cont’d fracture of—cont’d screw ﬁ xation for, 3948–3949, 3948f shaft, 3944–3947, 3944f, 3945f, 3946f tension band wiring for, 3949, 3950f treatment of, 3922–3925 lengthening of, 4374, 4374f, 4435, 4435f, 4436f osteotomy of for cleft hand, 4399 for malunited Bennett fracture, 3927, 3927f for ulnar clubhand, 4402, 4402f Metacarpal artery, in ﬁ nger ﬂ ap design, 3830, 3831f, 3833, 3834f Metacarpophalangeal joint(s) ﬁ nger arthrodesis of, 4219–4221, 4220f arthroplasty of, 4216, 4217f capsulotomy of, 3974–3975 dislocation of, 3941–3944, 3943f, 3944f in rheumatoid arthritis, 4215– 4216, 4216f septic arthritis of, 4355–4356 thumb arthrodesis of, 4242 arthroplasty of, 4225, 4227–4228, 4227f, 4228f dislocation of, 3931–3933, 3933f, 3934f pediatric, 1543, 1543f simple vs. complex, 3931 volar approach for, 3932–3933 fracture of, 3931–3933, 3932f reconstruction of, 4225, 4226f synovectomy of, 4223, 4224– 4225 Métaizeau et al. technique, for epiphysiodesis, 1146–1148, 1147f, 1149f Métaizeau technique, for radial head and neck fracture reduction, 1561f, 1562–1563 Metals. See also Intramedullary nails/ nailing; Pin(s); Plate(s); Prostheses; Screw(s) corrosion of, 3048 failure of, 3075, 3075f sensitization to, 3048 stress-strain curves for, 3050, 3050f Metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle supracondylar fracture and, 1583, 1584f tibia vara and, 1292–1293, 1293f Metaphyseal ﬁ brous defect, 862–863, 863f Metaphysis. See also Epiphysis; Physis Brodie abscess of, 701–702 chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis of, 710–711

Metaphysis—cont’d fracture of, 1533–1536 abuse-related, 1537, 1537f classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f, 1535f distal tibia, 1689–1690, 1689f, 1690f lateral humeral condyle, 1569 olecranon, 1564, 1564f, 1565f proximal tibia, 1678–1680, 1679f, 1680f, 1681f, 1682f tibial tuberosity, 1672, 1672f treatment of, 1535, 1535f infection of, 696, 696f. See also Osteomyelitis tibial acquired fragmentation of. See Tibia vara focal ﬁ brocartilaginous dysplasia of, 1294, 1294f Metastatic disease, 923–931 arthroplasty in, 925, 926f biopsy in, 924 breast cancer, 924, 926f femoral, 3214 hand, 4330 lung cancer, 924, 927f, 928f medical treatment of, 924 microscopic appearance of, 924 or unknown origin, 777–778, 778f palliative amputation for, 567 prophylactic ﬁ xation in, 924–925, 925f, 925t prostate cancer, 924 radiography of, 924 renal cancer, 808f–809f, 810f, 924, 926f, 928f, 931f spinal, 2327–2331 classiﬁ cation of, 2328 decompression for, 2328–2331 pathoanatomy of, 2328 radiation therapy for, 2328 of unknown origin, 923–924 Metatarsal(s) amputation of, 587, 589f excision of, 757 ﬁ fth epiphysis of, 1251–1252, 1252f fracture of, 4877–4884 classiﬁ cation of, 4877–4879, 4879f, 4879t distal, 4884 inlay bone graft for, 4883–4884, 4884f malleolar screw ﬁ xation for, 4880–4881, 4883, 4883f nonunion of, 1252, 1252f open reduction and ﬁ xation for, 4879, 4880f–4881f pediatric, 1701 shaft, 4805f head of, resection of, 4658, 4660, 4660f lateral condyle of, partial resection of, 4653–4655, 4654f, 4655f–4656f

Metatarsal(s)—cont’d ﬁ fth—cont’d traction epiphysitis of, 1251–1252, 1252f, 1253f fracture of acute, 4885–4886 malunion of, 3463 nonunion of, 3545 open reduction and plating for, 4885, 4886f pediatric, 1701–1704, 1703f postoperative, 4561–4562 stress, 4885, 4886f pediatric, 1701 Freiberg infraction of, 1252–1253, 1253f, 4660–4663, 4660f. See also Freiberg infraction conservative treatment of, 4660–4661 dorsal wedge osteotomy for, 1253, 1254f, 4661, 4661f loose body with, 1253, 1254f metatarsal head remodeling for, 4661–4662, 4662f radiography of, 1253f osteotomy of. See Metatarsal osteotomy resection of metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis with, 4680, 4682–4683, 4682f, 4683f for osteomyelitis, 714 second base of, posterior tibial tendon transfer to, 1508–1510, 1509f head of, osteochondrosis of, 1252– 1253, 1254f, 4660–4663, 4660f, 4661f, 4662f third, head of fracture of, 4660–4663, 4660f, 4661f, 4662f osteochondrosis of, 1252–1253, 1253f Metatarsal osteotomy, 4495–4509 for bunionette, 4655–4658, 4657f, 4659f chevron for bunionette, 4655–4656, 4658, 4659f distal, 4496–4497, 4500–4507, 4501f, 4503f, 4504–4506f, 4508f proximal, 4510f, 4516–4518, 4516f, 4517f chevron-Akin, 4508–4509, 4509f closing wedge, 4496, 4652 for Freiberg infraction, 1253, 1254f, 4661, 4661f complications of, 4547–4549, 4548f diaphyseal, for bunionette, 4656– 4658, 4657f distal chevron, 4496–4497, 4500– 4502, 4501f

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Metatarsal osteotomy—cont’d distal chevron—cont’d Johnson modiﬁ ed, 4507–4508, 4508f modiﬁ ed, 4502–4507, 4503f, 4504f–4506f dome-shaped, 1077–1078, 1078f, 1079f for dorsal bunion, 1100, 1101f double, 4536–4537, 4537f for metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation, 4639–4640, 4640f Mitchell, 4496, 4497–4500, 4498f complications of, 4496, 4496f, 4497b oblique, shortening, 4649, 4651–4652, 4651f proximal, 4509–4522, 4510f chevron, 4510f, 4516–4518, 4516f, 4517f crescentic, 4510–4516, 4510f, 4512f– 4513f, 4514f, 4515f for forefoot equinus, 4740–4741, 4741f Ludloff, 4510f, 4520, 4521f scarf, 4510f, 4518–4520, 4519f shortening, 4639–4640, 4640f oblique, 4649, 4651–4652, 4651f Metatarsalgia after Mitchell metatarsal osteotomy, 4496, 4496f postoperative, 4562–4563 Metatarsocuneiform joint, arthrodesis of, 4531–4533, 4532f, 4684 Metatarsophalangeal joint(s) great toe approach to, 24–25, 24f arthrodesis of, 4526–4531, 4526f, 4527f, 4540 complications of, 4563 cone, 4679–4680, 4681f for hallux rigidus, 4565, 4566f, 4567f for hallux valgus, 4526–4531, 4526f, 4527f Kirschner wire, 4530–4531, 4531f metatarsal head resection with, 4680, 4682–4683, 4682f, 4683f molded (ball-and-socket), 4533 for rheumatoid deformity, 4677– 4683, 4678f, 4681f, 4682f, 4683f small plate ﬁ xation with, 4527– 4529, 4528f truncated cone, 4529, 4530f disarticulation of, 583–585, 584f dislocation of, 4888–4889, 4889f, 4890f distal metatarsal articular angle of, 4472–4473, 4475, 4476, 4476f dorsomedial approach to, 25

Metatarsophalangeal joint(s)—cont’d great toe—cont’d intermetatarsal angle of, 4471, 4472f, 4475, 4476, 4478f limited motion of, 4563–4572. See also Hallux rigidus postoperative, 4561 medial approach to, 25, 25f resection arthroplasty of, 4670, 4674–4677, 4677f Clayton, 4674, 4675f Fowler, 4674, 4674f Kates et al., 4674, 4675f Keller, 4487–4495, 4489f, 4490f, 4491f, 4493f–4494f, 4495f complications of, 4562–4563, 4563f Larmon, 4674, 4674f Lipscomb et al., 4675, 4675f rheumatoid arthritis of, 4668, 4670f, 4671f, 4672f. See also Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in, forefoot valgus angle of, 4471, 4472f, 4475, 4476, 4478f lesser toes approach to, 25, 26f disarticulation of, 583–585, 583f dislocation of arthroplasty for, 4637–4639, 4637f, 4638f, 4639f shortening metatarsal osteotomy for, 4639–4640, 4640f ﬁ fth-toe arthroplasty of, 1070–1072, 1073f instability of, 4625–4630 anatomy of, 4625–4626, 4626f diagnosis of, 4626, 4627f etiology of, 4625 ﬂ exor-to-extensor transfer for, 4627–4630, 4628f, 4629f nonoperative treatment of, 4626 operative treatment of, 4626– 4630, 4628f, 4629f resection arthroplasty of, 4670, 4674–4677, 4674f, 4675f, 4676f rheumatoid arthritis of, 4668, 4669f, 4670f, 4671f, 4672f. See also Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in, forefoot Metatarsus adductus, 1074–1079, 1077b classiﬁ cation of, 1074–1075, 1076f cuboid osteotomy for, 1078–1079, 1080f cuneiform osteotomy for, 1078–1079, 1080f dome-shaped osteotomy for, 1077– 1078, 1078f, 1079f Metatarus quintus varus, 4652, 4654f Methicillin, Staphylococcus aureus resistance to, 725–726

Methylmethacrylate cement, suture anchors of, 13, 13f Methylprednisolone, for spinal injury, 1771–1772 Metzger line, 1901b, 1901f, 1902 Meyerding and Van Demark technique, for popliteal cyst excision, 978, 978f Michele and Krueger technique, for vertebral biopsy, 2113–2114, 2114f Micheli et al. technique, for peroneal tendon repair, 2780 Microdecompression, for spinal stenosis, 2286–2287, 2287f Microdiscectomy, for lumbar disc disease, 2206–2208, 2206f, 2208f Microfracture technique, for articular cartilage injury of knee, 2554–2555, 2554t, 2555f Microsurgery, 3707–3786 anastomosis in end-to-end, 3708–3710, 3709f end-to-side, 3710, 3710f vein graft, 3710, 3711f free transfer from foot in, 3768–3779 dorsalis pedis, 3770–3773, 3772f ﬁ rst web space, 3773–3775, 3773f, 3775f great toe, 3775–3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f neurovascular anatomy, 3768–3770, 3769f, 3770f, 3771f, 3772f wraparound ﬂ ap, 3775–3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f free vascularized bone transplant in, 3759–3768, 3760f ﬁ bula, 3759, 3760f, 3761–3765, 3763f–3764f, 3766f, 3767f iliac crest, 3759–3760, 3760f, 3765, 3767 indications for, 3761 preoperative planning for, 3761 rib, 3760–3761, 3760f, 3767–3768 instruments for, 3708, 3708f interfascicular grafting in, 3713–3715, 3714f, 3715f neuromuscular transfer in, 3756–3759, 3757f, 3758f, 3759f neurorrhaphy in, 3711–3713. See also Neurorrhaphy epineurial, 3711–3712, 3712f epineurial-perineurial, 3712–3713, 3713f perineurial, 3712, 3712f primary, 3711–3713, 3712f replantation, 3715–3730. See also Replantation revascularization in, 3730–3731 single-stage tissue transfer (free ﬂ ap) in, 3731–3744, 3732f advantages of, 3732–3733 aftertreatment of, 3736

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Microsurgery—cont’d single-stage tissue transfer (free ﬂ ap) in—cont’d anterolateral thigh, 3740–3741, 3741f contraindications to, 3733 disadvantages of, 3733 gracilis muscle, 3753–3754, 3754f iliofemoral (groin), 3737–3740, 3737f, 3738f, 3739f indications for, 3732 lateral arm, 3743–3744, 3744f, 3745f latissimus dorsi, 3744, 3746–3748, 3746f, 3747f monitoring for, 3735, 3736–3737 muscle, 3744–3755 parascapular, 3741–3742 pectoralis major, 3749–3750, 3750f, 3751f preoperative requirements for, 3734–3735 rectus abdominis, 3754–3756, 3755f, 3756f scapular, 3741–3743, 3741f, 3742f, 3743f selection of, 3733–3734 serratus anterior, 3748–3749, 3749f teams for, 3735 tensor fasciae latae, 3751–3753, 3752f vascularized nerve graft in, 3786 vein graft in, 3710, 3711f whole joint, 3786 Middle ﬁ nger amputation, 652, 653f, 655f Midfoot. See also Foot (feet) amputation of, 587–588, 590, 590f cavus of, 4745–4747 anterior tarsal wedge osteotomy for, 4745, 4745f tarsal V -osteotomy for, 4745–4747, 4746f rheumatoid arthritis of, 4668, 4671f, 4684 Midline decompression, for spinal stenosis, 2284–2285, 2285f Mikles technique, for transpedicular eggshell osteotomy, 2042, 2044 Milch technique, for ulnar shortening osteotomy, 3521, 3521f Milford technique, for mallet ﬁ nger repair, 3904, 3904f Millender and Nalebuff technique, for wrist arthrodesis, 4250 Millender et al. technique, for trapeziometacarpal joint arthroplasty, 4241 Miller et al. technique, for tibiotalar arthrodesis, 174–175, 175f Miller technique, for iliopsoas release, 1351

Millesi technique for interfascicular nerve grafting, 3657, 3659–3661, 3660f, 3661f, 3713–3715, 3714f, 3988–3989, 3989f for thumb shortening, 4423–4424, 4423f Millis and Hall technique, for transiliac lengthening, 1153, 1154f Milwaukee brace for congenital scoliosis, 2035 for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 1925, 1925b for neuromuscular scoliosis, 2007 for osteogenesis imperfecta, 2122 for Scheuermann disease, 2057 Miniarthrotomy arthrodesis, ankle, 170, 174–175, 175f, 176f Minicondylar plate ﬁ xation, for metacarpal fracture, 3949 Minicore disease, 1513 Minkoff et al. technique, for knee exposure, 52, 54f Mirror hand, 4418–4420, 4418f, 4419f Mirror movements, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905, 1905b Mital et al. technique, for elbow ﬂ exion contracture release, 1382– 1383, 1383f Mitchell and Baxter technique, for chevron-Akin double osteotomy, 4508–4509, 4509f Mitchell metatarsal osteotomy, 4496, 4497–4500, 4498f complications of, 4496, 4496f, 4497b Mitchell technique, for cementless acetabular component removal, 446, 446f Miura and Komada technique, for hand cleft closure, 4398, 4398f MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), 2218–2219 Moberg advancement ﬂ ap, 660, 661f Moberg key grip tenodesis, 4163–4164, 4163f Moberg technique for deltoid-to-triceps transfer, 1448, 4160–4162, 4161f for proximal phalangeal osteotomy, 4572 Mobilization after ﬂ exor tendon graft repair, 3885–3886 after ﬂ exor tendon suture repair, 3876–3878, 3877f, 3878f, 3879f, 3880f Moe technique, for facet fusion, 1947, 1947f, 1948f Mogensen technique, for partial nail fold and nail matrix removal, 4770–4771 Mohammed technique, for shoulder arthrodesis, 216–217, 216f

Molesworth technique, for elbow exposure, 112–113 Mononeuritis multiplex, 4673 Monteggia fracture-dislocation, 3420–3424 classiﬁ cation of, 3420–3421, 3421f closed reduction for, 3422, 3423–3424 malunion of, 3504, 3505f nonunion of, 3563, 3564f open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3422–3423, 3422f, 3423f, 3424, 3424f pediatric, 1551–1556, 1554f Bell Tawse procedure for, 1554, 1554f, 1555–1556, 1555f classiﬁ cation of, 1551–1552, 1552f, 1553f open reduction for, 1555 unreduced, 3423 Montgomery and Jobe technique, for Bankart procedure, 2686, 2688, 2688b, 2689f Moore technique for osteotomy-osteoclasis, 3491, 3492f for posterior hip exposure, 74, 74f Moran technique, for distal humerus exposure, 103–105, 104f Moreau and Lake technique, for Achilles tendon lengthening, 1368, 1368f Morel-Lavallée lesion, 3032–3035, 3034f, 3035f, 3321 treatment of, 3032–3035, 3035f Moreland et al. technique, for femoral implant removal, 439–440, 439f Morgan and Casscells technique, for meniscal repair, 2837, 2837f, 2839 Morgan technique, for meniscal repair, 2840f, 2841–2842 Moro reﬂ ex, 1338, 1339f, 1340f Morquio syndrome hip dislocation in, 1310, 1311f spinal deformity in, 2126–2129 Morrey technique, for elbow contracture release, 2642, 2644f, 2645–2646 Morris et al. technique, for ankle arthrodesis, 180–181 Morrison et al. technique, for great toe wraparound ﬂ ap, 3775–3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f, 3779f Morrissy technique, for slipped capital femoral epiphysis ﬁ xation, 1634, 1636f Morscher et al. technique, for anterior cervical plating, 1806, 1808, 1808f Morton neuroma. See Neuroma, interdigital (Morton) Mosaicplasty, for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2381, 2383–2384, 2386–2389, 2387f–2388f

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Mosca technique, for anterior calcaneal osteotomy, 4598–4601, 4600f Motor function evaluation in cerebral palsy, 1338, 1338t, 1339f in hand injury, 3982–3983, 3983f after hand surgery, 3984 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging Mubarak and Hargens technique, for double-incision fasciotomy, 2742–2743, 2743f Mubarak et al. technique for halo vest application, 1898–1899, 1899f for muscle biopsy, 1503–1504 Mubarak technique, for posterior tibial tendon transfer, 1508–1510, 1509f Mucopolysaccharidoses, kyphosis in, 2126–2129, 2127f, 2128f Mucous cyst, 4334, 4335f Mulberry knot technique, for meniscal repair, 2837, 2837f, 2839 Müller et al. technique for elbow arthrodesis, 222–223, 223f for intertrochanteric varus osteotomy, 1022–1024, 1023f, 1024f Müller technique, for posterolateral rotary instability, 2485– 2488, 2486f, 2487f, 2488f Mulpuri et al. technique, for cervicothoracic junction procedures, 1909–1910, 1910f Multhopp-Stephens and Walling technique, for subungual exostosis excision, 4777, 4779f Multicore disease, 1513 Multihook segmental instrumentation, 1951–1967 complications of, 1964, 1966f, 1967 decompensated lumbar curve after, 1964, 1966f distal junctional kyphosis after, 1964, 1966f fusion levels for, 1951–1952, 1952f hook site selection for, 1951–1952, 1952f, 1953f, 1954f laminar hooks for, 1952 implantation of, 1956–1957, 1956f for Lenke 1A curve, 1957–1959, 1958f, 1959f, 1960f lower hook cutout after, 1967, 1967f pedicle hooks for, 1952 implantation of, 1953–1955, 1955f, 1964, 1967 plan for, 1951 rod application for, 1957–1959, 1958f, 1959f, 1960f complications of, 1967, 1967f for Scheuermann kyphosis, 2058– 2061, 2059f, 2060f, 2061f sequence for, 1957–1959, 1958f, 1959f, 1960f

Multihook segmental instrumentation—cont’d shoulder elevation after, 1964, 1966f transverse process hook implantation for, 1955–1956 Multiple congenital contractures. See Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita Multiple hereditary exostoses, 861–862, 862f Multiple myeloma, 917, 919–920 histology of, 919 radiography of, 919, 920f spinal, 2327 Multiple-strand suture, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3855f, 3856–3857, 3856f, 3857f Mumford technique, for clavicular resection, 2988–2989, 2989f, 3610 Muneta et al. technique, for medial patellofemoral ligament repair, 2664–2666, 2667f Murrell and Fitch technique, for hip arthrodesis, 197–199, 198f–199f Muscle(s). See also speciﬁ c muscles atrophy of, peripheral nerve injury and, 3642, 3642t biopsy of, 1501–1504, 1502f, 1503f open, 1503 percutaneous, 1503–1504 contractures of, 963–966 deltoid, 966, 969–970 quadriceps, 865f, 963–966, 964f denervation of, 3642, 3642t, 3649, 3649f electromyography of, in peripheral nerve injury, 3649, 3649f evaluation of, after peripheral nerve injury, 3642, 3642t herniation of, 2777–2778 inﬂ ammation of, 687, 687t necrosis of, 565–566, 565t pin-related injury to, 3065 strain of, 2747 suture repair of, 2747 Muscular atrophy, spinal, 1520–1521, 1521f biopsy in, 1501–1504, 1502f, 1503f coxa valga deformity in, 1521, 1521f electromyography in, 1501, 1501f Muscular dystrophy, 1504–1514. See also Duchenne muscular dystrophy Becker, 1505f, 1510 biopsy in, 1501–1504, 1502f, 1503f classiﬁ cation of, 1500t diagnosis of, 1501–1504, 1501f, 1502f, 1503f electromyography in, 1501, 1501f Emery-Dreifuss, 1511

Muscular dystrophy—cont’d facioscapulohumeral, 1511–1512, 1512f infantile, 1512–1513 limb-girdle, 1511, 1511f Muscular torticollis. See Torticollis Musculocutaneous nerve, 3663, 3663f examination of, 3674 injury to, 3674 Mycobacterium spp. infection, 753–764. See also Tuberculosis nontuberculous, 764, 4360–4361, 4361f Myelination, 3638, 3638f Myelitis, spinal infection vs., 2246 Myelography brachial plexus, 3664, 3664f computed tomography degenerative scoliosis, 2290 degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2290 isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2304 spinal stenosis, 2278–2279 diastematomyelia, 2033, 2034f intervertebral disc disease, 2166–2169, 2167f Myelolipoma, 940 Myelomeningocele, 1450–1474, 1450f ankle deformity in, 1450f, 1460–1463, 1461f, 1462f, 1463f screw epiphysiodesis for, 1462 supramalleolar varus derotation osteotomy for, 1463, 1464f, 1465f Arnold-Chiari malformation and, 1452 classiﬁ cation of, 1453, 1454f epidemiology of, 1450–1451 foot deformity in, 1456–1460, 1456t, 1458f, 1459f calcaneovalgus, 1456t calcaneus, 1458–1459, 1459f cavovarus, 1457–1458 cavus, 1460 equinovarus, 1456–1457, 1456t equinus, 1456 hindfoot valgus, 1459 supination, 1458 toe, 1460 varus, 1457, 1458f vertical talus, 1456t vertical valgus, 1459–1460 formation of, 1450–1451 hip deformity in, 1467–1477 abduction contracture, 1468 adduction contracture, 1468–1469 external rotation contracture, 1468 ﬂ exion-abduction-external rotation contracture, 1468 ﬂ exion contracture, 1467–1468 hip dislocation/subluxation in, 1469–1472 arthroplasty for, 1471–1472 muscle transfer for, 1469–1471, 1470f pelvic osteotomy for, 1472, 1473f

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Myelomeningocele—cont’d hip stiffness in, 1471–1472 hydrocephalus and, 1451–1452 hydrosyringomyelia and, 1452 knee deformity in, 1463–1467 extension contracture, 1466–1467, 1466f ﬂ exion contracture, 1464, 1465, 1465f valgus, 1467, 1467f varus, 1467 latex hypersensitivity and, 1452–1453 nonoperative management of, 1455 orthopaedic evaluation in, 1454 orthopaedic management of, 1454– 1455, 1455f pelvic obliquity in, 1472, 1473f spinal deformity in, 2092–2106 evaluation of, 2095, 2096f incidence of, 2093 kyphotic, 1474, 2093, 2093b, 2100– 2104, 2101f vertebral excision and reduction for, 2101–2104, 2102f, 2103f, 2104f lordotic, 2093, 2093b magnetic resonance imaging in, 2095, 2097f natural history of, 2093–2095, 2094f pelvic ﬁ xation for, 2100, 2100f radiography in, 2095, 2096f scoliotic, 1472, 1473–1474, 1473f, 2093–2095, 2093b, 2094f, 2096f operative treatment for, 2095, 2097–2100 combined anterior and posterior fusion for, 2098– 2100, 2099f, 2100f posterior instrumentation and fusion for, 2097–2098, 2098f orthotic treatment for, 2095 tethered spinal cord and, 1452 toe deformity in, 1460 urological dysfunction and, 1452 Myerson and Komenda technique, for extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis, 4557–4559, 4558f Myerson et al. technique, for ﬁ rst metatarsocuneiform arthrodesis, 4531–4533, 4532f Myerson technique for peroneus brevis tenodesis, 4751– 4752, 4752f for triple arthrodesis, 4690–4692, 4691f Myodesis, in amputation, 569, 569f Myonecrosis clostridial, 565–566, 565t streptococcal, 565t, 566 Myositis, in HIV infection, 687, 687t

Myotomy, for cerebral palsy–related thumb-in-palm deformity, 4186–4187, 4187f Myotonic dystrophy, 1513–1514 Myotubular myopathy, 1513

N Nail. See Fingernails; Toenails ingrown. See Ingrown toenail Nail fold partial removal of, nail matrix removal with, 4768, 4770– 4771, 4771f removal or reduction of, 4771–4773, 4772f, 4773f, 4774f Nail matrix, 4761, 4762f removal of nail plate removal and, 4766, 4768, 4769f, 4770f partial nail fold removal and, 4768, 4770–4771, 4771f partial nail plate removal and, 4765–4766, 4765f, 4766f–4767f phenol ablation for, 4775–4776, 4776f Nail plate removal germinal matrix removal with, 4766, 4768, 4769f, 4770f partial, 4764, 4764f, 4766f matrix removal and, 4765–4766, 4765f, 4766f–4767f total, 4763–4764, 4763f, 4764f Nakayama et al. technique, for accessory navicular, 4604 Nalebuff and Millender technique, for swan-neck deformity correction, 4205, 4207, 4207f Nam and Karzel technique, for recurrent patellar dislocation, 2663, 2664f Nancy nail technique, for femoral shaft fracture ﬁ xation, 1660–1661, 1660f Nathan and Trung technique, for congenital upper extremity amputation, 4373–4374, 4373f Navicular. See also Scaphoid accessory, 4601–4604, 4602f, 4603f bilateral, 4602, 4603f, 4799f classiﬁ cation of, 4602, 4602f Kidner procedure for, 4602–4604, 4605f–4606f, 4607f posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency and, 4797, 4799f excision of, 757–758, 758f osteochondrosis of, 1253–1255, 1254f Naviculocapitate fracture syndrome, 4034–4035 Neck. See Cervical spine Neck reﬂ ex, tonic, 1338, 1339f, 1340f Neck-righting reﬂ ex, 1338, 1339f, 1340f

Necrosis amputation wound, 571–572 avascular. See Osteonecrosis muscle, 565–566, 565t postreplantation, 3730 pressure, tibial fracture ﬁ xation and, 3138, 3138f Necrotizing fasciitis, 565t, 566, 4358–4359 Neer and Foster technique for inferior capsular shift procedure, 2707–2709, 2708f, 2709f for subscapularis tendon transfer, 2716–2717, 2716f Neer impingement test, 2603, 2604f, 2607t Neer technique, for inferior capsular shift procedure, 2693–2695, 2694f, 2695f Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, 724t, 725, 727t Nelson et al. technique, for lunotriquetral arthrodesis, 4089–4090, 4090f Nemaline dystrophy, 1513 Neonate. See Children Nerve. See Peripheral nerve(s); Peripheral nerve injury and speciﬁ c nerves Nerve block for foot and ankle surgery, 4464– 4468, 4465f, 4467f, 4468f for hand surgery, 3802–3803, 3804f postreplantation, 3728–3729 Nerve conduction study in carpal tunnel syndrome, 4287, 4288t in degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2291 in peripheral nerve injury, 3648–3649, 3648f Nerve graft/grafting. See also Neurorrhaphy interfascicular, 3652, 3657, 3658, 3659–3661, 3659f, 3660f, 3661f axillary nerve injury, 3670 brachial plexus injury, 3669, 3670 hand injury, 3713–3715, 3714f, 3988–3989, 3989f median nerve injury, 3687 radial nerve injury, 3677 tibial nerve injury, 3697 pedicle, 3657 vascularized, 3786 Nervus furcalis, 3688 Nestor et al. technique, for lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, 2726–2728, 2727f, 2728f Neural arch resection, 2284–2285, 2285f Neural tube defect, 1450–1451. See also Myelomeningocele Neurapraxia, 3640. See also Peripheral nerve injury

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Neurectomy for cerebral palsy, 1345 obturator nerve, 3689 Neurilemoma, 940–942, 941f hand, 4319–4320, 4320f malignant, 952–953, 953f tibial nerve, 4717, 4718f Neuroblastoma, radiation treatment for, spinal deformity after, 2119–2120 Neuroﬁ broma, 942, 943f hand, 4317, 4318f plexiform, 942 Neuroﬁ bromatosis, 2106–2110, 2106b cervical spine deformity in, 2110, 2110f congenital pseudarthrosis in, 1106 kyphoscoliosis in, 2108–2109, 2109f plexiform venous anomaly in, 2109 postoperative paralysis in, 2110 scoliosis in dystrophic, 2107, 2108f growing rod instrumentation for, 1929f nondystrophic, 2107 without kyphosis, 2107, 2108f spinal cord compression in, 2108–2109 surgical complications in, 2109–2110 thoracic lordoscoliosis in, 2109 Neurological examination, in spinal injury, 1763–1766, 1763t, 1764f–1765f, 1766f, 1767f Neurolysis for brachial plexus injury, 3671 for interdigital neuroma, 4726 internal (endoneurolysis), 3655 Neuroma amputation-related, 569, 572, 658, 4336 dissection of, 3714, 3714f foot, 4561, 4562f interdigital (Morton), 4723–4730, 4724f bursal tissue with, 4723, 4725f click elicitation in, 4724 demyelinization in, 4723, 4725f endoscopic treatment of, 4730 eosinophilic material with, 4724 epineural neurolysis for, 4726 excision of, 4725–4730 dorsal approach to, 4725–4729, 4727f, 4728f longitudinal plantar approach to, 4730, 4730f results of, 4726 transverse plantar approach to, 4729, 4729f historical perspective on, 4723 locations of, 4723, 4724f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132, 4725 nonoperative treatment of, 4726 palpation in, 4724–4725, 4726f pathogenesis of, 4724

Neuroma—cont’d interdigital (Morton)—cont’d pathology of, 4723–4724, 4725f perineural ﬁ brosis in, 4723, 4725f recurrent, 4727 signs and symptoms of, 4724–4725, 4726f tenderness in, 4724–4725, 4726f Neuromuscular disorders, 1499–1521. See also Arthrogryposis; Cerebral palsy; CharcotMarie-Tooth disease; Muscular dystrophy; Poliomyelitis biopsy in, 1499 differential diagnosis of, 1501–1504, 1501f electromyography in, 1501, 1501f fractures in, 1500 hematological studies in, 1501 muscle biopsy in, 1501–1504, 1502f, 1503f nutrition in, 2008 orthoses in, 1500 seating systems in, 1500–1501 seizures in, 2008 spinal. See Scoliosis (neuromuscular) Neuromuscular transfer, 3756–3759, 3757f, 3758f, 3759f Neuropathic arthropathy, 1042–1045 ankle, 1043 foot, 1043. See also Diabetic foot, neuropathic arthropathy of hip, 1044–1045 knee, 1043–1044, 1044f shoulder, 1045 spine, 1045 syphilis and, 764–765, 1042–1043 Neurorrhaphy, 3654–3661 anesthesia for, 3654 for axillary nerve injury, 3673–3674 bone resection in, 3657 for brachial plexus injury, 3665–3671, 3668f, 3669f bulb suture in, 3657 delayed, 3650, 3652, 3653 for digital nerve injury, 3989–3991, 3990f epineurial, 3658–3659, 3659f, 3711– 3712, 3712f epineurial-perineurial, 3712–3713, 3713f epiperineurial-perineurial, 3986, 3987f extremity positioning in, 3656–3657 for femoral nerve injury, 3689–3690 fracture and, 3653 for hand injury, 3986, 3986f, 3987f incision for, 3654 indications for, 3653–3654 instruments for, 3653–3654 interfascicular nerve grafting with, 3652, 3657, 3658, 3659– 3661, 3659f, 3660f, 3661f

Neurorrhaphy—cont’d for median nerve injury, 3685–3688, 3686f, 3993–3994, 3993f monitoring during, 3654 for musculocutaneous nerve injury, 3674 nerve-crossing procedures in, 3657 nerve mobilization in, 3656, 3656t nerve stretching in, 3657 nerve transposition in, 3657 partial, 3655, 3655f pediatric, 3651, 3984 perineurial, 3659, 3659f, 3712, 3712f, 3986, 3987f for peroneal nerve injury, 3694–3695 preparation for, 3654 primary, 3711–3713, 3712f, 3985 for radial nerve injury, 3675–3678, 3676f, 3677f results of, 3651–3653, 3661 age and, 3651 injury level and, 3652 nerve end condition and, 3652–3653 nerve ends gap and, 3651–3652 temporal delay and, 3652 for sciatic nerve injury, 3692–3693, 3692f secondary, 3711, 3985–3986 for spinal accessory nerve injury, 3662 sutures for, 3654, 3658–3661, 3659f, 3661f for tibial nerve injury, 3696–3697, 3696f timing of, 3653 for ulnar nerve injury, 3679–3681, 3679f, 3991–3992, 3992f, 3993f wound cleansing before, 3650 Neurotization, for brachial plexus injury, 3671 Neurotmesis, 3640. See also Peripheral nerve injury Neurovascular island graft for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 643, 648, 649f for hand injury, 3833f, 3994–3996, 3995f for thumb reconstruction, 662, 663f Neutrophil abnormalities, infection and, 676 Neviaser et al. technique for abductor pollicis longus tendon transfer, 4139, 4139f for ulnar collateral ligament rupture repair, 3938, 3939f Neviaser technique for acromioclavicular ligament reconstruction, 3610–3611, 3611f for congenital clasped thumb, 4433– 4434, 4434f

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Neviaser technique—cont’d for proximal row carpectomy, 4026 for tenosynovitis irrigation, 4353– 4354, 4353f Newman and Fitton technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4675 Nicoll technique, for cancellous insert grafts, 3534–3536 Ninety-ﬁ ve degree condylar blade-plate ﬁ xation, for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3270–3271, 3271f Ninety/ninety (90/90) wiring, for metacarpophalangeal joints, 3949, 3950f Ninhydrin print test, 3650 Nirschl technique for lateral epicondylitis, 2636, 2637f, 2638b for medial epicondylitis, 2640–2641, 2640f Nodal gap, 3638, 3638f Node of Ranvier, 3638, 3638f Nodular fasciitis, 946 Nodule, rheumatoid, 4201, 4202f Nonossifying ﬁ broma, 862–863, 863f Nonsteroidal anti-inﬂ ammatory drugs fracture healing and, 3046, 3530 after hip arthroplasty, 394 for lumbar disc disease, 2205 Nonunion. See Fracture(s), nonunion of and at speciﬁ c bones and fractures Noyes technique, for posterolateral reconstruction, 2494–2495, 2494f Nubbins, 4370, 4370f excision of, 4371 Nutrition evaluation of, 676 in neuromuscular disorders, 2008 preoperative, 676

O Ober technique for hip contracture release, 1431–1432, 1432f for hip drainage, 734, 735f for posterior tibial tendon transfer, 1418, 1418f Obesity, tourniquet and, 4 Oblique muscle transfer, 1433–1435, 1434f Oblique popliteal ligament, 2397, 2398f, 2399f Oblique retinacular ligament, tightness in, 4203, 4203f O’Brien et al. technique, for capsular shift procedure, 2695–2697, 2696f O’Brien needle test, for Achilles tendon rupture, 2748

Obturator nerve, 3688–3689, 3688f arthroplasty-related injury to, 398 compression of, 3689 excision of, 3689 Occipital condyle, fracture of, 1788, 1790f Occipitalization (atlantooccipital fusion), 1902–1903, 1904–1911. See also Klippel-Feil syndrome radiography of, 1903, 1903f treatment of, 1903 Occipitocervical fusion, 1885–1888 anterior, 1862–1863, 1862f, 1889– 1898, 1890b for atlantooccipital joint dislocation, 1781–1784, 1782f, 1783f, 1785f contoured rod and segmental wire ﬁ xation for, 1888–1890, 1890f Dormans et al. technique for, 1888, 1889f Koop et al. technique for, 1886–1888, 1887f Robinson and Southwick technique for, 1885–1886, 1885f Wertheim and Bohlman technique for, 1781–1784, 1782f, 1783f, 1785f, 1886, 1887f Occiput atlas fusion to. See Occipitalization (atlantooccipital fusion) cervical spine fusion to. See Occipitocervical fusion O’Donoghue technique, for partial nail fold and nail matrix removal, 4770–4771 Odontoid, 1880f aplasia of, 1879, 1880f, 1881 in atlantooccipital fusion, 1903 blood supply of, 1879–1880, 1880f cephalad displacement of. See Basilar impression (invagination) congenital anomalies of, 1879–1899, 1880f diagnosis of, 1881 instability index in, 1882 radiography of, 1881–1882, 1881f, 1882f sagittal plane rotation angle in, 1882, 1882f treatment of, 1882, 1882b anterior approaches for, 1889– 1898, 1890b anterior retropharyngeal approach for, 1896–1898, 1897f atlantoaxial fusion for, 1883– 1885, 1883b, 1883f, 1884f, 1885f contoured rod ﬁ xation for, 1888– 1889, 1890f halo vest immobilization for, 1898–1899, 1899f

Odontoid—cont’d congenital anomalies of—cont’d treatment of—cont’d lateral retropharyngeal approach for, 1895–1896, 1895f occipitocervical fusion for, 1885– 1888, 1885f, 1887f, 1889f. See also Occipitocervical fusion subtotal maxillectomy for, 1891– 1895, 1893f transoral approach for, 1890– 1891, 1891f, 1892f embryology of, 1879 fracture of, 1788–1792 anterior screw ﬁ xation for, 1793– 1795, 1795f, 1796f atlantoaxial fusion for, 1789–1792, 1791f, 1792f, 1793f classiﬁ cation of, 1788–1789, 1791f nonunion of, 1789 pediatric, 1606, 1606f type I, 1788 type II, 1788, 1790, 1791f type III, 1788–1789, 1790 wire ﬁ xation for, 1790–1791, 1792f hypoplasia of, 1879, 1880f, 1881 lateral rotary displacement of, 1605 Ogata technique, for bipartite patella, 2564–2565, 2565f Ogilvie-Harris technique, for talar osteochondral ridges, 2376– 2377, 2377f, 2389 Olay bone graft, for tibial fracture nonunion, 3536f, 3549, 3549f Olecranon. See also Elbow bursitis of, 983, 3007 fracture-dislocation of, 3415, 3417, 3417f, 3418f fracture of, 3410–3417 classiﬁ cation of, 3410–3411, 3411f intramedullary ﬁ xation for, 3412– 3414, 3413f malunion of, 3504 metaphyseal, 1564, 1564f, 1565f open reduction and ﬁ xation for, 3411–3412, 3412f pediatric, 1563–1564, 1563f, 1564f, 1565f classiﬁ cation of, 1563, 1564b physeal, 1563, 1563f plate ﬁ xation for, 3414, 3414f proximal fragment excision for, 3415, 3416f osteophyte of, 3003, 3004f osteosarcoma of, 811f–812f osteotomy of, 108–109, 109f for distal humeral fracture reduction and ﬁ xation, 3401, 3402t, 3406–3408, 3406f, 3407f Olecranon bursitis, 983, 3007 Ollier approach, to tarsus, 28f, 29 Ollier disease, 858–859, 907, 4321

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Omer and Capen technique, for proximal row carpectomy, 4185 Omer technique, for ﬂ exor digitorum sublimis tendon transfer, 4154, 4154f Onlay bone graft, 16–18 for fracture nonunion treatment, 3533–3534, 3535f, 3536f Onychocryptosis. See Ingrown toenail Onychogryposis, 4776 Onychomycosis, 4776, 4776f Open fracture. See Fracture(s), open Open reduction. See at speciﬁ c dislocations and fractures Opening wedge osteotomy hemicallotasis, 1003, 1010– 1014, 1011f–1012f Opera glass deformity, in rheumatoid arthritis, 4197, 4197f Opponensplasty abductor digiti minimi, 4387, 4389, 4389f, 4390f abductor digiti quinti, 4428 ring sublimis, 4427–4428, 4427f OrthoBlast, 17t Orthopaedic Trauma Association, fracture classiﬁ cation of, 3018, 3019f Orthosis. See also Bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1941 ankle-foot, 1500, 4791, 4793f knee-ankle-foot, 1500 for neuromuscular scoliosis, 2007 for Scheuermann disease, 2057 for spinal cord injury, 2026 thoracic-lumbar-sacral, 1924, 1925 Ortolani maneuver, 1181, 1181f Os acromiale, impingement and, 2966– 2968, 2966f, 2967f Os odontoideum, 1606, 1879, 1880f, 1881, 1881f. See also Odontoid, congenital anomalies of acquired, 1881 diagnosis of, 1881 prognosis for, 1882 radiography of, 1881–1882, 1881f Os peroneum avulsion of, 4805f excision of, 4808–4809 hypertrophic, 4804f peroneal longus tendinitis with, 4808–4809 Os subﬁ bulare, fracture and, 2356 Os tibialis externum, 4476 Os trigone syndrome, 2374–2375, 2375f Os vesalianum, 1252, 1253f Osborne technique, for posterior hip exposure, 73–74, 73f Osgood-Schlatter disease, 1255–1256 bone peg insertion for, 1256, 1256f osteochondrosis vs., 1251

Osgood-Schlatter disease—cont’d traumatic tibial tuberosity avulsion vs., 1671 Osmond-Clarke technique, for PuttiPlatt procedure, 2704, 2705f Ossiculum terminale, 1879, 1880f Ossiﬁ cation dystrophic, in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 4735, 4736f heterotopic acetabular, 3333, 3333f elbow, 2645, 3410, 3410f hip, 393–394, 393f, 3298 shoulder, 521–522 Osteitis, 765 Osteitis pubis, 1046 Osteoarthritis, 999–1032 elbow, 1031–1032, 1032f, 1033f, 3006 foot and ankle, 1000, 4788, 4790f hand, 4197, 4198f hip, 1019–1031 amputation and, 572–573 arthrodesis for, 1031 arthroplasty for, 368–369, 1031. See also Hip arthroplasty Chiari pelvic osteotomy for, 1029, 1029f dislocation and, 3584–3585 hanging hip operation for, 1029– 1030, 1030f osteophytes with, 368–369, 369f periacetabular osteotomy for, 1024– 1029, 1026f, 1027f, 1028f proximal femoral osteotomy for, 1019–1029. See also Femoral osteotomy, proximal resurfacing arthroplasty for, 1030–1031 knee, 1000–1019 abrasion chondroplasty for, 1002 amputation and, 573 arthrodesis for, 1017 arthroplasty for, 1016–1017 bone drilling for, 1002 chondrocyte transplantation for, 1002 débridement for, 1000–1002, 1001t, 2893 distal femoral osteotomy for, 1014– 1016, 1015f, 1016f ﬁ brocartilage ingrowth in, 1002 patellectomy for, 1018–1019 patellofemoral, 1017–1019 proximal tibial osteotomy for, 1002–1014. See also Tibial osteotomy, proximal varus deformity in, 1003, 1003f primary, 1000, 1019 secondary, 1000, 1019 shoulder, 489f, 491–492, 492f, 1031 arthroplasty for, 489–490, 491–492, 492f

Osteoarthritis—cont’d shoulder—cont’d arthroscopic débridement for, 2990, 2990f spine, 1031 technetium-99m phosphate scan in, 681, 681t wrist, 1032, 4090–4091, 4091f Osteoblastoma, 892–893 hand, 4321, 4322f sarcomatous degeneration of, 893 spinal, 895f, 2115–2116, 2116f, 2323 tibial, 896f Osteochondral allograft transplantation for articular cartilage injury of knee, 2555, 2557f for lateral tibial condylar fracture, 3161 for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2381, 2383–2384, 2383f, 2386–2389, 2387f–2388f Osteochondral autograft transfer for articular cartilage injury of knee, 2555, 2556f for femoral condyle osteochondritis dissecans, 2852–2853, 2854f–2855f Osteochondral fracture knee, 1673–1674, 1673f, 3169–3170, 3171f talus, 1696–1698, 1696f, 1697f, 1698f. See also Talus, osteochondritis dissecans of Osteochondral ridges, talar, 2374–2377, 2375f, 2377f Osteochondritis, sesamoid, 4892 Osteochondritis dissecans ankle, 1255, 1255f, 2377–2390. See also Talus, osteochondritis dissecans of elbow, 1260–1262, 1262f, 3000–3003, 3002f femoral condyle, 2848–2855. See also Femoral condyles, osteochondritis dissecans of hip, 1281, 1282f knee. See Femoral condyles, osteochondritis dissecans of magnetic resonance imaging in, 140, 141f patella, 1258–1260, 1259t, 1260f, 1261f, 2558f, 2563, 2849 talar, 2377–2390. See also Talus, osteochondritis dissecans of Osteochondroma, 860–862 femur, 860f, 861f hand, 4322, 4324f malignant transformation of, 862 pedunculated, 862 scapula, 970, 970f sessile, 862, 4777, 4777f, 4778f, 4779f spinal, 2323

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Osteochondrosis, 1251–1262 capitellum, 1260–1262, 1262f, 3000 metatarsal, 1252–1253, 1253f, 1254f, 4660–4663, 4660f, 4661f, 4662f navicular, 1253–1255, 1254f Osteoconduction, graft, 16, 17t Osteoﬁ brous dysplasia, 864, 865f Osteogenesis, graft, 16, 17t Osteogenesis imperfecta, 1304–1309 arthroplasty for, 1304 hyperthermia in, 2122 iatrogenic fracture in, 2122 Luque rod instrumentation with sublaminar wiring for, 2123, 2123f Milwaukee brace for, 2122 osteotomies for, 1304–1309, 1305f, 1306f medullary nailing with, 1307–1309, 1307f, 1308f, 1309f spinal deformity in, 1304–1305, 2121– 2123, 2122f, 2123f spinal fusion for, 2122–2123 Osteogenic sarcoma. See Osteosarcoma Osteoid osteoma, 855–857 femur, 857f hand, 4320, 4320f hip, 856f spinal, 2114–2115, 2115f, 2322– 2323 Osteoinduction, graft, 16, 17t Osteolysis clavicular, 876 hip arthroplasty–related, 428–430 acetabular, 429–430, 430f femoral, 428–429, 429f pelvic, 429, 430f posttraumatic, tumor vs., 876 pubic bone, 876 Osteoma, osteoid, 855–857 femur, 857f hand, 4320, 4320f hip, 856f spinal, 2114–2115, 2115f Osteomalacia, 1289–1292 Osteomyelitis, 695–716. See also Infection actinomycotic, 765 anaerobic, 711 blastomycosis, 766 brucellosis, 764 calcaneus, 711–712, 712f, 714, 715f chronic, 702–709, 702f calcaneus, 711–712, 711f, 714, 715f classiﬁ cation of, 702–703, 703f, 703t diagnosis of, 703–704, 704f femur, 712–713 ilium, 713, 715–716, 715f, 716f metatarsal, 714 multifocal recurrent, 710–711 tarsal, 714

Osteomyelitis—cont’d chronic—cont’d treatment of, 704–709, 705f amputation for, 716 biodegradable antibiotic delivery systems for, 708–709, 709t closed suction drains for, 709 free ﬂ aps for, 3734 hyperbaric oxygen for, 709 Ilizarov technique for, 709 open bone grafting for, 706–707, 707f polymethyl methacrylate antibiotic bead chains for, 707–708 resection for, 713–716, 715f, 716f sequestrectomy and curettage for, 705–706, 706f soft-tissue transfer for, 709 classiﬁ cation of, 695–696 etiology of, 684 femur, 712–713, 737 foot, 132, 134, 135f, 711 fracture in, 696, 697f, 710 fungal, 697, 765–767 hematogenous acute, 696–700, 696f, 697f diagnosis of, 697–698, 697b, 698f, 699f drainage for, 699–700 treatment of, 698–700 subacute, 700–702, 700f, 701f, 701t, 702f humerus, 700f ilium, 713, 715–716, 715f, 716f, 737 ischium, 713 magnetic resonance imaging in, 132, 134, 135f metacarpal, 4356 pathogenesis of, 3030, 3031f, 3032f pubis, 713 residual stage of, 710 Salmonella, 697, 698f sclerosing, of Garré, 709–710, 710f spinal. See Spinal infection technetium-99m phosphate scan in, 680–681, 681f, 681t tibia, 698f, 699–700, 702f tuberculous. See Tuberculosis tumor vs., 875 typhoid fever, 764 Osteomyelitis variolosa, 765 Osteonecrosis acetabular, 3333 bone marrow edema pattern in, 142 capitate, 4035 capitellum, 1571, 1571f, 1572f distal humerus, 1568 double line sign in, 142 femoral head, 1032–1041. See also Femoral head, osteonecrosis of lunate. See Kienböck disease magnetic resonance imaging in, 142

Osteonecrosis—cont’d proximal humerus, 149, 149f, 490, 491f, 1041, 3388 scaphoid, 150, 151f, 4020 post-traumatic, 4020, 4022–4023, 4023f talar, 132, 134f talar neck fracture and, 1694, 1694f, 1695f Osteoperiosteal graft, 18 Osteophytes acetabular, 368–369, 369f, 403–404, 404f olecranon, 3003, 3004f talar, 2374–2377, 2375f, 2377f, 2901, 2902f, 2903f Osteoplasty, for thumb reconstruction, 662, 663f Osteopoikilosis, 858 Osteoporosis acetabular fracture and, 3320–3322 hip fracture and, 3238, 3242 osteogenesis imperfecta and, 1304, 1305 peripheral nerve injury and, 3644 transient, idiopathic, 1041–1042, 1042f Osteosarcoma, 901–907 amputation for, 566–567, 566f, 907 computed tomography of, 904, 906f distal femur, 794f resection for, 826–829, 827f–828f distal ﬁ bula, 840f extraskeletal, 953, 954f grade of, 907 hand, 4326, 4327f hemipelvis, 821f histology of, 902, 902f, 903f humeral, 792f ilium, 815f imaging of, 902f, 903f, 904f, 906f incidence of, 901 intramedullary, 902, 904 knee, 567 metastatic, 907 olecranon, 811f–812f osteoblastic, 902, 904f Paget, 904–905, 907 parosteal, 904, 906f prognosis for, 906–907 proximal tibia, 830f–831f radiation-induced, 904–905, 907 radiography of, 901, 902f, 903f, 904f recurrence of, 785–786 resection of, 785–787, 826–829, 827f–828f reconstruction with, 787 scapular, 798f–799f secondary, 904–905 small cell, 904 spinal, 2118, 2325 staging of, 779, 779t stress fracture vs., 875–876 surface, 904 telangiectatic, 904

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Osteosarcoma—cont’d treatment of, 784–785, 826–829, 827f–828f, 907 OSTEOSET, 17t Osteotomy Akin, 4522–4526, 4523f, 4524f, 4525f chevron osteotomy with, 4508– 4509, 4509f calcaneal. See Calcaneal osteotomy cervical, for ankylosing spondylitis, 2318–2319, 2320f chevron Akin osteotomy with, 4508–4509, 4509f distal, 4500–4502, 4501f complications of, 4547–4549, 4548f Johnson modiﬁ ed, 4507–4508, 4508f modiﬁ ed, 4502–4507, 4503f, 4504f–4506f medial malleolar, 2384, 2384f proximal, 4510f, 4516–4518, 4516f, 4517f Chiari, 1029, 1029f for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1217–1219, 1218f, 1220f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1276, 1278f, 1279f closing wedge for cavovarus deformity, 1517–1518, 1518f distal femoral, 1015, 1015f distal humerus, 1592, 1592f, 1593– 1594, 1594f, 1595f for genu recurvatum, 1427, 1428f intertrochanteric, 748, 749f for Madelung deformity, 4450, 4450f metatarsal, 1253, 1254f, 4496, 4652, 4661, 4661f plantar fascia release with, 1517– 1518, 1518f tibial, 1003, 1004–1010, 1005f–1009f cuneiform. See Cuneiform osteotomy Dega, 1204t, 1211–1215, 1212f–1213f Dillwyn-Evans, 1409–1410, 1410f eggshell, 2042, 2044, 2317, 2319f femoral. See Femoral osteotomy ﬁ bula distal for malunited bimalleolar fracture, 3473–3474, 3474f supramalleolar, 3475–3476, 3476f proximal, 1013, 1014f Ganz, 1215, 1215f glenoid, 2712, 2714–2716, 2714f– 2715f humerus. See Humeral osteotomy innominate for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1202, 1202f, 1203–1207, 1204f, 1204t, 1206f

Osteotomy—cont’d innominate—cont’d for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1266f, 1267–1268, 1267f, 1268f with medial acetabular displacement. See Chiari pelvic osteotomy intertrochanteric. See Intertrochanteric osteotomy intraarticular, in knee deformity, 746– 747, 746f, 747f Ludloff, 4510f, 4520, 4521f lumbar spine, 2316–2317, 2316f, 2318f, 2319f malleolar medial, 32, 32f, 2381, 2382f, 2383f, 2384, 2384f tibiotalar arthrodesis with, 179–180, 180f medial epicondyle, 112–113, 113f metacarpal for cleft hand, 4399 for malunited Bennett fracture, 3927, 3927f for ulnar clubhand, 4402, 4402f metatarsal, 4495–4509. See also Metatarsal osteotomy olecranon, 108–109, 109f opening wedge for delta phalanx, 4447, 4447f intertrochanteric, 748, 749–750, 749f medial cuneiform, 4592–4594, 4593f proximal femoral, 1273–1274 proximal tibial, 1003, 1009–1010, 1010f, 1011f–1012f pelvic. See Pelvic osteotomy Pemberton, 1204t, 1207–1208, 1207f, 1208f periacetabular, 386, 1024–1029, 1026f, 1027f, 1028f phalangeal (ﬁ nger) for delta phalanx, 4447–4448, 4447f, 4448f for Kirner deformity, 4446, 4446f phalangeal (great toe) for hallux rigidus, 4571–4572, 4572f for hallux valgus, 4522–4526, 4523f, 4524f, 4525f radial for congenital radioulnar synostosis, 1244–1245, 1244f in Kienböck disease, 4042 for Madelung deformity, 4449, 4449f, 4450, 4450f, 4451, 4451f reduction, for triphalangeal thumb, 4415, 4416–4417, 4416f Salter, 1202, 1202f, 1203–1207, 1204f, 1204t, 1206f scarf, 4510f, 4518–4520, 4519f spinous process, 2285–2286, 2286f

Osteotomy—cont’d Staheli, 1203, 1204t, 1215–1217, 1216f, 1217f Steel, 1204t, 1209–1211, 1209f, 1211f subtrochanteric, 3492 for chronic hip dislocation, 3608 femoral shortening, 378, 379f, 380f valgus for acquired coxa vara, 1624– 1628, 1625f, 1626t, 1627f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1275, 1276f supramalleolar for ankle valgus, 1463, 1464f, 1465f for tibial fracture malunion, 3475– 3476, 3476f tarsal wedge, for midfoot cavus, 4745, 4745f tibial. See Tibial osteotomy trochanteric. See Trochanteric osteotomy ulnar, 1558, 1558f, 4059, 4060f, 4061f for congenital radioulnar synostosis, 1244–1245, 1244f Weil, 4639–4640, 4640f Wiltse, 1127, 1127f Osteotomy jig, for proximal tibial osteotomy, 1005, 1008f Osterman and Raphael technique, for dorsal wrist ganglion resection, 4333 Otto pelvis, 370–372, 370f, 1045–1046, 1045f Outerbridge-Kashiwagi procedure, for osteoarthritis, 1032, 1033f Outside-to-inside technique, for meniscal repair, 2832, 2833t, 2837– 2841, 2837f, 2838f, 2839f Oxygen tension lower extremity amputation and, 568, 599–600 transcutaneous measurement of, 3730 Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric, in gas gangrene, 3073–3074

P Paget disease, 871, 873, 874f femoral fracture in, 3213, 3214f hand, 4339, 4339f hip, 388–389, 389f osteosarcoma and, 904, 907 paramyxovirus and, 765 Pain adamantinoma and, 915 after amputation, 572–573, 658 back in adult idiopathic scoliosis, 1931 in intervertebral disc disease, 1871– 1872, 2159–2161, 2199– 2200, 2201f. See also Intervertebral disc, internal derangement of; Intervertebral disc disease, lumbar

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Pain—cont’d back—cont’d magnetic resonance imaging in, 144, 145f, 146f postoperative, 144–147, 146f in spinal infection, 2242 in spinal stenosis, 2276–2277, 2277t chondrosarcoma and, 907 forearm compartment syndrome and, 4261 heel. See Heel, painful hip, 338, 339b phantom limb, 573 recurrent patellar dislocation and, 2656 in reﬂ ex sympathetic dystrophy, 3645 spinal infection and, 2242 tumor-related, 775 Paint gun injury, 4116 Palm. See also Hand Dupuytren contracture of. See Dupuytren contracture incisions for, 3810–3812, 3811f infection of, 4350–4351, 4351f, 4352f median nerve injury in, 3993–3994, 3993f scar on, 3847, 3847f ulnar nerve distribution in, 3811f Palmar-plantar pustuolsis, 710 Palmar radioulnar ligament, 4001f Palmar transscaphoid perilunar dislocation, 4077 Palmaris longus tendon graft for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3886, 3886f for interphalangeal joint collateral ligament repair, 3962–3963, 3965, 3965f for thumb ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, 3938–3939, 3940f Palmaris longus tendon transfer for pinch restoration, 4133 for radial nerve palsy, 4150–4153, 4152f Palmaris longus tenodesis, for swan-neck deformity, 3904–3905, 3905f Palmer et al. technique, for carpal ligament reconstruction, 4079–4082, 4080f Palsy. See Paralysis and speciﬁ c nerve injuries cerebral. See Cerebral palsy Pamidronate, in osteogenesis imperfecta, 1305 Panner disease, 3000–3003, 3002f Pantalar arthrodesis, 1416 Papineau et al. technique, for open bone grafting, 706–707, 707f Paprosky et al. technique, for segmental acetabular deﬁ ciency graft, 451–452, 452f Parachute reaction, in cerebral palsy, 1338, 1339f, 1340f

Paralysis. See also Cerebral palsy; Myelomeningocele; Poliomyelitis biceps brachii, 1443–1447, 1444f, 1445f, 1446f, 1447f brachial plexus injury and. See Brachial plexus injury deltoid, 1439–1442, 1440f, 1441f, 1442f gastrocnemius, 1405–1406 gluteus maximus, 1433–1435, 1436f gluteus medius, 1433–1435, 1434f, 1436f hand. See Hand, paralytic infraspinatus, 1442–1443 levator scapulae, 1439 median nerve injury and. See Median nerve, injury to peroneal nerve injury and. See Peroneal nerve, injury to postoperative, in neuroﬁ bromatosis, 2110 Pott, 2253 quadriceps, 1425–1427, 1426f radial nerve injury and. See Radial nerve, injury to serratus anterior, 1438–1439, 3672 soleus, 1405–1406 spinal infection and, 2241, 2243, 2247–2248 subscapularis, 1442–1443 suprascapularis, 1442–1443 supraspinatus, 1442–1443 tourniquet, 5 trapezius, 1439 triceps, 1448 ulnar nerve injury and. See Ulnar nerve, injury to Paramedian retroperitoneal approach, for spondylolisthesis reduction, 2311 Paramyxovirus, Paget disease and, 765 Paraplegia hip infection in, 740 spinal tuberculosis and, 2253 Parascapular ﬂ ap, 3741–3742 Paresthesias in carpal tunnel syndrome, 4286 shoulder arthroscopy and, 2993 Paronychia, 4347–4348, 4347f, 4348f Passive assist sign, 1590 Patella. See also Knee anatomy of, 2396 apprehension test of, 2656–2657, 2657f arthroscopy of, 2886, 2888f, 2889f bipartite, 2564–2565, 2565f fracture vs., 1667 chondromalacia of, 2565–2570, 2566f, 2886, 2888–2890, 2888f classiﬁ cation of, 2567 clinical ﬁ ndings in, 2567 conservative treatment of, 2886 etiology of, 2567, 2567b, 2568 facetectomy for, 2569

Patella—cont’d chondromalacia of—cont’d lateral release procedures for, 2568, 2886, 2888, 2889–2890, 2889f, 2890f operative treatment of, 2567–2570, 2569f patellar shaving for, 2568–2569 patellectomy for, 2570 tibial tuberosity advancement for, 2569–2570, 2569f devascularization of, arthroplasty and, 274 dislocation of, 3576–3578, 3576f acute, 2660–2661, 3576–3577 congenital, 1116–1117, 1116f, 1116t, 3606 intraarticular, 3577–3578, 3577f magnetic resonance imaging of, 140, 140f osteochondral fracture with, 1673– 1674, 1673f postarthroplasty, 286–287, 286f quadriceps contracture and, 964 recurrent. See Patella, recurrent dislocation of unreduced, 3606 dorsal defect of, 1258, 1259t, 1261f, 2563–2564 excision of. See Patellectomy fracture of, 3161–3169 arthroscopically assisted screw ﬁ xation for, 3163 circumferential wire loop ﬁ xation for, 3165–3166 classiﬁ cation of, 3161–3162, 3161f comminuted, 3168–3169, 3168f, 3169f ﬁ gure-of-eight wiring ﬁ xation for, 3163 Lotke LAB wiring ﬁ xation for, 3163, 3163f Magnusson wiring ﬁ xation for, 3163, 3163f malunion of, 3484 nonoperative treatment for, 3162 nonunion of, 3553 open, 3162–3163 patellectomy for, 3164, 3168–3169, 3168f, 3169f pediatric, 1666–1668, 1667f, 1668f, 1669f bipartite patella vs., 1667 classiﬁ cation of, 1667, 1667f sleeve, 1667, 1667f, 1668, 1668f, 1669f postarthroplasty, 287, 287f prognosis for, 3162 radiography in, 3162 saline test in, 3162 splinting for, 3162 stress, 2770–2771, 2771f

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Patella—cont’d fracture of—cont’d tension band wiring ﬁ xation for, 3163, 3163f, 3166–3168, 3167f, 3168f vertical wiring ﬁ xation for, 3164 wiring ﬁ xation for, 3163, 3163f, 3165–3168, 3166f, 3167f hypermobility of, dislocation and, 3577 instability of, 3577. See also Patella, dislocation of; Patella, recurrent dislocation of arthroscopic medial parapatellar plication for, 2890 lateral compression syndrome of, 2886, 2888 lateral tilt of, 2658, 2659f magnetic resonance imaging of, 138–139 “no thumb” tracking test of, 273 olecranization of, 2532, 2532f osteochondritis dissecans of, 2558f, 2563, 2849 dorsal defect vs., 1258, 1259t pediatric, 1258–1260, 1260f, 1261f Q angle of, 2656, 2656f recurrent dislocation of, 2655–2670 apprehension test in, 2656–2657, 2657f clinical features of, 2656–2657, 2657f conservative treatment of, 2658–2660 distal realignment for, 2667–2668 Elmslie-Trillat operation for, 2668– 2669, 2669f exercises for, 2658–2660 lateral release for arthroscopic, 2662, 2663, 2664f open, 2662–2663 medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for, 2663– 2666, 2665f, 2666f, 2667f mini open medial reeﬁ ng and lateral release for, 2663, 2664f oblique osteotomy for, 2668–2669, 2669f, 2670f pain in, 2656 patellectomy for, 2669–2670, 2671f patellofemoral congruence measurement in, 2658, 2660f pathophysiology of, 2655–2656 Q angle in, 2656, 2656f, 2662, 2662t quadriceps-setting exercises for, 2658–2659 radiographic features of, 2657–2658, 2658f, 2659f, 2660f surgical treatment of, 2660–2670, 2661t indications for, 2661–2662, 2662t

Patella—cont’d recurrent dislocation of—cont’d tibial tubercle lateralization in, 2658, 2660f tilt test in, 2657 resurfacing of in knee arthroplasty, 257–258 for patellofemoral arthritis, 1019 shape of, 2656, 2658 sleeve fracture of, 1667, 1667f, 1668, 1668f, 1669f stress fracture of, 2770–2771, 2771f subluxation of. See Patella, dislocation of; Patella, recurrent dislocation of tenderness of, 2657 tilt test of, 2657, 2888–2889, 2888f tracking of, 273–276, 275f tuberculosis of, 759–760 Patella alta, 2656, 2657, 2657f, 2658f cerebral palsy and, 1365–1366, 1365f Osgood-Schlatter disease and, 1255 Patella baja, proximal tibial osteotomy and, 1013–1014 Patellar clunk syndrome, 248, 288–289, 288f Patellar grind test, 2656 Patellar tendon inﬂ ammation of, 2771–2772 reconstruction of, 2762–2764, 2763f rupture of, 2759–2762, 2760f magnetic resonance imaging of, 138–139 neglected, 2762–2766, 2763f, 2764f, 2765f postarthroplasty, 289 repair of, 2760–2762, 2761f Patellar tendon graft. See also Bone– patellar tendon–bone graft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with, 2517 endoscopic technique of, 2858– 2865, 2860f–2861f, 2862f, 2863t, 2865b, 2866b rehabilitation protocol after, 2866b two-incision technique of, 2865, 2867–2869, 2868f posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with, 2536– 2542, 2536f, 2538f–2539f, 2540f, 2541f, 2542f Patellar tendon transfer, for congenital patellar dislocation, 1117 Patellar tilt test, 2657, 2888–2889, 2888f Patellectomy for arthritis, 1018–1019 arthroplasty after, 279–280, 280f for chondromalacia, 2570 for comminuted fracture, 3168–3169, 3169f for fracture, 3164, 3168–3169, 3168f, 3169f for osteoarthritis, 1018–1019

Patellectomy—cont’d for recurrent dislocation, 2669–2670, 2671f Patellofemoral joint arthritis of, 1017–1019 arthroplasty of, 1019 arthroscopy of, 2817, 2818f function of, 250–251, 251f in knee ﬂ exion, 251–252, 252f postarthroplasty instability of, 286– 287, 286f, 293–294, 293f stability of, 251, 251f tracking of, 273–276, 275f, 2817, 2818f Pathologic fracture femoral neck, 3283 femoral shaft, 3213–3214, 3214f metastatic disease and, 924–925, 925f, 925t, 928f, 930f, 3283 osteomyelitis and, 696, 697f, 710 pediatric, 1536 Patient draping of, 9–10, 9f, 10f local preparation of, 7–9 positioning of, 6–7, 8f, 24 Patterson et al. technique, for global elbow exposure, 114–115, 114f–115f Pavlik harness for developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip, 1182–1185, 1184f, 1185f for femoral shaft fracture, 1653 Peacock technique, for index ray transposition, 652–653, 655, 655f Peak height velocity, in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1934 Pectoral nerves, 3663, 3663f Pectoralis major muscle ﬂ ap of, 3749–3750, 3750f, 3751f rupture of, 2776 transfer of for elbow ﬂ exion, 1478, 1480f for rotator cuff tear, 2620 Pectoralis major tendon transfer, 1445, 1446f Pectoralis minor release, for brachial plexus compression syndrome, 3671 Pedicle hooks, for multihook segmental instrumentation, 1952, 1953– 1955, 1955f, 1964, 1967 Pedicle screw ﬁ xation, 1731–1733, 1732f, 1733f adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment with, 1967–1977, 1968f anatomy for, 1969, 1969f, 1970f computed tomography in, 1968, 1968f direct vertebral rotation for, 1976, 1976f ﬂ uoroscopy for, 1970

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Pedicle screw ﬁ xation—cont’d adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment with—cont’d lumbar screw insertion for, 1970– 1971, 1971f nerve root impingement with, 1969, 1969f pedicle identiﬁ cation for, 1969– 1970 thoracic screw insertion for, 1971–1977, 1972b, 1973f–1975f vascular injury with, 1969, 1969f for developmental spondylolisthesis, 2086, 2087f for thoracolumbar fracture, 1817–1821, 1819f, 1820f Pedicle screw placement, 1731–1733, 1732f, 1733f Pedicle subtraction osteotomy, for ankylosing spondylitis, 2317, 2318f, 2319f Peel-back test, for type II SLAP lesions, 2937, 2937f Peet technique, for constriction band release, 1113 Peg graft, 18 Pelvic clamps, for pelvic fracture, 3350– 3351, 3350f, 3351f Pelvic discontinuity, postarthroplasty, 452, 453f Pelvic obliquity cerebral palsy–related, 1380–1381 myelomeningocele-related, 1472, 1473f poliomyelitis-related, 1437–1438, 1437f Pelvic osteotomy congenital dysplasia of hip treatment with, 1201–1219 Chiari, 1217–1219, 1218f, 1220f Dega (transiliac), 1204t, 1211–1215, 1212f–1213f Ganz (periacetabular), 1215, 1215f Pemberton, 1204t, 1207–1208, 1207f, 1208f Salter (innominate), 1202, 1202f, 1203–1207, 1204f, 1204t, 1206f Staheli (shelf), 1203, 1204t, 1215– 1217, 1216f, 1217f Steel (triple innominate), 1204t, 1209–1211, 1209f, 1211f myelomeningocele-related pelvic obliquity treatment with, 1472, 1473f septic arthritis and, 747 Pelvic reconstruction plate, shoulder arthrodesis with, 217–218, 218f Pelvis. See also Acetabulum; Ilium abscess of, 737–738 anatomy of, 3338, 3339f pediatric, 1609

Pelvis—cont’d approach to, 75–89 anterior, 75–79, 76f–78f, 79f, 80f extensile, 79, 79f Carnesale, 87–88, 88f–89f triradiate, 85–87, 85f–86f iliofemoral, 79, 80f extended, 81–85, 82f, 83f–84f ilioinguinal, 75–79, 76f–78f, 79f posterior, 79–81, 80f fracture of, 1607, 1609–1613, 3334– 3363. See also Acetabulum, fracture of; Sacrum, fracture of anatomy of, 3338, 3339f anterior internal ﬁ xation for, 3352 AP I, 3340, 3342t AP II, 3340, 3341f, 3342t AP III, 3340, 3342t, 3344f–3345f arteriography in, 3335, 3337 avulsion, 1610–1611, 1611f bleeding in, 3335, 3337 classiﬁ cation of, 3338–3348, 3338b, 3342t colostomy for, 3337, 3338f complications of, 3335, 3336f, 3337 computed tomography in, 3343f, 3344f, 3348, 3349f external ﬁ xation for, 3348–3350, 3350f, 3352 Hanover frames for, 3349–3350 iliosacral screw ﬁ xation for, 3353– 3354, 3355f, 3356 image intensiﬁ er-directed screw ﬁ xation for, 3353–3354, 3355f initial management of, 3335–3337, 3336f, 3337f initial treatment of, 3348–3351, 3349b LC, 3340 LC I, 3342t LC II, 3340, 3342f–3343f, 3342t, 3354, 3355–3356 LC III, 3340, 3342t, 3346f–3347f malunion of, 3493–3495 evaluation of, 3494 three-stage reconstruction for, 3494–3495 mortality from, 3023, 3335 nonoperative treatment of, 3352 nonunion of, 3493–3494, 3558 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3346f–3347f, 3352, 3353f–3354f pediatric, 1607, 1609–1613, 1609f, 1610f, 1610t, 1611f, 1612f classiﬁ cation of, 1609–1610, 1609f, 1610f, 1610t external ﬁ xator for, 1611, 1612f Malgaigne, 1611 physeal, 1612–1613, 1614f physical signs of, 1611 pelvic binder for, 3335, 3336f

Pelvis—cont’d fracture of—cont’d pelvic clamps for, 3350–3351, 3350f, 3351f radiographic evaluation of, 3341f, 3342f, 3344f, 3348, 3348f, 3349f supraacetabular external ﬁ xation for, 3349–3350 suprapubic catheter and, 3352 tension band plating for, 3354, 3355f transiliac rod ﬁ xation for, 3354, 3355f type A, 3338b, 3339, 3340, 3352 type B, 3338b, 3339, 3340, 3340f, 3352 type C, 3338b, 3339–3340, 3340, 3340f, 3352–3356 vertical instability with, 3348 hemipelvectomy of, 617–622 anterior ﬂ ap, 619–621, 620f–621f conservative, 617, 621–622, 622f extended, 617 internal, 617, 818, 820f, 821f, 822 palliative, 567 standard, 617–619, 618f obliquity of cerebral palsy–related, 1380–1381 myelomeningocele-related, 1472, 1473f poliomyelitis-related, 1437–1438, 1437f osteotomy of. See Pelvic osteotomy postarthroplasty discontinuity of, 452, 453f resection of, 815–824, 815f, 816f Pemberton acetabuloplasty, for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1201, 1204t, 1207–1208, 1207f, 1208f Percutaneous Achilles tendon repair, 2753, 2753f Percutaneous bone marrow injection, for tibial fracture nonunion, 3551 Percutaneous epiphysiodesis, 1148, 1149f Percutaneous ﬁ xation, 3050–3051. See also Closed reduction for acetabular fracture, 3320, 3322f, 3323 for Bennett fracture, 3926, 3926f for distal radial fracture, 3444, 3444f for metacarpal shaft fracture, 3944, 3946–3947, 3947f for proximal humeral fracture, 3380– 3381, 3381f for proximal phalangeal fracture, 3949, 3951, 3953f for scaphoid fracture, 4017–4020, 4018f–4022f

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Percutaneous ﬁ xation—cont’d for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1632–1636, 1633f, 1635f, 1636f, 1647–1651, 1649f, 1650f for supracondylar humeral fracture, 1585–1588, 1586f, 1587f, 1589f Percutaneous iliosacral screw ﬁ xation, 3356–3363, 3359f–3362f Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, in osteoid osteoma, 855–856, 856f Periacetabular osteotomy, 1024–1029, 1028f, 1215, 1215f arthroplasty after, 386 Perineurial neurorrhaphy, 3659, 3659f, 3712, 3712f, 3986, 3987f. See also Neurorrhaphy Perineurium, 3638, 3638f Periosteum in bone grafting, 15 fracture healing and, 3040, 3040f Peripheral nerve(s). See also speciﬁ c nerves anatomy of, 3636–3639, 3636f, 3637f, 3638f autonomous zone of, 3642 conduction velocity of, 3648–3649, 3648f crossing of, for nerve repair, 3657 cutaneous distribution of, 3642, 3643f degeneration of, 3639–3640, 3639f fascicular patterns of, 3714, 3714f injury to. See Peripheral nerve injury and at speciﬁ c nerves intermediate zone of, 3642 internal topography of, 3638f, 3639, 3639f maximal zone of, 3642 microscopic anatomy of, 3638, 3638f mobilization of, for repair, 3656, 3656t neurilemoma of, 940–942, 941f hand, 4319–4320, 4320f malignant, 952–953, 953f tibial nerve, 4717, 4718f neuroﬁ broma of, 942, 943f, 4317, 4318f. See also Neuroﬁ bromatosis neuroma of. See Neuroma regeneration of, 3639–3640, 3639f postneurorrhaphy, 3651–3653, 3984–3985 retrograde degeneration of, 3639– 3640, 3639f stretching of, for peripheral nerve repair, 3657 transposition of, for peripheral nerve repair, 3657 wallerian degeneration of, 3639–3640, 3639f Peripheral nerve injury, 3635–3697. See also at speciﬁ c nerves

Peripheral nerve injury—cont’d autonomic effects of, 3644 bone/joint injury with, 3646–3647 classiﬁ cation of, 3640–3642, 3641t critical nerve gap distances in, 3656, 3656t cutaneous distribution of, 3642, 3643f degeneration after, 3639–3640, 3639f diagnosis of, 3647–3650 electrical stimulation test in, 3650 electrodiagnostic studies in, 3647– 3649, 3648f electromyography in, 3649, 3649f nerve conduction velocity in, 3648– 3649, 3648f skin resistance test in, 3650 sweat test in, 3650 Tinel sign in, 3649–3650 etiology of, 3646–3647, 3646t external ﬁ xation and, 3065, 3065f ﬁ fth-degree, 3641, 3641t ﬁ rst-degree, 3640–3641, 3641t fourth-degree, 3641, 3641t fracture and, 3653 gunshot-related, 3646 hand. See Hand injury, nerve injury with level of, 3652 management of, 3650–3661, 3711– 3715. See also Nerve graft/ grafting; Neurorrhaphy bone resection for, 3657 general considerations in, 3650–3651 interfascicular grafting in, 3713– 3715, 3714f motion exercises in, 3651 neurolysis for, 3655 primary vs. secondary, 3711 wound cleansing in, 3650 motor effects of, 3642, 3642t nerve end condition in, 3652–3653 in rabbits, 3644 reﬂ ex effects of, 3644 reﬂ ex sympathetic dystrophy with, 3644–3646 regeneration after, 3639–3640, 3639f second-degree, 3641, 3641t sensory effects of, 3642–3644, 3642t, 3643f, 3643t sixth-degree, 3641, 3641t third-degree, 3641, 3641t Peripheral vascular disease, amputation in, 562. See also Amputation (surgical), lower extremity Peritendinitis, Achilles, 2758, 4824–4825 Peroneal muscular atrophy. See CharcotMarie-Tooth disease Peroneal nerve(s) anatomy of, 37f, 3693–3694, 3694f anesthetic block of, 4466, 4467f autonomous zone of, 3694, 3694f common, 37f, 3693, 3694f

Peroneal nerve(s)—cont’d deep, 3694, 3694f entrapment of, 4721–4723, 4722f delayed repair of, 3695 displacement of, for ﬁ bular graft, 19, 21f entrapment of, 972f, 4721–4723, 4722f examination of, 3694, 3694f injury to, 3646t, 3647, 3693–3695 arthroplasty-related, 289–290, 396–398 ﬁ bular osteotomy and, 1013, 1014f knee dislocation and, 2549, 3578 skeletal traction and, 1654 spica casting and, 1654 tibia vara treatment and, 1304 neurilemoma of, 941, 941f superﬁ cial, 3694, 3694f Peroneal retinaculum, superior, repair of, 4808 Peroneal spasm, 4607 Peroneal tendon(s), 4802–4812. See also Peroneus brevis tendon; Peroneus longus tendon displacement of, 2778–2780, 2779f, 2780f, 2781f iatrogenic injury to, 4847–4848 inﬂ ammation of, 4802, 4806–4807 diagnosis of, 4803 treatment of, 4803, 4806–4807 instability of, 4807–4808 subluxation within tendon sheath of, 4809 synovectomy of, 4806–4807, 4806f, 4807f transfer of, 1420 Peroneus brevis tendon anterior taloﬁ bular reconstruction with, 2362–2364, 2364f, 2366–2369, 2366f, 2367f, 2368f calcaneoﬁ bular ligament reconstruction with, 2362– 2364, 2363f, 2364f, 2365f, 2366f collateral ligament augmentation with, 2364–2365, 2366f instability of, 4807–4808 posterior transfer of, 1423–1424 repair-reconstruction of, 4809f, 4810– 4812, 4810f–4811f rupture of, 4803, 4804f, 4809–4812, 4809f, 4810f–4811f synovectomy for, 4806–4807, 4806f, 4807f sesamoid in, 1252, 1253f tenodesis of, 4751–4752, 4752f Peroneus longus tendon inﬂ ammation of, os peroneum and, 4808–4809 instability of, 4807–4808 repair-reconstruction of, 4809f, 4810– 4812, 4810f–4811f

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Peroneus longus tendon—cont’d rupture of, 4803, 4804f, 4805f, 4809– 4812, 4809f, 4810f–4811f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132, 134f synovectomy for, 4806–4807, 4806f, 4807f tenodesis of, 4808–4809 transfer of, 1420–1421, 1423–1425 Perry et al. technique for equinovarus deformity, 1385–1387, 1386f for genu recurvatum, 1428–1429, 1429f for postpatellectomy tendon protection, 3168–3169, 3169f Persichetti et al. technique, for nail fold removal, 4772–4773, 4772f Perthes disease, epiphyseal dysplasia vs., 1251 Pes anserinus, 2396 transplantation of, 2471–2475, 2473f, 2475f Pes cavus. See Cavus foot Pes planus, 4587–4619 accessory navicular and, 4601–4604, 4602f, 4603f, 4605f–4606f asymmetrical, 4783–4784, 4785f, 4786f, 4787f. See also Tibial tendon, posterior, insufﬁ ciency of congenital vertical talus vs., 1100 deﬁ nition of, 4587 ﬂ exible, 4587–4601 anterior calcaneal osteotomy for, 4598–4601, 4600f Durham plasty for, 4589–4592, 4590f–4591f orthosis for, 4588 plantar ﬂ exion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy for, 4592–4594, 4593f posterior calcaneal displacement osteotomy for, 4597–4598, 4598f residual forefoot varus in, 4592, 4593f subtalar arthroereisis for, 4618– 4619, 4618f triple arthrodesis for, 4594–4597, 4594f, 4596f rigid, 4587, 4604–4619. See also Vertical talus calcaneonavicular coalition and, 4608–4612, 4611f bar resection for, 4610–4612, 4611f clinical characteristics of, 4608–4609 triple arthrodesis for, 4612 myelomeningocele-related, 1459–1460

Pes planus—cont’d rigid—cont’d talocalcaneal coalition and, 4612– 4618, 4612f conservative treatment of, 4614–4615 radiography in, 4613–4614, 4613f, 4614f resection for, 4615–4618, 4616f, 4617f triple arthrodesis for, 4615, 4615f tarsal coalition and, 4606–4608, 4608f, 4609f Peterson and Newman technique, for double ﬁ rst metatarsal osteotomy, 4536–4537, 4537f Peterson technique, for physeal bar resection, 1315–1316, 1315f, 1316f, 1317f Petit triangle, 2257, 2257f Pfannenstiel technique, for symphysis pubis exposure, 90, 90f Pfeffer technique, for cheilectomy, 4570–4571, 4571f Phalangeal articular angle, 4472–4473, 4523, 4523f Phalangeal osteotomy ﬁ nger for delta phalanx, 4447–4448, 4447f, 4448f for Kirner deformity, 4446, 4446f great toe for hallux rigidus, 4571–4572, 4572f for hallux valgus, 4522–4526, 4523f, 4524f, 4525f Phalanx (phalanges). See Finger(s); Great toe; Toe(s) delta. See Delta phalanx joints of. See Interphalangeal joint(s) osteotomy of. See Phalangeal osteotomy Phalen test, 4286, 4288t Phantom limb pain, 573 Phantom limb sensation, 573 Phemister technique for acromioclavicular pin ﬁ xation, 3589–3590, 3590f for tibia exposure, 33 Phenol ablation, for ingrown toenail, 4775–4776, 4776f Phenol cryosurgery, for benign tumor, 790 Phenol nerve block, for spastic hemiplegia, 1388 Phillips and Lindseth technique, for adductor, external oblique, and tensor fasciae latae transfer, 1469–1471, 1470f Phocomelia, 4368t, 4374–4375, 4375f Physeal bridge/bar magnetic resonance imaging of, 140, 141f

Physeal bridge/bar—cont’d resection of, 1311, 1313, 1314f central, 1315–1316, 1315f, 1316f, 1317f peripheral, 1313–1315, 1314f tibia vara and, 1294–1295 Physeal-sparing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2877, 2878f–2879f Physical therapy for cerebral palsy, 1343 after hand surgery, 3814 after hip fracture treatment, 3243 for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2305 Physis, 1532. See also Epiphysis; Metaphysis capital femoral, premature closure of, 1620 fracture of, 1533–1536 abuse-related, 1537, 1537f classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f, 1535f clavicle, 1602–1603, 1604f distal femur, 1662–1666, 1662f, 1664f, 1665f, 1666f distal ﬁ bula, 1684–1689, 1685f, 1686f distal humerus, 1569–1573, 1570f, 1572f, 1574f, 1598–1599, 1598f distal radius, 1545, 1546f distal tibia, 1684–1690, 1685f, 1686f, 1687f, 1688f, 1689f, 1690f distal ulna, 1545, 1546f, 1556, 1556f metacarpal, 1540–1543, 1542f Ogden classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f olecranon, 1563, 1563f pelvis, 1612–1613, 1614f phalangeal, 1538–1540, 1539f, 1540f physeal arrest after, 1311, 1313– 1317, 1535 bony bridge/bar resection for, 1313–1317, 1314f–1317f, 1535 epiphysiodesis for, 1535 pin ﬁ xation of, 1535, 1535f, 1538, 1538f Poland classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f proximal humerus, 1599–1601, 1600f, 1601f proximal tibia, 1675–1678, 1675f, 1676f, 1677f Salter-Harris classiﬁ cation of, 1533, 1534f treatment of, 1533, 1535, 1535f, 1538, 1538f great toe, ﬁ ssuring of, 1702, 1704f growth at, 1535, 1536f infection of, 696, 696f Picetti technique, for CD Horizon Eclipse spinal instrumentation, 1998–2006, 1999f–2002f, 2004f–2006f

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Pie-crusting technique, for knee arthroplasty, 269–270, 270f Pigmented villonodular synovitis, 942 magnetic resonance imaging of, 155, 155f talar, 2373, 2373f Pilon fracture. See Tibial pilon fracture Pin(s). See also Screw(s) for external ﬁ xation, 3067, 3068f, 3069f, 3071 infection with, 3065 percutaneous, 3050–3051. See also Percutaneous ﬁ xation Pinch restoration, 4128–4139 abductor digiti quinti transfer for, 4133, 4135f extensor indicis proprius transfer for, 4132, 4132f ﬂ exor carpi ulnaris tendon transfer for, 4133, 4134f ﬂ exor pollicis longus tendon transfer for, 4163–4164, 4163f House reconstruction for, 4164–4167, 4164f, 4165f, 4166f, 4170b index ﬁ nger abduction restoration for, 4138–4139, 4139f Moberg key grip tenodesis for, 4163– 4164, 4163f palmaris longus tendon transfer for, 4133 sublimis tendon transfer for, 4130– 4131, 4130f, 4131f in tetraplegia, 4159 thumb adduction restoration for, 4133, 4135–4138, 4136f, 4137f, 4138f Zancolli reconstruction for, 4167– 4169, 4167f, 4168f, 4169f, 4170b Pirogoff amputation, 587, 591–592 Pisiform, 3999–4000, 4000f fracture of, 4038t Plafond fracture. See Tibial pilon fracture Plain ﬁ lm radiography. See Radiography Planovalgus, stroke-related, 1387 Plantar fascia release of, 4736–4737, 4737f closing wedge osteotomy with, 1517–1518, 1518f endoscopic, 4818, 4820–4822, 4821f open, 4818–4820 windlass mechanism of, 4815, 4816f Plantar fasciitis. See Heel, painful Plantar fasciotomy, 4740, 4741f Plantar ﬂ exion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy, for pes planus, 4592–4594, 4593f Plantar metatarsal artery, 3769–3770, 3770f Plantar nerve release, 4818–4820, 4819f Plantar plate release, for hallux varus correction, 4560, 4560f

Plantaris tendon, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3886–3887, 3886f, 3887f Plasmacytoma, 917, 919–920, 922f Plate(s). See also Plate ﬁ xation bridge, 3059 buttress, 3059 compression, 3058–3059 contouring of, 3058, 3058f locking, 3059–3060, 3060f neutralization, 3058, 3059f removal of, 3059, 3059t Plate ﬁ xation, 3055, 3058–3060 for acetabular fracture, 3324, 3326f, 3327–3329, 3327f–3331f ankle arthrodesis with, 168–169, 169f AO-ASIF low-contact dynamic compression plates in, 3059 biomechanics of, 3055, 3057f bridge plate in, 3059 buttress plate in, 3059 for cervical spine injury, 1806, 1808– 1810, 1808f, 1809f, 1811f for cervical vertebral body fracture, 1799 for clavicular fracture, 3373, 3375, 3375f for clavicular fracture malunion, 3496, 3497f–3498f, 3499f for clavicular fracture nonunion, 3559, 3559f compression plates in, 3058–3059 contouring for, 3058, 3058f for coronoid process fracture, 3409, 3409f disadvantages of, 3058 for distal humeral fracture, 3401, 3404f, 3405, 3405b, 3405f for distal radial fracture, 3445–3446, 3445f, 3447–3449, 3448f, 3449f for femoral shaft fracture, 1661, 3191– 3193, 3192f for forearm fracture, 1547, 1547f for Galeazzi fracture-dislocation, 3425, 3425f historical perspective on, 3055, 3058 for humeral shaft fracture, 3390–3392, 3390f, 3391f, 3392f for humeral shaft fracture nonunion, 3561, 3561f for intertrochanteric hip fracture, 3243, 3244f, 3245, 3246f, 3252, 3253f knee arthrodesis with, 194–195, 194f Less Invasive Stabilization System for, 3060, 3060f locking plates in, 3059–3060, 3060f metacarpal head fracture, 3947–3948, 3948f minicondylar, for metacarpal fracture, 3949 neutralization plates in, 3058, 3059f for olecranon fracture, 3414, 3414f

Plate ﬁ xation—cont’d plate removal in, 3059, 3059t for proximal humeral fracture, 3381– 3382, 3382f for proximal humeral fracture nonunion, 3559–3560, 3560f for radial and ulnar shaft fractures, 3428–3431, 3428f, 3429f, 3430f, 3431f screws for, 3058 shoulder arthrodesis with, 210f, 217– 218, 217f, 218f for thoracolumbar fracture, 1825– 1829, 1826f, 1827f–1829f for tibial fracture nonunion, 3552 for tibial pilon fracture, 3104–3108, 3106f, 3107f, 3108f, 3109f for tibial shaft fracture, 3120, 3139– 3141, 3140f wrist arthrodesis with, 225–226, 225f, 226f Plethysmography, replantation monitoring with, 3730 Pleural effusion, after posterior thoracoplasty, 1982 Plexus injury brachial. See Brachial plexus injury cervical, 3637, 3661–3662 lumbar, 3637, 3688–3690, 3688f sacral, 3688f, 3690–3697. See also speciﬁ c nerves Pneumatic compression devices, after hip arthroplasty, 395 Pneumatic tourniquet, 4, 24 application of, 5, 6t for hand surgery, 3805–3806, 3806t routine checks for, 4–5 Pneumothorax, after scoliosis surgery, 1977 Poirer, space of, 4000 Poland syndrome, 4368t, 4403, 4405f Poliomyelitis, 1401–1450 acute stage of, 1402–1403 arthrodesis in, 1404 chronic stage of, 1403 convalescent stage of, 1403 deltoid paralysis in, 1439–1442, 1440f, 1441f elbow deformity in, 1443–1448 ﬂ exorplasty for, 1443–1444, 1444f latissimus dorsi muscle transfer for, 1445, 1447–1448, 1447f pectoralis major tendon transfer for, 1445, 1446f triceps transfer for, 1444–1445, 1445f femur in, 1430 ﬂ ail knee in, 1429–1430 foot and ankle deformity in, 1404–1425 Achilles tenodesis for, 1407, 1407f, 1422–1423, 1422f, 1423f ankle arthrodesis for, 1416 calcaneal osteotomy for, 1409

Vol. I: pages 1-1060; Vol. II: pages 1061-2350; Vol. III: pages 2351-3632; Vol. IV: pages 3633-4900

Poliomyelitis—cont’d foot and ankle deformity in—cont’d cavovarus, 1405, 1419 cavus, 1414–1415, 4734, 4754f Dillwyn-Evans osteotomy for, 1409–1410, 1410f dorsal bunion, 1407–1409, 1408f dorsiﬂ exion, 1421–1425, 1422f, 1423f equinovalgus, 1405, 1419–1421 equinovarus, 1406, 1417–1419, 1417f, 1418f equinus, 1415–1416, 1416f ﬂ ail foot, 1407 Lambrinudi arthrodesis for, 1415– 1416, 1416f pantalar arthrodesis for, 1416 posterior bone block for, 1416–1417 subtalar arthrodesis for, 1410–1411, 1411f, 1412f talectomy for, 1415 tendon transfer for, 1405–1409, 1407f, 1417–1425 anterior tibial tendon, 1407–1408, 1418–1419, 1419f ﬂ exor digitorum longus tendon, 1420–1421 ﬂ exor hallucis longus tendon, 1420–1421, 1424 peroneal tendon, 1420 peroneus brevis tendon, 1423–1424 peroneus longus tendon, 1420– 1421, 1423–1424 posterior tibial tendon, 1417– 1418, 1418f, 1419, 1423–1424 triple arthrodesis for, 1412–1415, 1413f forearm contracture in, 1448–1450, 1449f genu recurvatum in, 1427–1429, 1428f, 1429f gluteus paralysis in, 1433–1435, 1434f hip contractures in, 1430–1433, 1431f, 1432f, 1433f hip dislocation in, 1435–1437, 1436f infraspinatus paralysis in, 1442–1443 knee contracture in, 1425, 1425f knee deformity in, 1425–1430 ﬂ ail, 1429–1430 ﬂ exion, 1425, 1425f genu recurvatum, 1427–1429, 1428f, 1429f quadriceps paralysis, 1425–1427, 1426f levator scapulae paralysis in, 1439 pathology of, 1402 pelvic obliquity in, 1437–1438 quadriceps paralysis in, 1425–1427, 1426f serratus anterior paralysis in, 1438–1439 shoulder paralysis in, 1439–1443, 1440f, 1441f, 1442f

Poliomyelitis—cont’d spinal deformity in, 2028, 2028t stages of, 1402–1403 subscapularis paralysis in, 1442–1443 suprascapularis paralysis in, 1442–1443 supraspinatus paralysis in, 1442–1443 tendon transfer in, 1403–1404 tibia in, 1430 trapezius paralysis in, 1439 triceps paralysis in, 1448 trunk deformity in, 1437–1439, 1437f vaccine against, 1402 Poller screw, 3061, 3061f Pollicization, 662, 664–671 Buck-Gramcko, 669–671, 670f, 4386f, 4387, 4388f Littler, 657f–668f, 664–666, 665f–666f Riordan, 666, 668–669, 669f Poly( d , l -lactic acid), 3048–3049 Polydactyly ﬁ nger, 4410–4420 central, 4418 incidence of, 4368t postaxial, 4417–4418, 4417f preaxial, 4410–4414, 4412f, 4413f division for, 4413–4414, 4414f, 4415f toe, 1063–1064, 1064f, 1065f Polydioxanone, 3048 Polyethylene for hip arthroplasty, 330–331, 330f, 332–333 for knee arthroplasty, 248, 249f, 253– 255, 253f, 254f, 292–293 Polyglycolic acid, 3048 Polyglycolic acid conduit repair, for nerve injury, 3987–3988, 3988f Polylactic acid, 3048–3049 Polylevolactic acid, 3048–3049 Polymers, bioabsorable complications of, 3049 for fracture treatment, 3042t, 3044, 3048–3049, 3049b Polymethylmethacrylate for hip fracture, 3242 for spinal metastatic disease, 2329 for vertebral body defects, 2329–2330 Polymethylmethacrylate beads, antibiotic, 685 for chronic osteomyelitis treatment, 707–708 for fracture nonunion, 3541–3542 Polymethylmethacrylate spacers antibiotic-impregnated, for postarthroplasty knee infection, 285–286, 285f for hip arthroplasty, 328–329, 329f Polymyositis, in HIV infection, 687, 687t Ponseti casting, for congenital clubfoot, 1084, 1086–1089, 1087f, 1088f

Ponte technique, for posterior column shortening procedure, 2061– 2063, 2064f–2065f Popliteal artery injury, 2547, 2550, 3578 Popliteal bursae, 975–977 Popliteal bypass, for posterolateral rotary instability, 2485–2488, 2486f, 2487f, 2488f Popliteal cyst, 975–977 arthroscopic examination of, 975 differential diagnosis of, 976 dissecting, 976 excision of, 975–977, 977f, 978f magnetic resonance imaging of, 139– 140, 140f Popliteal fossa myxoid liposarcoma of, 154f tibial nerve in, 3695–3697, 3695f, 3696f Popliteal fossa nerve block, 4466, 4468, 4468f Popliteal sciatic nerve block, 4466, 4468, 4468f Popliteal tendon, 2409, 2409f Popliteal vein, thrombosis of, 976 Popliteoﬁ bular ligament, 2409, 2409f, 2490 reconstruction of, 2490, 2492f, 2493–2494 Popliteus muscle, 2397, 2398f, 2399f reconstruction of, 2490, 2492f, 2493–2494 Popliteus tendon, 2399f arthroscopy of, 2818f, 2822 Port et al. technique, for ﬁ brin clot preparation, 2842 Portable C-arm image intensiﬁ er television ﬂ uoroscopy, 6, 7f Post and Mayer technique, for suprascapular nerve entrapment, 2632–2633, 2634f Posterior bone block, for hip dislocation, 2671, 2672f Posterior capsular tendon re-tensioning, 2710–2712, 2713f Posterior capsulotomy, for ﬂ exor contracture of knee, 2574–2575 Posterior cervical foraminotomy, 2190– 2192, 2191f Posterior column shortening procedure, for Scheuermann kyphosis, 2061–2063, 2064f–2065f Posterior cord syndrome, 1770 Posterior cruciate ligament anatomy of, 2527–2528, 2527f arthroscopy of, 2818f, 2820, 2821 balancing of, 271–272, 271f, 272f biomechanics of, 2528 gait and, 247–248, 247f, 249f magnetic resonance imaging of, 138, 139f

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Posterior cruciate ligament—cont’d reconstruction of arthroscopic, 2857t, 2881–2886 double-tunnel, 2884–2885, 2885f inlay technique for, 2885–2886, 2887f single-tunnel, 2881–2884, 2883f open, 2533–2546, 2533f, 2534f, 2535f Achilles tendon-bone graft for, 2542–2545 bone-patellar tendon-bone graft for, 2542–2545, 2544f complications of, 2546 double-bundle technique for, 2535–2536 ﬁ ber regions in, 2534, 2534f graft placement for, 2534–2535, 2535f nerve injury with, 2546 osteonecrosis after, 2546 patellar tendon graft for, 2536– 2542, 2536f, 2538f–2539f, 2540f, 2541f, 2542f posterior approach for, 2545, 2546f repair of, 2530–2532, 2530f, 2531f, 2532f tear of, 2527–2547, 3579 anatomy of, 2527–2528, 2527f biomechanics of, 2528, 2529–2530 diagnosis of, 2443, 2445f, 2528. See also Knee ligaments, injury to, diagnosis of magnetic resonance imaging of, 138, 139f natural history of, 2528–2529 nonoperative treatment of, 2529–2530 posterolateral rotary instability with, 2482–2485, 2483f, 2484f radiography of, 2528 repair of, 2530–2532, 2530f, 2531f, 2532f treatment of, 2529–2531, 2530f. See also Posterior cruciate ligament, reconstruction of valgus deformity correction and, 269, 269f Posterior drawer test, 2441, 2444f, 2445f Posterior interosseous ﬂ ap, 3839–3840, 3839f, 3840f Posterior interosseous forearm ﬂ ap, 3839–3840, 3839f, 3840f Posterior interosseous nerve, for interfascicular grafting, 3658 Posterior longitudinal ligament, 145, 146f Posterior lumbar interbody fusion, 2292–2293, 2293f, 2294f, 2308–2309, 2309f, 2310f

Posterior oblique ligament repair of, 2470–2471, 2472f tear of, 2459, 2461f, 2462f Posterior spinal instrumentation. See Spinal instrumentation, posterior Posterior tibial tendon. See Tibial tendon, posterior Posterolateral drawer test, 2448 Posterolateral spinal fusion bilateral, 2308 for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2306–2308 for spondylolisthesis, 2083–2084, 2086, 2087f for spondylolytic defect, 2082 Posteromedial arthrotomy, for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2381, 2384–2385, 2385f Posteromedial release, for clubfoot, 1089–1093, 1090f, 1092f Postirradiation spinal deformity, 2119– 2120, 2119f, 2120f Posttourniquet syndrome, 5 Postural round-back deformity, 2056 Potassium hydroxide wet mount, 683 Pott paralysis, 2253 Pouce ﬂ ottant deformity, 661, 4430, 4430f Povidone-iodine solution, 7–9 Powers ratio, 1914, 1914f Pratt technique, for proximal phalangeal fracture reduction, 3949, 3951f, 3952f Predictive Salvage Index, 3029 Prednisone, for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1504 Preiser disease, 4022–4023, 4023f Prepatellar bursa drainage of, 974 excision of, 974 inﬂ ammation of, 973–974 Primitive reﬂ exes, in cerebral palsy, 1338, 1339f, 1340, 1340f Profundus advancement technique, for secondary ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3883–3884, 3884f Pronator quadratus pedicle bone graft, for scaphoid nonunion, 4033, 4033f Pronator quadratus transfer, for distal ulnar reconstruction, 4066, 4067f, 4068 Pronator teres syndrome, 3684, 3685 Pronator teres transfer for forearm contracture, 4176–4177, 4177t, 4178f for radial nerve palsy, 4150–4153, 4152f ProOsteon 500R, 17t Prostate cancer, bone metastases from, 777, 924

Prostheses allograft with, 791, 792f oncological reconstruction with, 791–793, 792f ankle, 235, 236f, 238–240, 238f, 239f. See also Ankle arthroplasty anterior cruciate ligament, 2519–2521 for congenital upper extremity amputation, 4370, 4371f elbow, 525, 528–530, 529f. See also Elbow arthroplasty hip, 318–335. See also Hip arthroplasty acetabular, 328–335 alternative bearings for, 332–335, 334f cemented, 328–329, 329f loosening of, 425–426, 427f pelvic bone stresses with, 317 cementless, 329–332, 329f, 330f, 331f, 332f implantation of, 347–349, 347f, 348f loosening of, 425–426, 428f polar gaps with, 317, 317f stress transfer with, 317–318, 318f ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for, 334–335 highly cross-linked polyethylene for, 333 loosening of, 425–428, 426f, 427f, 428f metal-on-metal bearings for, 333–334, 335f, 336f femoral, 318–328, 319f, 320f, 321f cemented, 321–323, 322f, 323f implantation of, 355–359, 356f, 357f, 358f, 359f loosening of, 420–423, 421f, 422f, 423f cementless, 323–327, 324f, 325f, 326f, 327f bone hypertrophy and, 316 bone strain with, 317 implantation of, 351–355, 352f, 353f, 354f loosening of, 423–425, 424f stress shielding with, 316, 316f, 317 custom-made, 327–328, 328f loosening of, 420–425, 421f, 422f, 423f, 424f, 426–428 nonporous, 326–327, 327f specialized, 327–328, 328f knee, 241–246, 242f, 243f. See also Knee arthroplasty cementless, 255, 255f failure of, 287–288, 288f ﬁ xation of, 255, 255f hinged, 245, 245f loosening of, 288, 292, 293f mobile bearing, 244 polyethylene wear of, 248, 249f, 253–255, 253f, 254f

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Prostheses—cont’d knee—cont’d for revision arthroplasty, 296–299, 297f, 298f, 299f survival of, 259, 261 unicompartmental, 244–245, 245f varus-valgus constrained, 243–244, 244f after lower-extremity amputation, 563–564 lunate, for Kienböck disease, 4043– 4044, 4044f magnetic resonance imaging and, 132 postresection reconstruction with distal femur, 827–829, 828f distal humerus, 808f–809f humerus, 791–793, 792f, 793f, 794f proximal femur, 825f proximal tibia, 831f shoulder, 484f–485f, 487–489, 488f, 519. See also Shoulder arthroplasty sinus tarsi, 4618–4619, 4618f wrist, 4248, 4248f, 4249f, 4250f Protrusio acetabuli, 370–372 arthroplasty for, 370–372, 371f, 372f impaction grafting for, 372 primary (Otto pelvis), 370, 370f, 1045–1046, 1045f Proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1128–1140 amputation for, 1136–1140, 1137f, 1139f, 1140f ankle disarticulation for, 1137–1140, 1139f Boyd amputation for, 1139–1140, 1140f classiﬁ cation of, 1128–1129, 1129f, 1130t iliofemoral fusion for, 1132 knee arthrodesis for, 1131–1132, 1131f, 1133, 1133f limb lengthening for, 1132 nonoperative treatment of, 1131, 1131f rotationplasty for, 1133–1136, 1134f, 1135f, 1136f stabilization procedure for, 1131–1132, 1131f Syme amputation for, 1136–1139, 1139f Proximal humerus. See Humerus, proximal Proximal interphalangeal joint. See Interphalangeal joint(s), proximal Proximal metatarsal osteotomy, for forefoot equinus, 4740–4741, 4741f Proximal row carpectomy for ﬂ exor-pronator origin release, 4185 radiocapitate fusion with, 226, 227f for scaphoid nonunion, 4025–4026, 4025f, 4027f

Proximal tibial osteotomy. See Tibial osteotomy, proximal Proximal tibioﬁ bular joint, 3604, 3604f calciﬁ cations of, 972f dislocation of, 3579–3580, 3580f, 3581f unreduced, 3604, 3604f subluxation of, 3580, 3580f Pseudarthrosis ankylosing spondylitis and, 2316 cervical spine, 1853–1854, 1854f, 1855 congenital clavicular, 1238–1240, 1239f, 1240f ﬁ bular, 1106, 1106f radius, 1240–1242, 1241f tibial, 1106–1111, 1107f, 1108f, 1109f, 1110f ulnar, 1242, 1242f lumbar spine, 1870–1871 scoliosis surgery and, 1978 spinal cord injury and, 2026 Pseudogout, hand deformity in, 4200 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in septic arthritis, 727t Pseudotumor, hemophilic, 1286 Psoas abscess, 764, 2256–2258, 2257f Psoriatic arthritis, hand deformity in, 4198–4199, 4199f Psychiatric disorders dysfunctional hand postures with, 4118–4119, 4118f, 4119f replantation and, 3721–3722 Psychoextended hand, 4119 Psychoﬂ exed hand, 4118–4119, 4118f, 4119f Pubic bone aneurysmal bone cyst of, 872f chondrosarcoma of, 819f inﬂ ammation of, 1046 osteomyelitis of, 713 posttraumatic osteolysis of, 876 resection of, 816–818, 817f tuberculosis of, 761 Pubic symphysis approach to, 90, 90f approximation of, 1222–1224, 1223f, 1224f dislocation of, 3585. See also Pelvis, fracture of open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3352, 3353f–3354f inﬂ ammation of, 1046 Pulmonary embolism. See also Deep venous thrombosis acetabular fracture and, 3334 hip arthroplasty and, 394–396, 394t knee arthroplasty and, 258 post-traumatic, 3075 tourniquet and, 4, 5 Pulp ﬂ ap, 3773–3775, 3775f Pulvertaft suture technique, 3863, 3863f Pump bump, 4822, 4825–4827 Puncture wound, of foot, 711

Putti-Platt procedure, 2704, 2705f Putti technique for knee exposure, 51–52, 53f for posterior capsulotomy, 2575 for tibial hemimelia, 1123, 1124f Pyarthrosis elbow, 3007 knee, 2891 Pyoderma gangrenosum, infection vs., 4361 Pyogenic arthritis. See Septic arthritis Pyogenic granuloma, 4336, 4336f Pyomyositis, in HIV infection, 687, 687t

Q Q angle, 251, 251f, 286, 2656, 2656f, 2662, 2662t, 2888–2889 Quadriceps atrophy of, 2424 contracture of, 963–966 classiﬁ cation of, 964t proximal release for, 964–966, 965f evaluation of, in cerebral palsy, 1359, 1361f lengthening of, for congenital knee dislocation, 1115, 1115f paralysis of, 1425–1427, 1426f plastic repair of, 2669–2670, 2671f proximal release of, 964–966, 965f rupture of, 2759, 2760f postarthroplasty, 289 shortening of, for cerebral palsy– related deformity, 1363, 1363f Quadriceps active test, 2443, 2445f Quadriceps tendon, 2396 rupture of, 2766–2767, 2767f, 2768f magnetic resonance imaging in, 138–139 neglected, 2768–2769, 2769f Quadriceps tendon graft, for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2873 Quadriceps turndown procedure, for revision knee arthroplasty, 294–295, 294f Quadricepsplasty, for extraarticular ankylosis of knee, 2571– 2574, 2572f–2573f Quadriga effect, ﬂ exor tendon repair and, 3889 Quadrilateral space syndrome, 2630– 2631, 2631f, 2632f, 3673 Quadruple hamstring graft, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with, 2869– 2871, 2870f in skeletally immature individual, 2873–2876, 2874b, 2876f Quantitative tissue culture, 684 Quenu technique, for nail plate and germinal matrix removal, 4768, 4769f, 4770f

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R Rab technique, for metaphyseal tibial osteotomy, 1297–1298, 1298f Radial artery, 3838f Allen test of, 4103, 4104f cutaneous branches of, 3838f injury to, 3824 ischemia of, 4103 Radial bursa, infection of, 4354–4355, 4355f Radial collateral ligament, 4000 injury to, 3939–3940 Radial forearm ﬂ ap, 3837–3839, 3838f Radial head approach to, 115–116, 116f arthroplasty of, 530–532, 546–548, 547f, 548f dislocation of, 3593–3595, 3594f congenital, 1240, 1241f, 1554 isolated, 1552, 1553f, 1556–1558, 1557f, 1558f proximal ulnar fracture with. See Monteggia fracturedislocation unreduced, 3630 excision of, 3409–3410, 3417–3419, 3418f fracture of, 3408–3410, 3408f, 3417–3419 classiﬁ cation of, 3417, 3418f distal radioulnar joint dislocation with, 3420, 3420f, 3421f implant arthroplasty for, 546–548, 547f, 548f malunion of, 3413–3414 pediatric, 1558–1563, 1560f, 1561f treatment of, 3409–3410 resection of arthroscopic, 3003–3004 in Monteggia fracture, 1553–1554 Radial neck approach to, 115–116, 116f fracture of, 3418f, 3419, 3420f malunion of, 3413–3414 pediatric, 1558–1563 classiﬁ cation for, 1558, 1559f closed intramedullary pinning for, 1562–1563, 1563f closed reduction for, 1559–1561, 1560f, 1561f, 1562, 1562f open reduction for, 1561–1562 percutaneous reduction for, 1559, 1561, 1561f Radial nerve anatomy of, 3663, 3663f anesthetic block of, 3802–3803, 3804f examination of, 3675 injury to, 3646t, 3647, 3674–3678, 3676f, 3677f, 4149–4153, 4149f delayed treatment of, 3678 elbow arthroscopy and, 3007–3008 humeral fracture ﬁ xation and, 3391–3392

Radial nerve—cont’d injury to—cont’d humeral shaft fracture with, 3397– 3398, 3398f, 3399f splints for, 3818f tendon transfers for, 4150–4153, 4150b, 4152f motor function of, 3983 in patient positioning, 8f in radial clubhand, 4377 repair of, 3994 superﬁ cial for interfascicular grafting, 3658 repair of, 3994 supracondylar fracture and, 1590 vascularized graft of, 3786 Radial osteotomy for congenital radioulnar synostosis, 1244–1245, 1244f for intraarticular malunion, 3518–3519 for Kienböck disease, 4042 for Madelung deformity, 4449, 4449f, 4450, 4450f, 4451, 4451f for malunion with volar angulation, 3515–3517, 3516f for malunited Colles fracture, 3512– 3514, 3513f, 3514f Radial tunnel syndrome, 3674–3675 Radiation injury, hand, 4112 Radiation therapy, 781, 784 complications of, 781 for Ewing sarcoma, 913 femoral neck fracture after, 3284–3285 for hemangioendothelioma, 917 osteosarcoma with, 904–905, 907 pediatric, 784 spinal deformity after, 2119–2120, 2119f, 2120f for spinal metastases, 2328 Radiculopathy, degenerative spondylolisthesis and, 2290 Radiocarpal joint. See also Wrist anatomy of, 4000, 4000f arthroscopy of, 4010–4011, 4010f. See also Wrist arthroscopy Radiocarpal ligaments, dorsal, 4000– 4001, 4001f, 4002f Radiography acetabular fracture, 3313–3316, 3313f, 3314f, 3315f acromioclavicular joint dislocation, 3587 adamantinoma, 915, 915f adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2296 aneurysmal bone cyst, 868, 869f–870f, 871f ankle ligamentous injury, 2362, 2362f ankylosing spondylitis, 2315 anterior cruciate ligament tear, 2498, 2498f atlantoaxial joint rotatory subluxation, 1912, 1912f, 1913f atlantooccipital fusion, 1903, 1903f

Radiography—cont’d basilar impression, 1901–1902, 1901b, 1901f, 1902f biﬁ d thumb, 4412f bone infarct, 875, 876f bone island, 858, 858f brown tumor, 875, 875f calcaneal fracture, 3465, 4835, 4835f, 4836f cavovarus foot, 1515, 1516f cavus foot, 4734–4735, 4735f, 4736f cervical disc disease, 2166 cervical spine, 2311–2312, 2312f, 2313f cervical spine injury, 1766–1767 cervical spine instability, 1775, 1775f chondroblastoma, 889, 890f, 891f, 892f chondromyxoid ﬁ broma, 893f, 894f chondrosarcoma, 908, 909f, 910f chordoma, 914, 914f clubfoot, 1081–1082, 1081b, 1082f, 1083f, 1083t, 1084f clubhand, 4401, 4401f congenital radioulnar synostosis, 1242, 1243f corn, 4645f degenerative scoliosis, 2290 degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2290 delta phalanx, 4446f desmoplastic ﬁ broma, 866, 867f developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip, 373, 374f, 1182, 1183f, 1185f, 1186–1187, 1187f, 1188f diabetic foot, 4705, 4707f, 4708f, 4709f, 4710f, 4791f diastematomyelia, 2033, 2034f distal radial fracture, 3510 elbow, 2719 enchondroma, 859, 859f eosinophilic granuloma, 896, 896f, 897f Ewing sarcoma, 911f, 912–913, 912f femoral osteochondritis dissecans, 2559f, 2560 ﬁ brous dysplasia, 863, 865f ﬁ bular hemimelia, 1125, 1125f, 1126f Freiberg infraction, 1253, 1253f giant cell tumor, 883, 884f, 885f, 886, 887f glenoid, 2683–2684, 2683f, 2684f gout, 4200f hallucal sesamoids, 4573, 4573f, 4574f, 4576f hallux valgus, 4475–4476, 4477f, 4478f hangman’s fracture, 1797f hemangioma, 871, 873f, 946f hip arthroplasty, 338–340, 341f, 342f, 432 hip dislocation, 1628, 1629f, 1630f, 3582, 3582f hip fracture, 3238, 3238f

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Radiography—cont’d humeral fracture, 3378, 3379f, 3380f, 3500 humerus, 2684, 2684f infection, 679, 679f, 2243–2244, 2243f interphalangeal dislocation, 3965f, 3966f intraoperative, 6, 7f intraosseous ganglion cyst, 870, 872f Iselin disease, 1252, 1252f isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2303–2304, 2303f Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1906f, 1907– 1908, 1907f knee arthroplasty, 258–259, 260f knee dislocation, 2547, 2548f knee ligament injury, 2448, 2450 Köhler disease, 1254, 1254f kyphosis, 2066–2067, 2067f, 2068f Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 896 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1264 limb-length discrepancy, 1141–1143, 1141f lipoma, 871, 873f lumbar disc disease, 2166 lymphoma, 920, 922f, 923f Madelung deformity, 4449f malignant ﬁ brous histiocytoma, 917, 918f mallet ﬁ nger, 3958f metastatic disease, 924 mutliple myeloma, 919, 920f myelomeningocele-related spinal deformity, 2095, 2096f nonossifying ﬁ broma, 862, 863f occipitalization, 1903, 1903f odontoid anomalies, 1881–1882, 1881f, 1882f osteochondroma, 860, 860f, 861f osteoﬁ brous dysplasia, 863, 865f osteoid osteoma, 855, 856f, 857f osteomyelitis, 698, 698f, 699f osteosarcoma, 901, 902f, 903f, 904f, 954f Paget disease, 873, 874f painful heel, 4816 patella, 2657–2658, 2657f, 2658f, 2659f patellar dislocation, 2657–2658, 2658f, 2659f, 2660f patellar fracture, 3162 pelvic fracture, 3341f, 3342f, 3344f, 3348, 3348f, 3349f pes planus, 1102, 1102f phalangeal fracture, 3952f, 3953f, 3954f pigmented villonodular synovitis, 945f posterior cruciate ligament tear, 2528 posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4785f, 4787, 4787f, 4789f, 4790f postirradiation spinal deformity, 2119, 2119f protrusio acetabuli, 1045, 1045f

Radiography—cont’d proximal interphalangeal joint fracture-dislocation, 3955f, 3957f proximal interphalangeal joint subluxation, 3956f rheumatoid arthritis–related spinal deformity, 2311–2312, 2312f rotator cuff arthropathy, 2624, 2624f, 2625f scaphoid nonunion, 4025f Scheuermann disease, 2054–2055, 2054f scoliosis, 1932–1934, 1932f, 1933f, 2290, 2296 septic arthritis, 724 shoulder, 2683–2684, 2683f, 2684f shoulder arthroplasty, 492f, 493 shoulder dislocation, 2683–2684, 2683f, 2684f shoulder impingement syndromes, 2965, 2965f shoulder injury, 2609 slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1630–1631, 1633–1634 spinal brucellosis, 2249, 2250f spinal infection, 2243–2244, 2243f spinal injury, 1766–1767, 1768f spinal metastases, 2327 spinal rheumatoid arthritis, 2311–2312 spinal stenosis, 2277–2278, 2278b spinal tuberculosis, 2251 spondylolisthesis, 2079–2081, 2079f, 2080f, 2290, 2303–2304, 2303f spondylolysis, 2055–2056, 2056f supracondylar fracture, 1581–1583, 1583f synovial chondromatosis, 944f synovial sarcoma, 950, 951f talar neck fracture, 4855 talar osteochondritis dissecans, 1697, 1697f, 1698f talocalcaneal coalition, 4613–4614, 4613f, 4614f tibia vara, 1292–1294, 1292f, 1293f, 1294f, 1295f, 1296f tibial hemimelia, 1120f, 1121f, 1123f tibial pilon fracture, 3103 tibial plateau fracture, 3151 transient osteoporosis, 1041, 1042f trauma, 3025 triphalangeal thumb, 4415f tuberculosis, 755 tumor, 776, 777, 778f unicameral bone cyst, 866, 868f valgus deformity, 1461, 1462f vertical talus, 1102, 1102f Radiolunate arthrodesis, 3519–3520 Radiolunate ligament, 4001f Radiolunotriquetral ligament, 4000 Radionuclide imaging femoral head necrosis, 1033–1034 infection, 680–682, 681f, 681t

Radionuclide imaging—cont’d isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2304 septic arthritis, 725 spinal infection, 2244–2245 Radionuclide synovectomy, 1285–1286, 1288 Radioscaphocapitate ligament, 4000, 4001f Radioscapholunate ligament, 4000 Radioulnar joint distal. See also Wrist anatomy of, 4000, 4000f, 4044–4045 arthritis of, 4057–4059 arthrodesis for, 4065–4066, 4065f, 4066f hemiresection arthroplasty for, 4059–4061, 4062f matched resection arthroplasty for, 4062–4063, 4062f arthrodesis of, 4065–4066, 4065f, 4066f arthroplasty of, 4059–4061, 4062f arthroscopy of, 4011. See also Wrist arthroscopy chronic instability of, 4045b, 4046, 4053–4061 distal radioulnar ligament reconstruction in, 4054– 4057, 4054f–4055f triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex dorsal ligament reconstruction in, 4057, 4057f, 4058f dislocation of, 3595, 3595f, 3596f, 3597f radial head/neck fracture and, 3420, 3420f radial shaft fracture and, 3425, 3425f disruption of radius fracture and, 1556, 1556f, 3520–3523, 3520f, 3521, 3522f ulnar fracture and, 1556, 1556f fracture-dislocation of, 3420, 3420f, 3421f injury to, 4045–4046, 4045b malunion-related dysfunction of, 3508–3509, 3520–3523, 3520f ulnar resection for, 3521–3523, 3522f ulnar shortening osteotomy for, 3521, 3521f proximal. See Elbow; Radius, proximal; Ulna, proximal Radioulnar ligament, 4000, 4000f, 4002f Adams and Berger reconstruction of, 4054–4057, 4054f–4055f Radioulnar synostosis congenital, 1242–1245, 1243f, 4368t osteotomy for, 1244–1245, 1244f

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Radioulnar synostosis—cont’d fracture and, 1550, 1551f, 1553, 3504–3506 Radius. See also Radial head; Radial neck; Radioulnar joint approach to, 115–117 anterior, 117, 120f anterolateral, 117, 119f posterolateral, 115–116, 116f Thompson, 117, 118f bowing of, 1550–1551 distal. See also Radioulnar joint, distal anatomy of, 3447, 3448f chondromyxoid ﬁ broma of, 894f columns of, 3447, 3448f congenital pseudarthrosis of, 1240– 1242, 1241f fracture of, 3441–3453, 3443b Barton, 3441–3442, 3442f, 3446– 3447, 3446f dorsal, 3446, 3446f volar, 3446, 3446f volar buttress plate ﬁ xation for, 3446–3447, 3447f classiﬁ cation of, 3441–3443, 3442f, 3443f Colles, 3441–3442, 3442f malunion of, 3512–3514, 3513f nonunion of, 3565 percutaneous pinning for, 3444, 3444f comminuted, 3449–3453, 3449f–3453f distraction plate ﬁ xation for, 3445–3446, 3445f malunion of, 3509–3523. See also Radioulnar joint, distal, chronic instability of Bowers arthroplasty for, 3504f, 3514 with dorsal angulation, 3512– 3514, 3513f evaluation of, 3510, 3510f external ﬁ xation for, 3517 intraarticular, 3517–3520 operative treatment for, 3510– 3512, 3511t osteotomy and bone grafting for, 3511, 3512–3514, 3513f, 3514f radiography in, 3510 radiolunate arthrodesis for, 3519–3520 reﬂ ex sympathetic dystrophy with, 3511 with volar angulation, 3514– 3517, 3518f volar osteotomy for, 3515–3517, 3518f nonunion of, 3564–3565 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3449–3453, 3449f–3452f pediatric, 1545–1546, 1545f

Radius—cont’d distal—cont’d fracture of—cont’d percutaneous pinning for, 3444, 3444f physeal, 1545, 1546f prognosis for, 3509, 3509t radioulnar joint dislocation with, 3425, 3425f radioulnar joint disruption with, 1556, 1556f reﬂ ex sympathetic dystrophy after, 3511 traction cast for, 3444–3445 type I, 3441–3442, 3442f, 3444, 3444f type II, 3442, 3442f type III, 3442–3443, 3442f, 3443f type IV, 3442f, 3443 type V, 3442f, 3443 volar buttress plate ﬁ xation for, 3446–3447, 3447f volar plating for, 3447–3449, 3448f, 3449f giant cell tumor of, 153f, 813f, 886, 887f–888f hypoplasia of, 4368t, 4376, 4376f, 4377t. See also Clubhand, radial normal angles of, 3442, 3442f osteotomy of for intraarticular malunion, 3518–3519 for Kienböck disease, 4042 for Madelung deformity, 4449, 4449f, 4450, 4450f, 4451, 4451f for malunion with volar angulation, 3515–3517, 3516f for malunited Colles fracture, 3512–3514, 3513f, 3514f resection of, 807, 813, 813f, 814f tilt of, 3442, 3442f growth of, 1535, 1536f plastic deformity of, 1550–1551 proximal. See also Elbow cross union at, 1550, 1551f fracture of, 1548, 1550–1551, 1551f, 1552–1553 nonunion of, 3564–3565 resection of, 807, 810f shaft of ﬁ bular transplant for, 3536–3537, 3537f fracture of, 3425–3441, 3426f ForeSight intramedullary nailing system for, 3433–3441, 3434f, 3435f–3440f iliac bone graft for, 3428 intramedullary nailing for, 3426, 3427f, 3431–3441, 3432f–3435f

Radius—cont’d shaft of—cont’d fracture of—cont’d malunion of, 3506–3509, 3507f nonunion of, 3564–3565 open, 3441 pediatric, 1546–1548, 1547f, 1549f, 1550f plate ﬁ xation for, 3428–3431, 3428f, 3429f, 3430f, 3431f segmental, 3432, 3432f Stainless Steel taper intramedullary nailing system for, 3433, 3434f True-Flex intramedullary nailing system for, 3433, 3433f osteotomy of, for fracture malunion, 3506–3508, 3507f refracture of, 3428–3429 shortening of, in Kienböck disease, 4042, 4043–4044 Radius-capitate arthrodesis, 226, 227f Radley et al. technique, for pelvic resection, 816–818, 817f Ralston and Thompson technique, for lumbar pseudarthrosis repair, 1871 Ramesh and Britton technique, for de Quervain disease, 4300, 4301 Ranawat criterion, for basilar impression, 1902 Ranawat et al. technique, for radial osteotomy and Darrach excision, 4450, 4450f Ranvier, node of, 3638, 3638f Ray amputation index ﬁ nger, 650–652, 651f middle ﬁ nger, 652, 653f, 655f ring ﬁ nger, 652, 654–655, 654f, 655f Ray et al. technique, for semimembranosus tendinitis, 979 Razor blade technique, for splitthickness skin graft, 3827, 3827f Recon nail for intertrochanteric hip fracture, 3243, 3244f, 3254 for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3266–3270, 3267f–3268f Rectus abdominis ﬂ ap, 3754–3756, 3755f, 3756f Rectus femoris, evaluation of, in cerebral palsy, 1359–1360, 1361f Rectus femoris tendon transfer, for cerebral palsy–related deformity, 1363–1365, 1364f Rectus snip procedure, for revision knee arthroplasty, 295, 295f

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Recurrent dislocation. See Elbow, recurrent dislocation of; Hip, recurrent dislocation of; Patella, recurrent dislocation of; Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of Recurrent laryngeal nerve, operative injury to, 1741 Redlund-Johnell criterion, for basilar impression, 1902 Reduction osteotomy, for triphalangeal thumb, 4415, 4416–4417, 4416f Reese drum dermatome, 3828 Reﬂ ex(es) cutaneous axon, in brachial plexus injury, 3664–3665 peripheral nerve injury and, 3644 primitive, in cerebral palsy, 1338, 1339f, 1340 Reﬂ ex plating system, for anterior cervical plating, 1808–1810, 1809f, 1811f Reﬂ ex sympathetic dystrophy, 3644–3646 clinical manifestations of, 3645 treatment of, 3645–3646 Refsum disease, 1520 Regional anesthesia. See Anesthesia Reinert et al. technique, for extended iliofemoral acetabular and pelvic exposure, 82–85, 83f–84f Reiter syndrome, 4199 Relocation test, in shoulder dislocation, 2683 Renal cell carcinoma, metastasis from, 808f–809f, 810f Renal osteodystrophy, 1290–1291 Repiphysis Expandable Prosthesis, 793, 793f, 794f, 795f Replantation, 3715–3730, 3719f, 3720f. See also Finger(s), replantation of; Thumb, replantation of aftertreatment for, 3728–3729 age and, 3718, 3719 arterial perfusion in, 3726 bone and joint management in, 3724– 3725, 3724f, 3725f circulatory compromise after, 3729 complications of, 3729–3730 contraindications to, 3719–3722 digit transposition in, 3725 general considerations for, 3717–3718 indications for, 3718–3719 infection after, 3730 injury level and, 3718, 3720 injury severity and, 3718, 3720 monitoring for, 3730 multiple-digit, 3721f nerve block after, 3728–3729 order of repair for, 3724–3728, 3724f, 3725f

Replantation—cont’d part preservation and, 3720 part transport for, 3722 patient transport for, 3722 preexisting deformity and, 3720–3721 preoperative preparation for, 3722– 3724, 3723f psychiatric illness and, 3721–3722 rehabilitation after, 3730 results of, 3716–3717, 3716t team for, 3717 tendon repair in, 3725–3726 vascular disease and, 3721 vein graft in, 3724, 3727 vessel repair in, 3726–3728, 3727f warm ischemia time and, 3718–3719, 3720 Resection. See also Excision acetabulum, 818, 819f ankle, 838 biopsy vs., 781, 783f calcaneonavicular bar, 4610–4612, 4611f clavicle, 796, 2988–2990, 2989f, 3609, 3609f, 3610 femur, 826 distal, 832–838, 833f–835f allograft arthrodesis with, 837, 837f endoprosthetic reconstruction with, 827–829, 827f–828f proximal, 824–826, 825f for cerebral palsy–related hip dislocation, 1354, 1357, 1357f ﬁ bula distal, 838, 839f, 840f proximal, 838 for chondrosarcoma, 783f for subluxation, 3604 hip, for septic arthritis, 738–739, 739f humerus distal, 807, 808f–809f proximal, 801–802, 804f, 805f arthrodesis with, 805, 805f arthroplasty with, 805–806 shaft, 806–807, 806f ilium, 815f, 816f for osteomyelitis, 715–716, 715f, 716f innominate bone, 818, 820f, 821f, 822 ischium, 816–818, 817f lateral metatarsal condyle, 4653–4655, 4655f–4656f medial malleolus, 3547, 3547f metatarsal head, 4658, 4660, 4660f pelvic, 815–824, 815f, 816f physeal bridge/bar, 1311, 1313–1316, 1314f, 1315f, 1316f, 1317f pubic bone, 816–818, 817f radial head, 1553–1554, 3003–3004 radius distal, 807, 813f, 814 proximal, 807, 810f

Resection—cont’d rib Betz technique for, 1979–1983, 1980f, 1981f, 1982f Bonola technique for, 1911, 1911f sacroiliac joint, 822 sacrum, 822–824 scapula, 796, 798–801, 798f–799f, 800f–801f Das Gupta technique in, 801, 802f–803f shoulder girdle, 796, 797f talus, 840 tarsal, 714 tibia, proximal, 829–838, 830f–831f, 833f–835f allograft arthrodesis with, 837, 837f ulna distal, 814, 814f, 3521–3523, 3522f, 4059, 4060f, 4450, 4450f proximal, 807, 811f–812f Resection-arthrodesis ankle, 838 knee, 832–837, 833f–835f Resection arthroplasty distal radioulnar joint, 4062–4063, 4062f elbow, 524, 525f, 530–532, 534, 539– 540, 539f hip for cerebral palsy–related hip dislocation, 1354 for infection, 418–419, 420, 420f Keller, 4487–4495, 4489f, 4490f, 4491f, 4493f–4494f, 4495f knee, 283, 283f metatarsophalangeal joint great toe, 4487–4495, 4489f, 4490f, 4491f, 4493f–4494f, 4495f, 4670, 4674–4677 lesser toes, 4670, 4674–4677, 4674f, 4675f, 4676f shoulder, 524 sternoclavicular joint, 2674–2676, 2675f Resection dermodesis, for mallet toe, 4642–4643, 4643f Respiratory system anomalies, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905, 1905b Retrocalcaneal bursitis, 4825–4827 Retrograde island pedicle ﬂ ap, for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 650 Retropharyngeal abscess, drainage of, 2254–2255, 2254f Retropharyngeal approach anterior, for cervical spine exposure, 1896–1898, 1897f lateral, for cervical spine exposure, 1895–1896, 1895f Reverse adipofascial ﬂ ap, for ﬁ ngertip, 643, 645f, 3830, 3832f

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Reverse digital artery island ﬂ ap, for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 643, 644f Reverse pivot shift sign of Jakob, Hassler, and Stäubli, 2446– 2447, 2449f Reverse shoulder arthroplasty, 509–514, 512f–513f biomechanics of, 509–510, 510f complications of, 510, 511f prostheses for, 510–511, 511f results of, 510 for rotator cuff arthropathy, 2625 Reverse ulnar hypothenar ﬂ ap, for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 643, 645f, 650 Reverse wedge osteotomy, for delta phalanx, 4447–4448, 4448f Revision arthroplasty. See Elbow arthroplasty, revision; Hip arthroplasty, revision; Knee arthroplasty, revision Revo nonsliding knot, 2961–2962, 2963f Rewarming, for frostbite injury, 564, 4114 Rhabdomyolysis, tourniquet and, 5 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 950, 952 alveolar, 952 embryonal, 952 hand, 4330 pleomorphic, 952 Rhachotomy, lateral, 2265–2266, 2266f Rheumatic fever, synovial ﬂ uid analysis in, 679t Rheumatoid arthritis, 988–999 adult-onset, 988–990, 988t basilar impression in, 1902, 1902f cervical spine, 996, 2312–2314, 4196 clinical manifestations of, 989 corns in, 4672f, 4674 diagnosis of, 988, 988t elbow, 998–999 arthroplasty for, 999, 1000f synovectomy for, 998–999, 999f, 3006, 3006f ﬂ exor tendon sheath tenosynovitis in, 4218–4219 ﬂ exor tenosynovitis in, 4218 foot deformity in, 4667–4692 forefoot, 4668–4670, 4669f, 4670f, 4672f, 4674–4684 arthrodesis for, 4676, 4677–4683, 4678f, 4681f, 4682f, 4683f arthroplasty for, 4670, 4673–4677 Clayton, 4674, 4675f Cracchiolo, 4675 Dwyer, 4675 Fowler, 4674, 4674f goals of, 4676 Gould, 4675 Kates et al., 4674, 4675f Larmon, 4674, 4674f Lipscomb et al., 4675, 4675f MacClean and Silver, 4675

Rheumatoid arthritis—cont’d foot deformity in—cont’d forefoot—cont’d arthroplasty for—cont’d Mann and Thompson, 4675–4676 Newman and Fitton, 4675 preparation for, 4673 results of, 4673–4674, 4673f, 4676–4677, 4677f Saltzman et al., 4676 orthoses for, 4670 pedal pulses in, 4673 prosthesis for, 4676 sensory examination in, 4673 vasculitis and, 4673 hindfoot, 4668, 4671f, 4684–4692 calcaneocuboid arthrodesis for, 4687–4688 nonoperative treatment of, 4684–4685 subtalar arthrodesis for, 4685– 4686, 4685f talonavicular arthrodesis for, 4686–4687, 4687f triple arthrodesis for, 4688–4692, 4688f, 4691f midfoot, 4668, 4671f, 4684 functional classiﬁ cation of, 989 hand/ﬁ nger deformity in, 4195–4197, 4197f, 4202–4217. See also Rheumatoid arthritis, thumb deformity in arthrodesis for, 4219–4221, 4220f, 4221f Bouchard nodes, 4197, 4198f buttonhole, 4196, 4197f, 4207–4211, 4208f, 4210f, 4211f distal joint, 4211, 4214–4217, 4214f, 4215f, 4217f extensor tendon rupture and, 4217, 4217f, 4218f ﬂ exor tendon rupture and, 4218 Heberden’s nodes, 4197, 4198f intrinsic plus, 4202–4203, 4203f opera glass, 4197, 4197f surgery for, 4196, 4201–4202, 4202t swan-neck, 4196, 4197f, 4203–4207, 4204f, 4206f, 4207f synovectomy for, 4218 hip, 369, 995–996, 996f juvenile, 990–992, 990b, 991f, 992b synovial ﬂ uid analysis in, 679t knee, 992–995 arthrodesis for, 994. See also Knee arthrodesis arthroplasty for, 994–995, 995f. See also Knee arthroplasty proximal tibial osteotomy for, 994 synovectomy for, 992–994, 993b, 993f, 2890–2891, 2891f medical treatment of, 989

Rheumatoid arthritis—cont’d metatarsophalangeal joint, 4668, 4671f, 4672f. See also Rheumatoid arthritis, foot deformity in, forefoot perioperative medications in, 989, 989t, 990t popliteal cyst in, 976 shoulder, 490, 492, 492f, 524, 997–998 spinal, 996, 2311–2319 cervical, 2312–2314, 2313f, 2314f clinical evaluation of, 2311 computed tomography myelography in, 2312 magnetic resonance imaging in, 2312 radiography in, 2311–2312, 2312f spinal infection vs., 2246 subcutaneous nodules in, 4201, 4202f surgical treatment of, 989–990, 989t, 990t, 4196 synovectomy for, 988, 990 elbow, 998–999, 999f, 3006, 3006f hip, 995 knee, 992–994, 993b, 993f, 2890– 2891, 2891f proximal interphalangeal joint, 4218 thumb, 4223–4224 wrist, 4244–4247, 4245f, 4246f thumb deformity in, 4222–4244, 4244f arthrodesis for, 4240f, 4241–4244, 4243f interphalangeal, 4241 metacarpophalangeal, 4242 trapeziometacarpal, 4242–4244, 4243f, 4244f arthroplasty for, 4225, 4227–4228, 4227f, 4228f classiﬁ cation of, 4222–4223 metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty for, 4225, 4227–4228, 4227f, 4228f metacarpophalangeal joint reconstruction for, 4225, 4226f soft-tissue reconstruction in, 4224– 4225, 4226f synovectomy for, 4223–4224 trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty for, 4230–4241, 4230t excisional, 4231 implant, 4236–4241, 4237f, 4238f, 4239f, 4240f infection after, 4241 interpositional, 4241 tendon interposition, 4231–4236, 4232f, 4235f trapeziometacarpal ligament reconstruction for, 4228– 4230, 4229f type I, 4222 type II, 4222

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Rheumatoid arthritis—cont’d thumb deformity in—cont’d type III (swan-neck), 4222 type IV (gamekeeper), 4222–4223 upper extremity, 996–999 vasculitis in, 4673 wrist deformity in, 4244–4252 arthrodesis for, 4249–4250 arthroplasty for, 4248–4252, 4248f, 4249f, 4250f, 4251f dorsal synovectomy for, 4244–4247, 4245f, 4246f tenosynovial, 4244–4247, 4245f, 4246f, 4247f volar synovectomy for, 4247 Rheumatoid factor, 988 Rhizotomy, dorsal root, 1345–1346, 1345f, 1346f Rhomboid ligament, subclavius tendon replacement for, 2673, 2676, 2677f Rib(s) cervical, in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1905b, 1906 osteotomy of, for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1983, 1983f posterior prominence of, in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1979, 1979f resection of Betz technique for, 1979–1983, 1980f, 1981f, 1982f Bonola technique for, 1911, 1911f Rib graft for congenital kyphosis, 2072–2076, 2074f, 2075f vascularized, 2072–2076, 2074f, 2075f, 3760f, 3767–3768 Rib hump deformity, in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1934– 1936, 1935f, 1936f Rib-vertebral angle difference in infantile idiopathic scoliosis, 1924, 1924f in juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 1925 Richards et al. technique, for shoulder arthrodesis, 217–218, 218f Richards technique, for intertrochanteric fracture ﬁ xation, 3243, 3243f, 3245–3251, 3247f, 3248f, 3249f, 3251f Rickets, 1289–1292, 1290f, 1291f Rideau et al. technique, for hip contracture release, 1507, 1507f Riedl technique, for medial cuneiform osteotomy, 4521–4522, 4522f Riemer et al. technique, for femoral shaft fracture ﬁ xation, 3193 Riley-Day syndrome, 2029 Rim sign, 704 Ring ﬁ nger avulsion of, 655 disarticulation of, 652, 654f

Ring ﬁ nger—cont’d duplication of, 4418 ﬂ exor sublimis tendon of, transfer to ﬂ exor pollicis longus of, 3896–3897 ray amputation of, 652, 654–655, 654f, 655f Ring ﬁ xators, 3068, 3070f Ring sublimis opponensplasty, 4427– 4428, 4427f Riordan technique for pollicization, 666, 668–669, 669f for ring sublimis opponensplasty, 4427–4428, 4427f for sublimis tendon transfer, 4130– 4131, 4130f Risser sign, 1930–1931, 1930f, 1933 Roaf et al. technique, for dorsolateral spinal abscess, 2264–2265, 2265f Robert syndrome, 4375 Roberts technique, for acromioclavicular joint exposure, 92, 92f Robinson and Riley technique, for anterior cervical spine arthrodesis, 1863, 1864f Robinson and Southwick technique, for occipitocervical fusion, 1885–1886, 1885f Robinson et al. technique, for anterior cervical spine arthrodesis, 1856–1860, 1857f, 1858f, 1859f Rocker-bottom ﬂ atfoot. See Vertical talus Rockwood et al. technique for massive rotator cuff débridement, 2623–2624 for sternoclavicular joint arthroplasty, 2674–2676, 2675f Rockwood technique for capsular shift reconstruction with glenoid osteotomy, 2712, 2714–2716, 2714f–2715f for coracoacromial ligament transfer, 3611–3613, 3613f for shoulder hemiarthroplasty, 497– 506, 498f–500f, 501f–502f, 501t, 503f, 505f for total shoulder arthroplasty, 506– 509, 507f, 508f, 509f Roeder knot, 2962, 2964f Roentgenography. See Radiography Rolando fracture, 1542, 1542f, 3927– 3929, 3928f, 3929f, 3930f Roll stitch suture technique, 3863–3864, 3864f Romeo et al. technique, for biceps tenodesis, 2946–2948, 2948f Rorabeck, for double-incision fasciotomy, 2745, 2747f Rosenthal et al. technique, for endoscopic thoracic disc excision, 2199, 2200f

Rotation stress testing, in syndesmosis sprain, 2359, 2360f Rotational osteotomy femoral supracondylar controlled, 745–746, 745f transtrochanteric, 1039–1040, 1040f humeral, 1484–1485, 2702–2704, 2703f for brachial plexus injury, 1484–1485 Rotationplasty distal femur, 840–842, 841f, 842f midfemur, 841, 842f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1133–1136, 1134f, 1135f, 1136f proximal femur, 841, 841f, 842f, 843– 845, 844f proximal tibia, 841, 841f Rotator cuff anatomy of, 2602–2603 arthrography of, 2609 arthropathy of, 490, 2624–2625, 2624f, 2625f arthroplasty for, 490, 496t arthroscopy of, 2931f, 2932–2933, 2933b calciﬁ c tendinitis of, 2627–2630, 2990 aspiration and needling for, 2628–2629 open excision for, 2629–2630, 2630f progression of, 2627–2628, 2628f calciﬁ cation of, 972, 2990 function of, 2679 imaging of, 2609 impingement of. See also Rotator cuff tears primary vs. secondary, 2682, 2683 stages of, 2964–2968, 2964f latissimus dorsi transfer to, 1487, 1488f magnetic resonance imaging of, 147– 148, 148f, 2609 physical testing of, 2606–2609, 2608f teres major transfer to, 1487, 1488f Rotator cuff tears, 2614–2624, 2965–2966 arthritis and, 493 arthroscopic repair of, 2617, 2976– 2977, 2982–2983, 2982f, 2984f articular-side, 2969–2970 classiﬁ cation of, 2615 complete, 2976–2983 arthroscopic repair of, 2976–2977, 2982–2983, 2982f, 2984f crescent-shaped, 2976, 2977f, 2981f, 2982f L -shaped, 2976, 2979f, 2980f U -shaped, 2976, 2978f, 2982f delamination, 2969–2970 evaluation of, 2606–2609, 2608f, 2614–2615

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Rotator cuff tears—cont’d full-thickness, 147, 2615–2617 localized, 2969–2970 magnetic resonance imaging of, 147– 148, 148f massive, 2619–2624, 2965, 2973t– 2975t, 2983, 2985f complications of, 2624 decompression and débridement for, 2623–2624 free grafts for, 2621 latissimus dorsi transfer for, 2622– 2623, 2622f tendon suturing for, 2619–2620, 2620f tendon transfers for, 2620–2621, 2621f minor, 2970t–2971t moderate, 2972t–2973t nonoperative treatment of, 2614 open repair of, 2617–2619, 2618f partial-thickness, 2615–2617, 2968– 2969, 2969f, 2975f arthroscopic débridement for, 2616 arthroscopic repair of, 2617 magnetic resonance imaging of, 147, 148 postarthroplasty, 521 Rotator interval closure, 2958–2959 capsulolabral augmentation and, 2953–2956, 2955f, 2958, 2958f Rotman et al. technique, for scaphocapitolunate arthrodesis, 4088–4089, 4089f Round-back deformity, Scheuermann disease vs., 2056 Roussy-Lévy syndrome, 1520 Routt et al. technique, for percutaneous iliosacral screw ﬁ xation, 3356–3363, 3359f–3362f Roux sign, 1611 Rowe and Zarins technique for anterior shoulder dislocation reduction, 3616–3618, 3617f, 3618f for posterior shoulder dislocation reduction, 3618–3619, 3619f Royle-Thompson transfer, for thumb adduction, 4138, 4138f Rule of twos, scapular ﬂ ap and, 3742, 3743f Ruosso technique, for tangential excision and grafting, 4109–4110 Russell and Sanders technique, for subtrochanteric fracture reduction and ﬁ xation, 3266–3270, 3267f–3268f Russell and Smith technique, for distal femoral fracture ﬁ xation, 3187

Russell-Taylor interlocking nail for femoral shaft fracture, 3198–3204, 3199f–3203f for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3264–3265, 3265f for tibial fracture nonunion, 3551, 3552

S S-rod technique, for sacropelvic ﬁ xation, 2011–2013, 2012f, 2013f Saber shin, 764 Sacral plexus, 3688f injury to, 3690–3697. See also speciﬁ c nerves Sacroiliac joint approach to, 90–92, 91f anterior, 91, 3363, 3363f posterior, 90, 1757–1758, 1758f dislocation of, 3585 iliac crest graft removal and, 1949 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3346f–3347f percutaneous iliosacral screw ﬁ xation for, 3356–3363, 3359f–3362f posterior screw ﬁ xation for, 3356, 3357f, 3358f fracture-dislocation (crescent fracture) of, 3342f–3343f, 3354, 3355–3356 injection studies of, 2179–2180, 2180f resection of, 823 septic arthritis of, 739–740 stabilization of, anterior approach for, 3363, 3363f tuberculosis of, 761 zygapophyseal joint of, injection of, 2179–2180, 2180f Sacroiliac joint syndrome, 2179–2180, 2180f Sacropelvic ﬁ xation, 2011–2015, 2012f, 2013f, 2014f Sacrum. See also Lumbar spine; Lumbosacral spine agenesis of, 2104–2106 classiﬁ cation of, 2104, 2105f clinical evaluation of, 2104–2106, 2105f scoliosis with, 2106 alar slope of, 3357, 3359f approach to anterior, 91 posterior, 91–92, 91f, 1757–1758 chordoma of, 914f, 2326–2327 fracture of, 1830–1835, 1832f alar slope in, 3357, 3359f classiﬁ cation of, 1830–1833, 1831b, 1832f, 3338f, 3339, 3340, 3347f, 3348 computed tomography in, 3357, 3359f, 3360f iliac cortical density in, 3357, 3359f

Sacrum—cont’d fracture of—cont’d iliosacral screw ﬁ xation for, 3353– 3354, 3355f laminectomy for, 1833, 1835f open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3354, 3355f percutaneous iliosacral screw ﬁ xation for, 3356–3363, 3359f–3362f posterior screw ﬁ xation for, 3356, 3357f, 3358f tension band plating for, 3354, 3355f transiliac rod ﬁ xation for, 3354, 3355f giant cell tumor of, 886, 889f iliac cortical density of, 3357, 3359f resection of, 822–824 Safety, radiation, 6 Sage and Clark technique, for cheilectomy, 1276 Sage technique, for biceps brachii tendon repair, 2781–2782, 2781f Sagerman and Short technique, for triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex repair, 4049–4052, 4050f Sagittal balance, 2294–2295, 2294f in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1936–1937, 1937f, 1938f, 1938t Sagittal band injury, 3910, 3910f Sagittal plane rotation angle, in odontoid anomalies, 1882, 1882f Saha technique, for trapezius transfer, 1441–1442, 1441f Sakellarides and DeWeese technique, for ulnar collateral ligament rupture repair, 3937–3938, 3938f Saline test, for patellar fracture, 3162 Sallay and McCarroll technique, for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2540–2542, 2540f, 2541f, 2542f Salmonella infection, 697, 698f, 724t, 726, 764 Salmonella typhi infection, 764 Salter-Harris classiﬁ cation, 1533, 1534f. See also Epiphysis, fracture of; Physis, fracture of Salter technique, for pelvic osteotomy, 1202, 1202f, 1203–1207, 1204f, 1204t, 1206f Samilson technique, for calcaneal osteotomy, 1379, 1379f, 4747–4748, 4748f Sammarco and Conti technique, for proximal chevron ﬁ rst metatarsal osteotomy, 4516– 4518, 4516f, 4517f

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Sammarco and DiRaimondo procedure, for chronic ankle instability, 2363–2364, 2365f San Diego procedure, 1353–1354, 1355f, 1356f Sanders, Anglen, and Mark technique, for oblique tibial osteotomy, 3479–3482, 3480f, 3481f–3482f Sanders, Frederick, and Hontas technique, for distal radioulnar joint arthrodesis, 4065–4066 Sangeorzan and Hansen technique, for ﬁ rst metatarsocuneiform arthrodesis, 4531–4533, 4532f Saphenous nerve block, 4466, 4467f Saphenous vein, 3770, 3772f Sarcoma. See also Chondrosarcoma; Liposarcoma epithelioid, 950, 4327–4328, 4328f Ewing. See Ewing sarcoma osteogenic. See Osteosarcoma staging of, 779, 779t synovial, 950, 951f Sauvé-Kapandji technique, for distal radioulnar joint arthrodesis, 3523, 4065–4066, 4065f, 4066f Saxby and Myerson technique, for calcaneal triplanar osteotomy and lateral ligament reconstruction, 4749–4752, 4750f Scalat and Harryman technique, for shoulder contracture release, 2992–2993 Scaphocapitate arthrodesis, 4088 Scaphocapitate ligament, 4001f Scaphocapitolunate arthrodesis, 4088– 4089, 4089f Scaphoid. See also Navicular; Wrist anatomy of, 3999–4000, 4000f, 4012–4013 bipartite, 1544 blood supply of, 4012–4013 excision of, for scaphoid nonunion, 4025 fracture of, 4012–4034 casting for, 4013–4014 classiﬁ cation of, 4013–4015 diagnosis of, 4013–4015, 4013f, 4014f displaced, unstable, 4014–4015 etiology of, 4012, 4012f imaging of, 4013, 4014f mechanism of, 4035, 4035f naviculocapitate fracture syndrome with, 4034– 4035 nondisplaced, stable, 4013–4014 nonoperative treatment of, 4013–4014

Scaphoid—cont’d fracture of—cont’d nonunion of, 4020–4034, 4023f advanced collapse pattern with, 4022, 4023f arthrodesis for, 4034 bone grafting for, 4027–4034 Fernandez technique for, 4028–4029, 4030f humpback deformity treatment with, 4028–4032, 4029f–4032f Kawai and Yamamoto technique for, 4033, 4033f Matti-Russe technique for, 4027–4028, 4028f Stark et al. technique for, 4031–4032, 4032f Tomaino et al. technique for, 4030–4031, 4031f vascularized graft for, 4032– 4034, 4033f, 4034f Zaidemberg et al. technique for, 4033–4034, 4034f distal scaphoid resection for, 4025 electrical stimulation for, 4021 humpback deformity with, 4028– 4032, 4029f–4032f pediatric, 1544, 1544f proximal fragment excision for, 4024–4025 proximal row carpectomy for, 4025–4026, 4025f, 4027f styloidectomy for, 4023–4024 types of, 4022–4023 ultrasound stimulation for, 4021 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation of, 4015–4017 dorsal approach for, 4016–4017, 4017f screws for, 4015, 4016f volar approach for, 4015–4016, 4016f osteonecrosis with, 4020, 4022– 4023, 4023f pediatric, 1543–1544, 1544f percutaneous ﬁ xation of, 4017– 4020, 4018f–4022f osteonecrosis of magnetic resonance imaging of, 150, 151f post-traumatic, 4020, 4022–4023, 4023f rotary subluxation of, 4075–4076, 4075f, 4076f capsulodesis for, 4083–4086, 4085f, 4086f ligament reconstruction in, 4079–4084 Almquist et al. technique for, 4081f, 4082–4083 Brunelli and Brunelli technique for, 4081f, 4082f, 4083

Scaphoid—cont’d rotary subluxation of—cont’d ligament reconstruction in—cont’d Palmer, Dobyns, and Linscheid technique for, 4079–4082, 4080f Taleisnik and Linscheid technique for, 4083, 4084f lunotriquetral arthrodesis for, 4089– 4090, 4090f open reduction for, 4078, 4079f scaphocapitate arthrodesis for, 4088 scaphocapitolunate arthrodesis for, 4088–4089, 4089f scaphotrapezial-trapezoid arthrodesis for, 4086–4088, 4087f Scaphoid fragment excision, for scaphoid nonunion, 4024–4025 Scapholunate dissociation. See Scaphoid, rotary subluxation of Scapholunate ligament, 4000, 4002f, 4006f magnetic resonance imaging of, 150 Scaphotrapezial-trapezoid arthrodesis, 4086–4088, 4087f Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid ligament, 4001f Scapula chondrosarcoma of, 800f–801f fracture of, 3376 osteochondroma of, 970, 970f osteosarcoma of, 798f–799f resection of, 796, 798–801, 798f–799f, 800f–801f, 971 Das Gupta technique, 801, 802f–803f snapping of, 970–971, 970f Sprengel deformity of, 1231–1233, 1232f, 1234f Klippel-Feil syndrome and, 1905– 1906, 1905b, 1907f winging of, 2682 Scapular ﬂ ap, 3741–3742, 3741f, 3742f, 3743f Scapularis bursa, excision of, 971 Scapulectomy, 796, 798–801, 798f–799f, 800f–801f Das Gupta technique, 801, 802f–803f Scapulothoracic fusion, 1512, 1512f, 1513f Scar area, 3846–3847, 3846f, 3847f ﬁ nger, 3845–3846, 3846f hand, 3845–3847, 3847f incision and, 23–24 incision through, 24 linear, 3846, 3846f palm, 3847, 3847f Scarf osteotomy, 4510f, 4518–4520, 4519f Schaberg et al. technique, for iliopsoas tendon release, 969 Schauwecker technique, for tension band wiring of patellar fracture, 3166–3168, 3166f, 3167f

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Scheker et al. technique, for dorsal ligament of triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex reconstruction, 4057, 4058f Schepsis and Leach technique, for Achilles tendinitis, 2758– 2759, 2758f Scheuermann disease, 2052–2063 anterior release and fusion for, 2058 classiﬁ cation of, 2052–2053 clinical ﬁ ndings in, 2054, 2054f curve patterns in, 2055 differential diagnosis of, 2056 etiology of, 2053 histological changes in, 2053 hyperextension casting for, 2057 lumbar spondylolysis with, 2055–2056, 2056f mechanical factors in, 2053 Milwaukee brace for, 2057 natural history of, 2055 neurological examination in, 2054 nonoperative treatment of, 2056– 2057 observation for, 2056 operative treatment for, 2057–2063 orthotic treatment for, 2057 physical examination in, 2054 posterior column shortening procedure for, 2061–2063, 2064f–2065f posterior multihook and screw segmental instrumentation for, 2058–2061, 2059f, 2060f, 2061f, 2062f, 2063f radiography in, 2054–2055, 2054f scoliosis with, 2055 TLSO brace for, 2057 Schmidt et al. technique, for bone peg epiphysiodesis, 1638 Schneider technique, for interphalangeal joint arthroplasty, 4210– 4211, 4212f, 4213f Schon technique, for plantar fascia release, 4818–4820, 4819f Schwann cell, 3638, 3638f Schwannoma, 940–942, 941f, 4319– 4320, 4320f malignant, 952–953, 953f tibial nerve, 4717, 4718f Sciatic nerve, 3688f anatomy of, 3690–3691, 3690f, 3692f autonomous zone of, 3691, 3691f compression of, 3691 examination of, 3691, 3691f injury to, 3646t, 3691–3693, 3692f acetabular fracture and, 3312, 3312f, 3333 arthroplasty-related, 396–398 delayed repair of, 3693 hip dislocation and, 3585 neuroﬁ broma of, 943f Sciatic nerve block, popliteal, 4466, 4468, 4468f

SCIWORA (spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities), 1768 Scleroderma, hand deformity in, 4200– 4201, 4201f Sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garré, 709– 710, 710f Scoliosis. See also Scoliosis (congenital); Scoliosis (degenerative); Scoliosis (idiopathic); Scoliosis (neuromuscular) in dwarﬁ sm, 1310, 2120–2121 in Marfan syndrome, 2110–2112 in myelomeningocele. See Myelomeningocele, spinal deformity in in neuroﬁ bromatosis, 2106–2110, 2108f in osteogenesis imperfecta, 1304–1305 postirradiation, 2119–2120 in spondylolisthesis, 2078–2079 Scoliosis (congenital), 2031–2052 classiﬁ cation of, 2032, 2032b, 2032f, 2033f combined anterior and posterior convex hemiepiphysiodesis for, 2039–2040, 2039f, 2040f combined anterior and posterior fusions for, 2037–2039, 2038f evaluation of, 2032–2033, 2033f, 2034f hemivertebra excision for, 2041–2042, 2041f, 2043f, 2045f, 2046f in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 1904, 1905b in myelomeningocele. See Myelomeningocele, spinal deformity in natural history of, 2033–2034, 2034f, 2035f, 2036f, 2037f nonoperative treatment of, 2034–2035 operative treatment of, 2035–2052, 2035b posterior fusion with instrumentation for, 2037, 2037b posterior fusion without instrumentation for, 2036–2037 in sacral agenesis, 2106 thoracic insufﬁ ciency syndrome with, 2044–2052, 2046f expansion thoracoplasty for, 2046– 2052, 2047f, 2048f–2049f transpedicular eggshell osteotomies for, 2042, 2044 Scoliosis (degenerative), 2288–2293 anatomy of, 2289 biomechanics of, 2289 clinical evaluation of, 2289–2290 computed tomography in, 2290 decompression for, 2291, 2292 discography in, 2290–2291 epidural steroid injection in, 2291

Scoliosis (degenerative)—cont’d fusion for, 2292–2293 incidence of, 2288 magnetic resonance imaging in, 2290 natural history of, 2289 nerve conduction study in, 2291 nonoperative treatment of, 2291 radiography in, 2290 Scoliosis (idiopathic), 1922–2052 adolescent, 1923t, 1928–1944 acute normovolemic hemodilution in, 1944 anterior surgery for, 1983–1993, 1984f, 1986f, 1987f CD Horizon Legacy dual-rod instrumentation for, 1989– 1992, 1990f–1991f, 1992f complications of, 1992–1993 disc excision for, 1988–1989, 1989f, 1993 lumbar extraperitoneal approach for, 1988, 1988f neurological complications of, 1993 thoracoabdominal approach for, 1987 autologous blood donation in, 1942–1943, 1943t casting for, 1941–1942 cell saver use in, 1944 classiﬁ cation of, 1937, 1939–1940, 1940f Cobb angle in, 1931t, 1932f, 1934, 1934f curve measurement in, 1934, 1934f curve patterns in, 1937, 1939–1940, 1940f etiology of, 1928, 1930f evaluation of, 1932 hypotensive anesthesia in, 1943–1944 intraoperative considerations in, 1943–1944 King classiﬁ cation of, 1939 Lenke classiﬁ cation of, 1939–1940, 1940f magnetic resonance imaging in, 1933, 1934f natural history of, 1928–1932, 1929t, 1930b, 1930f neurological examination in, 1932 nonoperative treatment of, 1940–1942 observation for, 1941 operative treatment for, 1942–1944, 1942t orthotic treatment for, 1941 peak height velocity in, 1934 plumb line evaluation of, 1934– 1936, 1935f, 1936f Ponseti and Friedman classiﬁ cation of, 1937, 1939 posterior rib prominence in, 1979, 1979f

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Scoliosis (idiopathic)—cont’d adolescent—cont’d posterior surgery for, 1944–1979, 1985, 1985f, 1986f approach for, 1944–1946, 1944f, 1945f, 1946f atelectasis with, 1977 bone grafting for, 1948–1949, 1949f, 1950f complications of, 1977–1979 concave rib osteotomies for, 1983, 1983f crankshaft phenomenon after, 1978–1979 dural tear with, 1977 fusion for, 1946–1948, 1947f, 1948f ileus with, 1977 infection with, 1977, 1979 instrumentation for, 1949–1951, 1950f, 1951f lumbar lordosis loss with, 1978, 1978f multihook segmental instrumentation for, 1951– 1967. See also Multihook segmental instrumentation neurological injury with, 1977 pedicle screw ﬁ xation for, 1967–1977 anatomy for, 1969, 1969f, 1970f computed tomography in, 1968, 1968f direct vertebral rotation for, 1976, 1976f nerve root impingement with, 1969, 1969f screw insertion for, 1970–1977, 1971f, 1972f, 1973f–1975f vascular injury with, 1969, 1969f pneumothorax with, 1977 pseudarthrosis with, 1978 sublaminar cables for, 1962–1964, 1964f, 1965f, 1966f sublaminar wires for, 1959–1962, 1961f, 1962f, 1963f superior mesenteric artery syndrome after, 1979 thoracoplasty for, 1979–1983, 1980f, 1981f, 1982f trunk decompensation after, 1979 urinary complications of, 1978 wrong level correction with, 1977–1978 progression of, 1931–1932, 1931t psychological impact of, 1931 pulmonary function studies in, 1942 radiography in, 1932–1934, 1932f, 1933f rib hump deformity in, 1934–1936, 1935f, 1936f

Scoliosis (idiopathic)—cont’d adolescent—cont’d Risser sign in, 1930–1931, 1930f, 1933 sagittal balance in, 1936–1937, 1937f, 1938f, 1938t somatosensory evoked potentials in, 1943 Stagnara view in, 1933, 1933f Stagnara wake-up test in, 1943 vertebral rotation in, 1934–1936, 1935f, 1936f video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for. See Video-assisted thoracic surgery adult, 2294–2301 anatomy of, 2296 anterior instrumentation and fusion for, 2297–2298 back pain in, 1931 biomechanics of, 2296 clinical evaluation of, 2295–2296 clinical manifestations of, 2295–2296 combined anterior and posterior instrumentation and fusion for, 2298–2300, 2299f, 2300f curve progression in, 1931–1932, 1931t discography in, 2296 incidence of, 2295 mortality in, 1931 nonoperative treatment of, 2296–2297 posterior instrumentation and fusion for, 2297 pulmonary function in, 1931 radiography in, 2296 sagittal balance in, 2294–2295, 2294f untreated adolescent scoliosis and, 1931 infantile, 1922–1924, 1923t mechanism of, 1923–1924, 1923f resolving vs. progressive, 1924, 1924f rib-vertebral angle difference in, 1924, 1924f treatment of, 1924 juvenile, 1923t, 1924–1928 crankshaft phenomenon in, 1926, 1926f, 1927f growing rod instrumentation for, 1926–1928, 1928f, 1929f instrumentation with fusion for, 1928 Milwaukee brace for, 1925–1926, 1925f spondylolisthesis and, 2079 treatment of, 1925–1928, 1925f Scoliosis (neuromuscular), 2006–2031 in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, 1480, 2029–2030

Scoliosis (neuromuscular)—cont’d in cerebral palsy, 1380–1381, 1380f, 2019, 2021–2024, 2022f, 2023f in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 1519, 2024–2025 classiﬁ cation of, 2007b in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1509–1510, 1510f, 2030– 2031, 2030f in familial dysautonomia, 2029 in Friedreich ataxia, 2024 infection in, 2010 nonoperative treatment of, 2007 nutrition in, 2008 observation for, 2007 operative treatment for, 2007–2019 iliac screw ﬁ xation for, 2019, 2020f intraoperative considerations in, 2008–2009 Luque rod instrumentation and sublaminar wiring for, 2010– 2011, 2011f postoperative considerations in, 2009–2010 preoperative evaluation for, 2008, 2009f sacropelvic ﬁ xation for, 2011–2015, 2012f, 2013f, 2014f, 2016f unit rod segmental spinal instrumentation for, 2015, 2017f, 2018–2019, 2018f orthotic treatment for, 2007 pelvic obliquity in, 2008, 2009f in poliomyelitis, 2028, 2028b seizures and, 2008 in spinal cord injury, 2026–2028, 2027f in spinal muscular atrophy, 1521, 2028–2029 in syringomyelia, 2025–2026, 2025f Screw(s), 3051–3052, 3052f. See also Screw ﬁ xation angle of, 3052, 3053f ASIF, 3052–3053 cancellous, 3052–3053, 3053f, 3054–3055, 3055f, 3056f cortical, 3052, 3053f broken, 3075, 3075f cannulated, 3054–3055, 3056f hip, 3055, 3057f lag, 3053, 3053f, 3054f, 3055f locking, 3053 machine, 3052 pedicle. See also Pedicle screw ﬁ xation placement of, 1731–1733, 1732f, 1733f Poller, 3061, 3061f positional (neutralization), 3052 self-tapping, 3053, 3053f structure of, 3051–3052, 3052f Screw epiphysiodesis, for ankle valgus, 1462, 1463f

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Screw ﬁ xation, 3051–3055, 3052f. See also Plate ﬁ xation for acromioclavicular joint dislocation, 3590–3591, 3591f arthrodesis with ankle, 167–168, 167f, 168f, 169f, 171–174, 173f hip, 196, 199–200 shoulder, 210f, 213–215, 213f, 214f tibiotalar, 171–174, 173f for atlantoaxial instability, 1793, 1794f, 1884–1885 external ﬁ xation with, 3066, 3067f, 3069, 3071f for femoral condyle osteochondritis dissecans, 1258, 1259f, 2561, 2562, 2850–2852, 2851f fracture treatment with acetabular fracture, 3320, 3322f AO technique of, 3053–3054, 3053f ASIF screws in, 3052–3053, 3053f, 3054, 3055f, 3056f cervical vertebral body fracture, 1799, 1799f dens fracture, 1793–1795, 1795f, 1796f distal femoral fracture, 3173–3175, 3174f, 3181–3183, 3183f distal femoral physeal fracture, 1663, 1664f, 1665, 1665f femoral neck fracture, 3275–3276, 3277–3279, 3277f, 3278f femoral shaft fracture, 3191–3193, 3192f ﬁ fth metatarsal fracture, 4880– 4881, 4883, 4883f hip screws in, 3055, 3057f interfragmentary compression technique for, 3053–3054, 3054f intertrochanteric hip fracture, 3241– 3242, 3243, 3243f, 3245– 3251, 3247f, 3248f, 3249f, 3251f locking screws in, 3053 machine screws in, 3052 medial malleolar fracture, 3088, 3088f metacarpal head fracture, 3948– 3949, 3948f metacarpal shaft fracture, 3924, 3925f, 3944 odontoid fracture, 1793–1795, 1795f, 1796f patellar fracture, 3163 pelvic fracture, 3353–3354, 3355f, 3356 phalangeal fracture, 3924, 3925f proximal phalangeal fracture, 3951, 3954f sacral fracture, 3353–3363, 3355f, 3357f, 3358f, 3359f–3362f screw angle in, 3052, 3053f self-tapping screws in, 3053

Screw ﬁ xation—cont’d fracture treatment with—cont’d subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3264, 3270–3271, 3271f techniques of, 3053–3055, 3053f, 3054f, 3055f thoracolumbar fracture, 1817–1821, 1819f tibial shaft fracture, 3139 lateral mass, 1804, 1805f for lumbosacral dislocation, 1833, 1834f for medial femoral condyle osteochondritis dissecans, 2850–2852, 2851f pedicle. See Pedicle screw ﬁ xation for proximal tibial osteotomy, 1005, 1008f for sacroiliac joint disruption, 3356– 3363, 3359f–3362f for slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1632, 1632f, 1636 tendon-to-bone, 13, 14f for transarticular C1-C2 ﬁ xation, 1792–1793, 1794f Scuderi technique, for quadriceps tendon rupture repair, 2767, 2768f Seat belt sign, 1607 Seating systems, for neuromuscular disease, 1500–1501 Sebaceous cyst, 4334 Second metatarsal osteochondrosis of, 1252–1253, 1254f, 4660–4663, 4660f, 4661f, 4662f posterior tibial tendon transfer to, 1508–1510, 1509f Second toe amputation of, 579, 580f, 581, 582f clawed, 4737–4739, 4738f transfer of, 3782–3785, 3783f, 3785f Secretan disease, 4119–4120 Seddon technique for anterolateral spinal decompression, 2266f, 2267 for costotransversectomy, 2255–2256, 2256f Segev et al. technique, for arthrodiastasis, 1275, 1275f Segmental arteries, 1734, 1734f Segmental instrumentation multihook. See Multihook segmental instrumentation unit rod, 2015, 2017f, 2018–2019, 2018f Sekiya et al. technique, for biceps tenodesis, 2944, 2946 Self-mutilation, 4119, 4120f Semimembranosus bursa, inﬂ ammation of, 978 Semimembranosus muscle, 2397, 2399f Semimembranosus tendon, 2398, 2398f inﬂ ammation of, 978–979

Semitendinosus tendon for posterolateral reconstruction, 2495–2496, 2496f snapping, 967 transfer of, 1426–1427, 1426f Semmes-Weinstein monoﬁ lament test, 4287, 4288t Sengupta technique, for quadriceps release, 964–965, 965f Sennwald and Ufenast technique, for scaphocapitate arthrodesis, 4088 Sensation evaluation of in cerebral palsy, 4174 in hand injury, 3982, 3982f after hand surgery, 3983–3984, 3984f after peripheral nerve injury, 3642– 3644, 3642t, 3643f, 3643t loss of, peripheral nerve injury and, 3642–3644, 3642t, 3643f, 3643t Sepsis, postreplantation, 3730 Septic arthritis, 723–750 acromioclavicular joint, 740 ankle, 728–729, 728f, 729f, 743, 2899 antibiotics in, 727t bone scan in, 725 clinical presentation of, 723–724, 724t computed tomography in, 724–725 deformity after, 726, 728 hip, 747–750, 748f, 749f knee, 743–747, 744f, 745f, 746f, 747f differential diagnosis of, 724, 724b elbow, 741–742, 741f, 742f hip, 732–739, 733f, 734f, 735f, 736f, 737f arthroplasty for, 390–391 arthroscopy in, 736 aspiration in, 733–734, 733f complications of, 736–739, 738f, 739f deformity after, 747–750, 748f, 749f dislocation with, 736–737, 738f drainage in, 734–736, 735f, 737f osteomyelitis with, 737, 738f pelvic abscess with, 737–738, 738f persistent infection with, 738–739, 739f histology of, 725 in HIV infection, 686, 687t imaging in, 724–725 indium-111-labeled leukocyte scan in, 725 knee, 729–732 aspiration for, 729, 730f deformity after, 743–747 femoral V -osteotomy for, 744– 745, 744f intraarticular osteotomy for, 746– 747, 746f, 747f

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Septic arthritis—cont’d knee—cont’d deformity after—cont’d supracondylar controlled rotational femoral osteotomy for, 745–746, 745f supracondylar cuneiform osteotomy for, 745, 745f transverse supracondylar femoral osteotomy for, 743–744, 744f drainage for, 729–732, 730f, 731f, 732f, 733f magnetic resonance imaging in, 724–725 microbiology of, 723, 724t, 725–726 neonatal, 724, 724t, 725, 727t pathogenesis of, 725 pediatric, 723–724, 725–726, 727t phalangeal, 4355–4356 radiography in, 724 sacroiliac joint, 739–740 shoulder, 740–741, 740f sternoclavicular joint, 740 synovial ﬂ uid analysis in, 679t tarsal joint, 728 treatment of, 726–728, 727t ultrasonography in, 724 wrist, 742–743, 742f, 743f Sequestrectomy and curettage, for chronic osteomyelitis, 705– 706, 706f Sequestrum, 675 computed tomography of, 680, 680f Serratus anterior ﬂ ap of, 3748–3749, 3749f paralysis of, 1438–1439, 3672 Serum bactericidal concentration, 684 Sesamoid(s) ﬁ bular, 4573, 4573f, 4576f excision of, 4482–4483, 4483f, 4484f–4485f, 4551, 4552 fracture of, 4890–4892 hallucal, 4572–4578 excision of, 4575, 4576f, 4577– 4578, 4577f, 4578f fracture of, 4890–4892 inﬂ ammation of, 4892 osteochondritis of, 4892 radiography of, 4573, 4573f, 4574f, 4576f peroneus brevis, 1252, 1253f tibial, 4573, 4573f, 4575f bipartite, 4573 bursa beneath, 4577f excision of, 4577–4578, 4578f exostosis of, 4576f fracture of, 4576f, 4890–4892 Sesamoiditis, 4892 Sever-L’Episcopo technique, for contracture release and latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer, 1485–1487, 1486f–1487f

Sever technique, for anterior shoulder release, 1484, 1484f Sharrad technique, for posterior iliopsoas transfer, 1435, 1436f Shaving motorized systems for, 2793, 2793f patellar, 2568–2569 Shea et al. technique, for volar osteotomy, 3515–3517, 3516f Shelf procedure for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1203, 1204t, 1215–1217, 1216f, 1217f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1266, 1268, 1269f, 1276 Sheridan et al. technique, for escharotomy, 4108–4109 Sherk and Probst technique, for proximal humeral physeal separation, 1601, 1601f Shift and load test, 2682 Short radiolunate ligament, 4001f Short stature. See Dwarﬁ sm Shortening metatarsal osteotomy for metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation, 4639–4640, 4640f oblique, 4649, 4651–4652, 4651f Shotgun injury. See Gunshot injury Shoulder. See also Glenoid labrum; Humerus, proximal; Rotator cuff adhesive capsulitis of, 2625–2627 amputation of, 630–633, 632f, 633f humeral neck, 631, 632f anatomy of, 96f, 486–487, 486f, 487t, 2601–2603, 2677–2679, 2677f, 2678f anterior release of, for internal rotation contracture, 1484, 1484f apprehension test of, 2682, 2683 approach to, 92–100 anterior axillary, 94–95 anteromedial, 92–94, 93f, 94f deltoid-splitting, 95, 95f inverted U , 99–100, 99f, 100f posterior, 96–99, 96f, 97f, 98f transacromial, 95, 96f arthrodesis of. See Shoulder arthrodesis arthroplasty of. See Shoulder arthroplasty arthroscopy of. See Shoulder arthroscopy aspiration of, 740–741, 740f Bennett lesion of, 2991 calciﬁ c tendinitis of, 2627–2630, 2990 aspiration and needling for, 2628–2629 open excision for, 2629–2630, 2630f progression of, 2627–2628, 2628f calciﬁ cations of, 971–972, 972f, 2991

Shoulder—cont’d computed tomography arthrography of, 2684, 2684f contracture of arthrogryposis-related, 1475f, 1477 arthroscopic release of, 2991–2993, 2991b cerebral palsy–related, 1382 stroke-related, 1382–1383 disarticulation of, 631, 633f dislocation of, 3592–3593. See also Shoulder, instability of recurrent. See Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of unreduced (old), 3613–3621 anterior, 3616–3618, 3617f, 3618f arthroplasty for, 3621 closed reduction for, 3615–3616, 3616f hemiarthroplasty for, 3621 pathological change with, 3614, 3614f, 3615f posterior, 3618–3620, 3619f, 3620f, 3621f rotational osteotomy for, 3618, 3620, 3620f drainage of, 740–741 elevation of, after posterior spinal instrumentation, 1964, 1966f examination of, 2603–2609, 2604f– 2605f, 2607t, 2608f. See also Shoulder, injury to in bicipital tenosynovitis, 981 in instability, 2682–2683 ﬂ ail, 1443 ﬂ oating, 3373, 3374f fracture of. See Humeral fracture, proximal frozen, 2625–2627 heterotopic ossiﬁ cation of, postarthroplasty, 521–522 histological anatomy of, 2602 impingement syndromes of, 2609– 2614, 2964–2968, 2964f, 2965f acromial morphology in, 2610– 2611, 2611f arthroscopic acromioplasty for, 2966–2968, 2967f development of, 2610, 2610b, 2610f, 2964, 2964f extrinsic, 2610 internal, 2611–2612 magnetic resonance imaging of, 148 nonoperative treatment of, 2965 open anterior acromioplasty for, 2612–2614, 2612f, 2613f os acromiale and, 2966–2968, 2966f, 2967f primary, 2610 radiography of, 2965, 2965f secondary, 2610 subcoracoid, 2611

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Shoulder—cont’d injury to, 2601–2634. See also speciﬁ c disorders anatomy of, 2601–2603 belly press test in, 2607, 2608f clinical presentation of, 2603 drop sign in, 2607, 2608f external rotation lag sign in, 2607, 2608f external rotation stress test in, 2607, 2608f Gerber subcoracoid impingement test in, 2604f, 2606 Hawkins-Kennedy test in, 2603, 2604f, 2606, 2607t imaging in, 2609 internal rotation lag sign in, 2607, 2608f, 2609 internal rotation resistance stress test in, 2604f, 2606 Jobe apprehension-relocation test in, 2605f, 2606 Jobe supraspinatus test in, 2604f, 2606, 2607t lift-off test in, 2607, 2608f magnetic resonance imaging in, 2609 Neer impingement test in, 2603, 2604f, 2607t physical examination for, 2603– 2609, 2604f–2605f, 2607, 2608f radiography in, 2609 Speed test in, 2605f, 2606, 2607t Yergason supination sign in, 2605f, 2606 instability of, 2949, 2952–2964. See also Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of anterior, 2949, 2952–2959. See also Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of, anterior arthroscopic repair of, 2949, 2952–2959, 2961–2964 Bankart repair with suture anchors for, 2952–2953, 2953f, 2954f, 2956t–2957t capsulolabral augmentation and rotator interval closure for, 2953–2955, 2955f, 2958, 2958f knots for, 2961–2964, 2963f, 2964f rotator interval capsule closure for, 2958–2959 capsulorrhaphy arthritis with, 491 postarthroplasty, 519–520, 520f inferior, postarthroplasty, 520 postarthroplasty, 519–520, 520f posterior, 2959–2964 arthroscopic repair for, 2959– 2961, 2960f, 2961f, 2962f postarthroplasty, 520

Shoulder—cont’d internal rotation contracture of anterior shoulder release for, 1484, 1484f latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer for, 1485–1488, 1486f–1487f, 1488f Lachman test of, 2682–2683 ligaments of, 2601–2602 loose bodies of, 2934 magnetic resonance imaging of, 147– 149, 148f, 149f, 150f muscles of, 1439–1440, 2602 neuropathic arthropathy of, 1045 ossiﬁ cation of, posterior (Bennett lesion), 2991 osteoarthritis of, 489f, 491–492, 492f, 1031 arthroplasty for, 489–490, 491–492, 492f arthroscopic débridement for, 2990, 2990f poliomyelitis-related paralysis of, 1439–1443, 1440f, 1441f, 1442f posterior ossiﬁ cation of, 2991 quadrilateral space syndrome of, 2630–2631, 2631f radiography of, 2683–2684, 2683f, 2684f recurrent dislocation of, 2677–2717 age and, 2681 anatomy of, 2679–2680, 2680f anesthesia-based examination in, 2684–2685, 2685f anterior, 2685–2704, 2687f arthroscopic capsulolabral augmentation and rotator interval closure for, 2953– 2955, 2955f, 2958, 2958f arthroscopic repair of, 2949, 2952–2959, 2961–2964, 2963f, 2964f arthroscopic rotator interval capsule closure for, 2958–2959 Bankart procedure for, 2686, 2688–2689, 2688b, 2688f, 2689f arthroscopic, 2952–2953, 2953f, 2954f, 2956t–2957t Bristow procedure for, 2700– 2702, 2700f, 2702f, 2703f capsular shift for, 2693–2697, 2694f, 2695f, 2696f failed repair of, 2697–2700, 2698b, 2698f, 2699f, 2700f hamstring graft reconstruction for, 2698–2699, 2700f hamstring tendon graft for, 2698–2699, 2700f iliac crest graft for, 2697–2698, 2699f

Shoulder—cont’d recurrent dislocation of—cont’d anterior—cont’d Laterjet procedure for, 2688, 2690f–2692f, 2692–2693 Magnuson and Stack procedure for, 2704, 2706f multidirectional, 2693–2697, 2694f, 2695f, 2696f pectoralis major transfer for, 2698, 2699f Putti-Platt procedure for, 2704, 2705f staple capsulorrhaphy for, 2704 subscapularis lengthening for, 2697, 2698 Weber subcapital osteotomy for, 2702–2704, 2703f arthroscopic evaluation of, 2685 classiﬁ cation of, 2680–2681, 2681f collagen disorders and, 2681 patient history in, 2681–2682 physical examination in, 2682–2683 posterior, 2704–2717, 2707f arthroscopic repair for, 2717, 2959–2961, 2960f, 2961f, 2962f. See also Shoulder arthroscopy capsular shift reconstruction with glenoid osteotomy for, 2712, 2714–2716, 2714f–2715f evaluation of, 2706, 2707f McLaughlin procedure for, 2716– 2717, 2716f Neer inferior capsular shift procedure for, 2707–2709, 2708f, 2709f posterior capsular tendon retensioning procedure for, 2710–2712, 2713f Tibone and Bradley capsular shift procedure for, 2709–2710, 2711f, 2712f radiographic evaluation of, 2683– 2684, 2683f, 2684f trauma type and, 2681 voluntary, 2681 relocation test of, 2683 rheumatoid arthritis of, 490, 492–493, 492f, 524, 997–998 septic arthritis of, 740–741 aspiration in, 740–741, 740f drainage in, 740–741 shift and load test of, 2682 snapping of, 969–970 stabilizers of, 2678–2679, 2678f stiffness of, postarthroplasty, 522 subluxation of brachial plexus injury and, 3665 recurrent, 2682. See also Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of sulcus test of, 2682 synovectomy of, 997, 1285, 2934–2935

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Shoulder—cont’d synovial chondromatosis of, 944f tuberculosis of, 761 Shoulder abduction relief sign, 2188 Shoulder arthrodesis, 208–219 complications of, 218–219, 218b double-plate ﬁ xation for, 210f external ﬁ xation for, 210f, 212–213, 213f failed, 219 for hemophilic arthropathy, 1286 historical perspective on, 208–209 humeral fracture and, 219 indications for, 209, 209b, 211 malunion with, 218 pelvic reconstruction plate for, 217– 218, 218f plate ﬁ xation for, 217, 217f for poliomyelitis, 1443 position for, 211–212, 211f, 212f posterior, 214–215, 215f for rheumatoid arthritis, 524, 997– 998 screw ﬁ xation for, 210f, 212, 213–215, 213f, 214f single-plate ﬁ xation for, 210f tension band ﬁ xation for, 216–217, 216f Shoulder arthroplasty, 483–524. See also Shoulder hemiarthroplasty anatomy for, 486–487, 486f, 487t arthroscopy after, 519 biomechanics of, 486–487, 486f, 487t complications of, 516–522, 517t intraoperative, 517–519, 518f postoperative, 519–522, 520f computed tomography for, 493 contraindications to, 491 deltoid muscle dysfunction after, 521 evaluation for, 491–493, 492f failed, 522–524, 523f arthrodesis for, 209, 211, 524 glenoid defect treatment in, 509 glenoid fracture with, 518–519 hemiarthroplasty vs., 493–494, 495–496 heterotopic ossiﬁ cation after, 521–522 historical perspective on, 483–484, 484f–485f humeral fracture and, 493, 517–518, 517t, 518f, 520–521, 3398, 3400 imaging for, 492f, 493 indications for, 489–491, 489f infection after, 521 instability after, 519–520, 520f magnetic resonance imaging for, 493 offset humeral head prosthesis in, 519 for osteoarthritis, 489–490, 489f, 491– 492, 492f for osteonecrosis, 490, 491f periprosthetic fracture after, 520–521 for postcapsulorrhaphy arthritis, 491

Shoulder arthroplasty—cont’d prostheses for, 484f–485f, 487–489, 488f loosening of, 519 radiography for, 492f, 493 rehabilitation after, 514–516, 515b, 515f, 515t, 516f, 517f resection, 524 reverse, 509–514, 510f, 511f, 512f– 513f, 2625 revision, 522–524, 523f for rheumatoid arthritis, 490, 492– 493, 492f, 997 for rotator cuff arthropathy, 490, 493 rotator cuff tear after, 521 stiffness after, 522 for traumatic arthritis, 490, 493 after tumor resection, 805–806 unconstrained, 506–509, 507f, 508f, 509f for unreduced dislocation, 3621 Shoulder arthroscopy, 2923–2993 anatomy on, 2930–2934, 2931f anesthesia for, 2925, 2927 after arthroplasty, 519 arthroscopy pump in, 2927 beach-chair position for, 2926, 2926f bleeding during, 2926–2927 complications of, 2805, 2806, 2993 contraindications to, 2924 diagnostic, 2930–2934, 2931f biceps tendon on, 2931f, 2932–2933 Buford complex on, 2931f, 2932 glenohumeral ligaments on, 2931f, 2932, 2933 labrum on, 2931f, 2932 middle cord on, 2931f, 2932 rotator cuff on, 2933, 2933b subacromial bursa on, 2931f, 2933–2934 subacromial space on, 2934 subdeltoid bursa on, 2934 superior glenohumeral ligament on, 2931f, 2932 epinephrine for, 2927 ﬂ uid extravasation during, 2927 hemostasis for, 2926–2927 indications for, 2924 infection after, 2993 landmarks for, 2926, 2926f lateral decubitus position for, 2924– 2926, 2925f nerve injury with, 2805 neurological complications of, 2993 paresthesias after, 2993 patient positioning for, 2924–2926, 2925f, 2926f portals for, 2927–2930, 2927f anterior, 2928–2929 anteroinferior, 2929–2930 anterolateral, 2930 lateral, 2930 posterior, 2927–2928, 2928f posteroinferior, 2928

Shoulder arthroscopy—cont’d portals for—cont’d posterolateral, 2930 superior, 2930 skin marking for, 2926, 2926f subclavian thrombosis with, 2993 surgical, 2934–2993 for acromioclavicular joint disease, 2988–2990, 2989f acromioclavicular joint on, 2934 for adhesive capsulitis, 2627 for anterior instability, 2949, 2952– 2959, 2953f, 2954f, 2955f, 2956t–2957t, 2958f for articular-side cuff tears, 2969–2970 for Bennett lesion, 2991 for biceps tendon lesions, 2942, 2944–2949, 2945f, 2948f for calciﬁ c tendinitis, 2629, 2990 for complete rotator cuff tear, 2976–2977, 2982–2983, 2982f, 2984f for contracture release, 2991–2993, 2991b for débridement, 2935 for delamination tears, 2969–2970 for drainage, 2935 for impingement syndrome, 2964– 2966, 2964f, 2965f knots for, 2961–2964, 2963f, 2964f for labral tear repair, 2935–2942, 2938f–2942f, 2943t–2944t for localized partial-thickness tears, 2969–2970 for loose body removal, 2934 for os acromiale, 2966–2968, 2966f, 2967f for osteoarthritis débridement, 2990, 2990f for partial articular side supraspinatus tendon avulsion lesion, 2970, 2975f, 2976 for partial rotator cuff tears, 2968–2969, 2969f, 2970t–2971t for posterior instability, 2959–2964, 2960f, 2961f, 2962f, 2963f, 2964f for septic arthritis, 741 for spinoglenoid cyst, 2991 for subscapularis tendon tears, 2983, 2985–2987, 2985f, 2986f, 2987f sutures for, 2961–2964, 2963f, 2964f for synovectomy, 2934–2935 traction suspension system for, 2924– 2926, 2925f vascular injury with, 2805 Shoulder girdle, resection of, 796, 797f Shoulder-hand syndrome, 3645

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Shoulder hemiarthroplasty, 493–506 contraindications to, 495 fascial interposition, 495 goal of, 495 indications for, 494–495, 494b, 494f for osteoarthritis, 495 for osteonecrosis, 495 prosthesis for, 495, 495f for rotator cuff arthropathy, 495, 496t, 2624–2625 technique of, 497–506, 498f–500f, 501f–502f, 501t, 503f, 505f total arthroplasty vs., 493–494, 495–496 for unreduced dislocation, 3621 Shufﬂ ebarger technique, for anterior thoracoplasty, 1993 Sickle cell anemia femoral head osteonecrosis in, 389–390 hip arthroplasty in, 390 Siffert et al. technique, for triple arthrodesis, 4752–4753, 4753f Siffert technique, for intraepiphyseal osteotomy, 1301–1302, 1301f Simmons et al. technique, for anterior cervical spine arthrodesis, 1861, 1861f Simpson et al. technique, for sacroiliac joint stabilization, 3363, 3363f Single-incision fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome, 2745, 2746f for lower extremity compartment syndrome, 2741, 2742f Single onlay bone graft, 16–17 Sinus tarsi implants, 4618–4619, 4618f Sinus tarsi syndrome, 2373–2374 Skaggs et al. technique, for iliopsoas recession, 1349, 1351, 1351f Skier’s thumb. See Thumb, gamekeeper Skin alcohol for, 9 cleansing of, 7–9 graft of. See Skin graft/grafting histamine-scratch test of, 3664–3665 povidone-iodine solution for, 7–9 preparation of, 677, 677t wrinkle test of, 3644 Skin ﬂ ap for hand injury, 3824–3827, 3825f, 3826f for thumb reconstruction, 661–662, 663f Skin graft/grafting free, for hand injury, 3827–3829, 3827f, 3828f, 3829f full-thickness, for hand injury, 3825, 3829, 3829f for nonunion-related infection, 3540

Skin graft/grafting—cont’d split-thickness application of, 3828, 3828f dermatome for, 3827–3828 for hand injury, 3825, 3827–3828, 3827f, 3828f razor blade technique for, 3827, 3827f Skin resistance test, 3650 Skoog technique for partial fasciectomy, 4282–4283, 4282f for syndactyly release, 4407–4408, 4410f Slade et al. technique, for scaphoid fracture ﬁ xation, 4017–4020, 4018f–4022f SLAP lesion, 2935 arthroscopic ﬁ xation for, 2936–2942, 2938f–2942f, 2943t–2944t type I, 2936 type II, 2936, 2937f peel-back test in, 2937, 2937f type III, 2936, 2936f type IV, 2936, 2936f Sleeve fracture patellar, 1667, 1667f, 1668, 1668f, 1669f tibial tuberosity, 1672, 1672f Sliding compression hip screw ﬁ xation, 3243, 3243f, 3245, 3246f, 3252, 3253f Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 1630–1651 acute, 1631 acute-on-chronic, 1631 atypical, 1631–1632 bone peg epiphysiodesis for, 1638, 1639f cheilectomy for, 1647 chondrolysis with, 1648–1649, 1649f chronic, 1631 classiﬁ cation of, 1631 clinical features of, 1630 closed reduction for, 1636–1637, 1637f complications of, 1647–1651, 1648f, 1649f, 1650f continuation of, 1651 contralateral, 1636 dynamic screw ﬁ xation for, 1632, 1632f, 1636 etiology of, 1630 femoral neck fracture with, 1649– 1651, 1650f grade of, 1631 head-shaft angle in, 1631, 1631f nonoperative treatment of, 1632 open reduction for, 1637–1638 osteonecrosis with, 1637, 1647–1648, 1648f osteotomy for, 1638–1647, 1640f ball-and-socket, 1646–1647, 1646f compensatory, 1643–1644, 1644f cuneiform, 1640–1643, 1641f, 1642f

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis—cont’d osteotomy for—cont’d extracapsular, 1644–1646, 1644f, 1645f intertrochanteric, 1646–1647, 1646f percutaneous ﬁ xation for, 1632–1636, 1633f, 1635f, 1636f complications of, 1633, 1647–1651, 1649f, 1650f pin removal in, 1651 radiography for, 1633–1634 physeal separation in, 1647, 1648f radiography for, 1630–1631 Slocum anterior rotary drawer test, for knee ligament injury, 2443–2444 Slocum et al. technique, for lateral closing wedge tibial osteotomy, 1004–1005, 1006f Slocum technique for hip disarticulation, 617 for medial compartment reconstruction, 2465–2468, 2466f, 2467f for pes anserinus transplantation, 2474–2475, 2475f for posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis, 1868, 1869f Small sciatic nerve, 3690 SMC knot, 2962, 2963f Smith and Kuo technique, for metatarsal osteotomy, 1100, 1101f Smith et al. technique, for ﬁ rst metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis, 4530–4531, 4531f Smith fracture, 3441–3442, 3442f percutaneous pinning for, 3444, 3444f Smith-Petersen et al. technique, for elbow synovectomy, 998– 999, 999f Smith-Petersen technique for anterior hip exposure, 60–62, 61f, 63 for medial wrist exposure, 124, 124f Smith-Peterson technique, for lumbar osteotomy, 2317, 2318f Smith technique for camptodactyly, 4444–4445 for ﬂ exor pollicis longus abductorplasty, 4189, 4190f for intrinsic hand contracture release, 4267 for phalangeal osteotomy, 4447, 4447f for thumb adduction restoration, 4136–4138, 4137f Snapping syndromes, 966–971 hip, 967–969, 968f knee, 966–967, 967f scapula, 970–971, 970f shoulder, 969–970 triceps, 971

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Snow and Littler technique, for hand cleft closure, 4396, 4397f Snow technique, for severed extensor repair, 3907, 3909f Sobel and Bohne technique, for peroneal tendon repair-reconstruction, 4810–4812, 4810f–4811f Soﬁ eld and Miller technique, for multiple osteotomies, 1305, 1307–1308, 1307f Soft tissue. See also at speciﬁ c bursae, muscles, and tendons clostridial infection of, 565–566, 565t, 3073–3074, 4359–4360 fracture healing and, 3040, 3040f, 3531 fracture-related injury to classiﬁ cation of, 3020–3021, 3022f, 3022t treatment of, 3032–3035, 3033t, 3034f, 3035f, 3531 nontraumatic disorders of, 963–983 tumors of, 939–955 benign, 940–946 fatty, 940, 940f nerve sheath, 940–942, 941f, 943f synovial, 942, 944f, 945f vascular, 942, 946, 946f imaging of, 939 malignant, 946–955. See also speciﬁ c tumors staging of, 779, 779t Soleus lipoma of, 154f paralysis of, 1405–1406 Somatosensory evoked potentials, in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1943 Somerville technique for anterior hip exposure, 62–63, 62f for open reduction of hip, 1191–1193, 1192f Soto-Hall technique, for patellectomy, 2570 Sourcil sign, 2624, 2624f, 2625f Southwick and Robinson technique, for anterior C3 to C7 approach, 1741–1742, 1742f Space of Poirer, 4000 Spasm, peroneal, 4607 Spasticity, in cerebral palsy, 1336–1337, 1337f Spatial-frame external ﬁ xator, 3072, 3072f Speed and Boyd technique, for Monteggia fracturedislocation, 1555, 3422– 3423, 3423f, 3424 Speed technique for open elbow dislocation reduction, 3623–3624, 3624f for spondylolisthesis reduction, 2310– 2311, 2310f

Speed technique—cont’d for sternoclavicular joint stabilization, 2673–2674, 2674f Speed test, 2605f, 2606, 2607t Spetzler technique, for anterior transoral spinal approach, 1736, 1736f Sphygmomanometer cuff, 4 Spica casting for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1188– 1190, 1189f, 1191f for femoral shaft fracture, 1653, 1654–1655 Spier technique, for elbow arthrodesis, 223, 223f Spina ventosa, 763f Spinal accessory nerve injury, 3661–3662 Spinal anesthetic testing, 2219–2221, 2219t, 2220t, 2221t central pain with, 2220, 2221t malingering with, 2221t modiﬁ ed technique for, 2220–2221, 2221t psychogenic pain with, 2220, 2221t somatic pain with, 2220 sympathetic pain with, 2220 Spinal arteries, 1733–1734, 1734f, 1735 Spinal arthrodesis, 1851–1874. See also Cervical spine arthrodesis; Lumbar spine arthrodesis allografts for, 1852 autografts for, 1852 bone graft extenders for, 1852–1853 bone morphogenetic proteins for, 1852–1853 demineralized bone matrix for, 1852–1853 healing of, 1851–1853 Spinal cord anatomy of, 1730–1731, 1730f, 1731f, 1731t blood supply of, 1733–1735, 1734f cervical compression of, 1853–1854, 1854f injury to. See Tetraplegia compression of, in neuroﬁ bromatosis, 2108–2109 cross section of, 1730, 1731f injury to, 1761. See also Spinal injury anterior cord syndrome with, 1770, 1770t, 1771f Brown-Séquard syndrome with, 1770, 1770t, 1771f cauda equina syndrome with, 1770–1771 central cord syndrome with, 1769– 1770, 1770t, 1771f complete, 1769 conus medullaris syndrome with, 1770 corticosteroids for, 1771–1772 evaluation of, 1761–1771, 1763t, 1764f–1765f, 1766f, 1767f imaging in, 1766–1768 incomplete, 1769

Spinal cord—cont’d injury to—cont’d mixed syndrome with, 1770 posterior cord syndrome with, 1770 scoliosis with, 2026–2028, 2027f syndromes of, 1769–1771, 1770t, 1771f without radiographic abnormalities, 1768 motor tracts of, 1730, 1731f, 1731t tethered, 1452 venous drainage of, 1734–1735, 1735f Spinal decompression anterior for congenital kyphosis, 2071–2072, 2073f for metastatic disease, 2329–2330 cervical, for fracture, 1779–1780, 1801–1804, 1801f, 1802f, 1803f for degenerative scoliosis, 2291 fusion with for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2291–2293, 2293f, 2294f for spinal stenosis, 2287–2288 lumbar, 2282–2285, 2282f, 2285f for metastatic disease, 2328–2331 midline, 2284–2285, 2285f posterolateral, for metastatic disease, 2331 for spinal stenosis, 2282f, 2284–2288, 2285f, 2287f for spondylolisthesis, 2291 thoracolumbar, for fracture, 1813– 1814, 1814f, 1830, 1831f Spinal fusion. See also Cervical spine arthrodesis; Lumbar spine arthrodesis; Spinal arthrodesis for achondroplasia-related kyphosis, 2126, 2127f anterior for adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2297–2298 for congenital kyphosis, 2070–2071, 2072f for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2292 for mucopolysaccharidosis-related kyphosis, 2126, 2128–2129, 2128f for myelomeningocele-related scoliosis, 2197 for arthrogryposis, 2030 atlantoaxial. See Atlantoaxial fusion for cerebral palsy–related scoliosis, 1381 combined anterior and posterior for adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2298– 2300, 2299f, 2300f for congenital kyphosis, 2067–2068, 2070 for congenital scoliosis, 2037–2039, 2038f

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Spinal fusion—cont’d combined anterior and posterior—cont’d for myelomeningocele-related scoliosis, 2098–2100, 2099f for postlaminectomy kyphosis, 2124–2126, 2125f decompression with, 2287–2288 for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2291–2293, 2293f, 2294f for degenerative scoliosis, 2292–2293 for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1509–1510, 1510f, 2031 for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 1928 lumbar interbody, 1871–1874, 1872f, 1873f, 1874f anterior disc excision and, 1871– 1873, 1872f, 1873f for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2292–2293, 2293f, 2294f for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2308– 2310, 2309f minimally invasive, 1873–1874, 1874f occipitocervical. See Occipitocervical fusion for osteogenesis imperfecta, 2122–2123 posterior for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1946–1948, 1947f, 1948f for adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2297 for congenital kyphosis, 2067 for congenital scoliosis, 2036–2037, 2037f for myelomeningocele-related scoliosis, 2197–2198, 2198f for Scheuermann disease, 2057–2058 for spondylolisthesis, 2084, 2084f posterolateral bilateral, 2308 for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2306–2308 for spondylolisthesis, 2083–2084, 2086, 2087f for spondylolytic defect, 2082 for radiation-related injury, 2120 in situ, for spondylolisthesis, 2084– 2085, 2085f for spinal muscle atrophy, 2028–2029 for stenosis, 2287–2288 Spinal infection, 2237–2267 abdominal syndrome in, 2242 in adults, 2247–2248 Aspergillus, 2250 back pain syndrome in, 2242 biology of, 2238–2240, 2238f Brucella, 2249, 2250f cryptococcal, 2250 diagnosis of, 2242–2246 biopsy in, 2245–2246 computed tomography in, 2244 differential, 2246

Spinal infection—cont’d diagnosis of—cont’d laboratory studies in, 2245 magnetic resonance imaging in, 2244 physical examination in, 2242–2243 radiography in, 2243–2244, 2243f radionuclide imaging in, 2244– 2245 drainage of, 2254–2258 cervical level, 2254–2255, 2254f dorsal spine, 2255–2256, 2255f, 2256f lumbar level, 2256–2258, 2257f epidemiology of, 2241–2242, 2242b epidural space, 2248 fungal, 2249–2250 hip joint syndrome in, 2242 historical perspective on, 2237–2238 iatrogenic, 2241, 2242b, 2247–2248 meningeal syndrome in, 2242 natural history of, 2240–2241, 2241f nonoperative treatment of, 2246 organisms in, 2241, 2242b paralysis with, 2241 pediatric, 2247 postoperative, 2247–2249 prognosis for, 2246 pyogenic, 2246–2248 in adults, 2247–2248 in children, 2247 spread of, 2240, 2241f tuberculous. See Tuberculosis, spinal Spinal injury, 1761–1771. See also Cervical spine injury; Sacrum, fracture of; Thoracolumbar spine, fracture of anal wink in, 1766, 1767f bulbocavernosus reﬂ ex in, 1766, 1766f corticosteroids in, 1772 emergency department management of, 1771–1772 Glasgow Coma Scale in, 1763, 1763t imaging in, 147, 1766–1768 magnetic resonance imaging in, 147 motor examination in, 1763, 1764f– 1765f, 1766, 1766f multiple-level, 1768–1769, 1768f, 1769f neurological evaluation in, 1763–1766, 1763t, 1764f–1765f patient history in, 1761–1762 physical examination in, 1762–1763 sensory examination in, 1763, 1764f– 1765f, 1766 soft-tissue injury with, 1769 Spinal instrumentation for achondroplasia-related kyphosis, 2126, 2127f anterior adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment with, 1983–1993, 1984f, 1986f, 1987f

Spinal instrumentation—cont’d anterior—cont’d adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment with—cont’d CD Horizon Legacy dual-rod system for, 1989–1992, 1990f–1991f, 1992f complications of, 1992–1993 disc excision for, 1988–1989, 1989f lumbar extraperitoneal approach for, 1988, 1988f thoracoabdominal approach for, 1987 for adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2297–2298 pedicle screws for, 1731–1733, 1732f, 1733f posterior adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment with, 1949–1951, 1950f, 1951f for Lenke 1A curve, 1957–1959, 1958f, 1959f, 1960f multihook segmental system for. See Multihook segmental instrumentation pedicle screws for. See Pedicle screw ﬁ xation sublaminar cables for, 1962–1964, 1964f, 1965f sublaminar wires for, 1959–1962, 1961f, 1962f, 1963f for adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2296 for cerebral palsy–related scoliosis, 2022–2024, 2023f for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2031 for familial dysautonomia, 2029 neuromuscular scoliosis treatment with Luque rod with sublaminar wiring for, 2010–2011, 2011f sacropelvic ﬁ xation for, 2011– 2015, 2012f, 2013f, 2014f, 2016f unit rod with pelvic ﬁ xation for, 2015, 2017f, 2018–2019, 2018f for Scheuermann disease, 2057– 2061, 2058f, 2059f for spinal muscle atrophy, 2028–2029 segmental, multihook, 1951–1967. See also Multihook segmental instrumentation Spinal joints, 1729–1730 Spinal muscular atrophy, 1520–1521 biopsy in, 1501–1504, 1502f, 1503f coxa valga deformity in, 1521, 1521f electromyography in, 1501, 1501f spinal deformity in, 2028–2029

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Spinal nerve(s) anatomy of, 1730–1731, 1731f, 1731t, 3636–3639 dermatomal patterns of, 1730f, 3637, 3637f mixed, 3636–3637, 3636f motor component of, 3636 plexus formation of, 3637 sensory component of, 3636 sympathetic component of, 3636 Spinal nerve roots, 2162–2163, 2162f, 2163f anomalies of, 2211–2212, 2211f, 2212f, 2213f Spinal stenosis, 2274–2288 adjacent segment degeneration in, 2283–2284 anatomy of, 2274–2276, 2275f, 2279, 2279f back in, 2276–2277, 2277t central, 2274–2275, 2275f classiﬁ cation of, 2274–2276, 2274t, 2276b, 2276t clinical evaluation of, 2276–2277, 2277t computed tomography in, 2279, 2280f computed tomography myelography in, 2278–2279, 2278b, 2279f, 2280f congenital, 2274b, 2276 decompression for, 2282f, 2284–2288 fusion with, 2287–2288 micro, 2286–2287, 2287f midline, 2284–2285, 2285f degenerative, 2274, 2274b, 2275, 2276 electrodiagnostic studies in, 2280 entrance zone, 2275, 2275f epidural steroid injection in, 2281 exercise testing in, 2280 historical perspective on, 2274 magnetic resonance imaging in, 2278, 2278f microcompression for, 2286–2287, 2287f midzone, 2275, 2275f natural history of, 2276 nonoperative treatment of, 2276, 2280–2281 operative treatment of, 2281–2288, 2282f fusion for, 2287–2288 microdecompression for, 2286– 2287, 2287f midline decompression for, 2284– 2285, 2285f spinous process osteotomy for, 2285–2286, 2286f radiography in, 2277–2278, 2278b spinous process osteotomy for, 2285– 2286, 2286f transition syndrome in, 2283–2284 Spinal tumors, 776, 776b, 2113–2118, 2319–2331. See also speciﬁ c tumors

Spinal tumors—cont’d benign, 2114–2118, 2115f, 2116f, 2117f, 2118f, 2319–2325, 2321b classiﬁ cation of, 2321–2322, 2322f posterior element, 2322–2324 staging of, 2321–2322, 2322f treatment of, 2319–2321 vertebral body, 2324–2325 biopsy of, 2113–2114, 2114f clinical ﬁ ndings in, 2113 magnetic resonance imaging in, 147 malignant, 2117f, 2118 metastatic, 2327–2331 primary, 2326–2327, 2326f physical examination in, 2113 radiography in, 2113 scoliosis with, 2114, 2115 Spine. See also Cervical spine; Lumbar spine; Sacrum; Thoracic spine abscess of. See Abscess, spinal; Spinal infection actinomycosis of, 765 anatomy of, 1729–1730 aneurysmal bone cyst of, 2116, 2323–2324 ankylosing spondylitis of, 2314–2319 cervical osteotomy for, 2318–2319, 2320f fracture and, 2315–2316 infection vs., 2246 lumbar osteotomy for, 2316–2317, 2317f, 2318f, 2319f approaches to, 1735–1758 anterior, 1735–1751, 1736b C3 to C7, 1741–1742, 1742f C7 to T1, 1742–1744, 1743f, 1744f indications for, 1735, 1736b L1 to L5, 1747–1749, 1749f L5 to S1, 1749–1750, 1750f occiput to C3, 1735–1741, 1736f, 1738f, 1739f T2-T12, 1744–1747, 1745f, 1746f, 1748 video-assisted, 1750–1751 posterior, 1751–1758 C3 to C7, 1752, 1753f for costotransversectomy, 1754, 1754f for idiopathic scoliosis instrumentation, 1944–1946, 1944f, 1945f, 1946f L1 to L5, 1755, 1755f, 1756f L1 to sacrum, 1755–1757, 1757f occiput to C2, 1752, 1752f sacroiliac joint, 1757–1758, 1758f sacrum, 1757–1758, 1758f T1 to T27, 1753, 1753f biopsy of in infection, 2245–2246 in tumors, 2113–2114, 2114f

Spine—cont’d blood supply to, 2238–2239, 2238f, 2239f bone-in-bone appearance of, 2119, 2119f brucellosis of, 764 congenital abnormalities of. See Kyphosis, congenital; Scoliosis (congenital) curves of, 2294–2295, 2294f. See also Kyphosis; Scoliosis eosinophilic granuloma of, 2116–2117, 2117f, 2118f, 2324–2325 Ewing sarcoma of, 2117, 2117f, 2118, 2325–2326 failed surgery on, 2223–2224 fracture of. See also Thoracolumbar spine, fracture of ankylosing spondylitis and, 2315–2316 cervical, 1604–1606, 1604f, 1606f, 1798–1799, 1799f. See also Odontoid, fracture of lumbar, 1606–1607 thoracic, 1815–1817, 1816f, 1818f fusion of. See Spinal fusion giant cell tumor of, 886, 889f, 2325 growth of, 1926, 1926f, 2034, 2036f hemangioma of, 2117–2118, 2118f, 2119f, 2324 infection of. See Spinal infection injury to. See Spinal injury intervertebral disc of. See Intervertebral disc; Intervertebral disc disease magnetic resonance imaging of, 144– 147, 145f, 146f metastatic disease of, 2327–2331 classiﬁ cation of, 2328 decompression for, 2328–2331 pathoanatomy of, 2328 radiation therapy for, 2328 multiple myeloma of, 2327 neuropathic arthropathy of, 1045 osteoarthritis of, 1031 osteoblastoma of, 893, 895f, 2115– 2116, 2116f, 2323 osteochondroma of, 2323 osteoid osteoma of, 2114–2115, 2115f, 2322–2323 osteosarcoma of, 2118, 2325 plumb line evaluation of, 1934–1936, 1935f, 1936f radiation-related injury to, 2119–2120, 2119f, 2120f rheumatoid arthritis of, 2311–2319. See also Rheumatoid arthritis, spinal sagittal balance of, 2294–2295, 2294f spondylolisthesis of. See Spondylolisthesis stenosis of, 2274–2288. See also Spinal stenosis tuberculosis of, 754

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Spine—cont’d tumors of, 2319–2331. See also Spinal tumors typhoid fever of, 764 venous drainage of, 2239, 2239f, 2240f Spinoglenoid cyst, 149, 150f, 2631, 2633, 2633f, 2635f, 2991 Spinous process, osteotomy of, 2285– 2286, 2286f Spiral oblique ligament reconstruction, for swan-neck deformity, 3904–3905, 3905f Splenectomy, infection and, 676 Splinting for cerebral palsy, 4174, 4174f for extensor tendon rupture, 3902, 3902f after ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3876–3878, 3877f, 3880f after hand surgery, 3814–3818, 3817f, 3818f for patellar fracture, 3162 for radial clubhand, 4378, 4378f for ulnar clubhand, 4401 Split heel incision, 711–712, 712f Split tendon transfer anterior tibial tendon, 1373f, 1374, 1375f, 1418–1419, 1419f posterior tibial tendon, 1373–1374, 1373f, 1419 Split-thickness skin graft application of, 3828, 3828f dermatome for, 3827–3828 for hand injury, 3825, 3827–3828, 3827f, 3828f razor blade technique for, 3827, 3827f Spondylitis ankylosing, 2314–2319 cervical osteotomy for, 2318–2319, 2320f fracture and, 2315–2316 lumbar osteotomy for, 2316–2317, 2317f, 2318f, 2319f spinal infection vs., 2246 pyogenic. See Spinal infection tuberculous. See Tuberculosis, spinal Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, spinal deformity in, 2121, 2121f Spondylolisthesis classiﬁ cation of, 2076–2078, 2076b, 2077b degenerative, 2288–2293 anatomy of, 2288–2289 biomechanics of, 2288–2289 clinical evaluation of, 2289–2290 computed tomography in, 2290 decompression for, 2291–2293, 2293f, 2294f discography in, 2290–2291 electrodiagnostic studies in, 2291 epidural steroid injection for, 2291 fusion for, 2291–2293, 2293f, 2294f

Spondylolisthesis—cont’d degenerative—cont’d incidence of, 2288 magnetic resonance imaging in, 2290 natural history of, 2289 nerve conduction study in, 2291 nonoperative treatment of, 2291 radiography in, 2290 developmental, 2076–2092 classiﬁ cation of, 2076–2078, 2076b, 2077b, 2077f clinical ﬁ ndings in, 2078–2079, 2079f etiology of, 2078 grading of, 2079–2080, 2079f, 2080f natural history of, 2078 nonoperative treatment for, 2082 operative treatment for, 2082–2092, 2084f, 2085f, 2086f instrumented reduction for, 2087f, 2088–2092, 2088f, 2089f–2091f posterolateral fusion and pedicle screw ﬁ xation for, 2086, 2087f physical examination in, 2078– 2079, 2079f radiography in, 2079–2081, 2079f, 2080f scoliosis and, 2079 slip angle in, 2080, 2080f isthmic, adult, 2301–2311 anatomy of, 2301–2302, 2301f anterior lumbar interbody fusion for, 2309–2310 bilateral lateral fusion for, 2308 biomechanics of, 2302 bone scan in, 2304 clinical evaluation of, 2303 computed tomography myelography in, 2304 decompression for, 2306, 2307f discography in, 2304–2305 epidural steroid injection for, 2305 incidence of, 2301 magnetic resonance imaging in, 2304 modiﬁ ed bilateral fusion for, 2308 natural history of, 2302 nonoperative treatment of, 2305 paramedian retroperitoneal approach for, 2311 pars fracture in, 2302, 2303 posterior lumbar interbody fusion for, 2308–2310, 2309f, 2310f posterolateral in situ fusion for, 2306–2308 radiography in, 2303–2304, 2303f reduction for, 2310–2311, 2310f traumatic, C2, 1795–1797, 1796f, 1797f

Spondylolysis, lumbar acquired, 2081–2082, 2082f, 2083f Scheuermann disease and, 2055–2056, 2056f Spondyloptosis, 2092 L5 vertebrectomy for, 2092, 2093f, 2094f Sponge collagen-gentamicin, 685 for patient cleansing, 8–9 Sponseller et al. technique, for anterior iliac osteotomy, 1223–1224, 1224f Sporotrichosis, 767 Sprague technique, for knee adhesion excision, 2892 Sprain ankle. See Ankle, ligamentous injury of knee. See Knee ligaments, injury to subtalar, 2356 Sprengel deformity, 1231–1233 Klippel-Feil syndrome and, 1905– 1906, 1905b, 1907f Spring ligament, repair of, 4795 Spurs ankle, 2374–2377, 2375f, 2376f, 2377f heel, 4815, 4815f, 4817 Squamous cell carcinoma, 4328–4329, 4329f Squat test, for meniscal injury, 2425 Squeeze test, in syndesmosis sprain, 2359, 2360f Stagnara wake-up test, 1943 Staheli technique, for acetabular shelf procedure, 1203, 1204t, 1215–1217, 1216f, 1217f Stainless steel, 3048 Stainless steel taper intramedullary nailing system, 3433, 3434f Stains, in infection, 683 Staphylococcus aureus infection, 724t, 725– 726, 727t methicillin-resistant, 725–726, 727t Staples for capsulorrhaphy, 2704 for tendon-to-bone ﬁ xation, 14, 14f Staples technique, for elbow arthrodesis, 221, 221f Stark et al. technique for scaphoid nonunion, 4031–4032, 4032f for trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis, 4243 Steel technique, for triple innominate osteoplasty, 1202–1203, 1204t, 1209–1211, 1209f, 1211f Steichen technique, for great toe wraparound ﬂ ap, 3775– 3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f, 3779f

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Steindler technique for elbow arthrodesis, 219–220, 220f for elbow ﬂ exorplasty, 1443–1444, 1444f Steinmann pin, 3050–3051 for percutaneous Tillaux fracture reduction, 1692f, 1693 Stellate ganglion block, in reﬂ ex sympathetic dystrophy, 3646 Stener and Gunterberg technique, for sacrum resection, 823 Stener lesion. See Thumb, gamekeeper Stenosing tenosynovitis, 4299–4305 abductor pollicis longus, 4299–4300, 4300f, 4301f, 4302f, 4303f ﬁ nger, 4300–4304, 4304f peroneus longus tendon, 4803 thumb, 4300–4304 Stenosis, spinal. See Spinal stenosis Step-cut distal humeral osteotomy, 1592, 1596–1597, 1596f, 1597f Step-cut lengthening iliopsoas tendon, 969 posterior tibial tendon, 1372, 1372f Sternoclavicular joint approach to, 92 dislocation of, 3585–3586 anterior, 3585 unreduced, 3608–3609, 3609f open reduction for, 3586 pediatric, 1603 posterior, 3585–3586 unreduced, 3609–3610 recurrent, 2672–2677 fascial loop stabilization for, 2673–2674, 2674f resection arthroplasty for, 2674– 2676, 2675f tenodesis for, 2676–2677, 2677f unreduced, 3608–3610, 3609f fascial loop stabilization of, 2673– 2674, 2674f resection arthroplasty of, 2674–2676, 2675f septic arthritis of, 740 Sternocleidomastoid muscle bipolar release of, 1237–1238, 1238f congenital ﬁ bromatosis of, 1233–1238, 1236f, 1237f, 1238f unipolar release of, 1236–1237, 1236f, 1237f Steroid injection epidural for degenerative spondylolisthesis, 2291 for isthmic spondylolisthesis, 2305 for spinal stenosis, 2281 for unicameral bone cyst, 866 Stewart and Harley technique, for ankle arthrodesis, 179–180, 180f Stewart technique for distal clavicular excision, 3591– 3592, 3592f for styloidectomy, 4023–4024

Stimson maneuver, 3288, 3288f, 3582, 3583f Stone staples, tendon-to-bone ﬁ xation with, 14, 14f Stoop test, in spinal stenosis, 2277 Straight leg raising test, 2160, 2203 Strain, 2747 Strauch et al. technique, for distal biceps brachii tendon repair, 2776 Streptococcal myonecrosis, 565t, 566 Streptococcus pyogenes infection, 727t Stress fracture. See Fracture(s), stress Stress-strain curves, implant, 3050, 3050f Stretch test, for cervical spine instability, 1775 Stricker technique, for varus derotational osteotomy, 1260–1273, 1271f–1272f Strickland suture technique, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3861–3862, 3862f, 3874f Stroke, 1384–1388 elbow dysfunction after, 1388 equinovarus deformity after, 1385– 1387, 1386f equinus deformity after, 1385 foot dysfunction after, 1385–1387, 1386f functional electrical stimulation after, 1388 hip dysfunction after, 1385 knee dysfunction after, 1385 lower extremity dysfunction after, 1384–1387 motor recovery after, 1384–1385 phenol nerve block after, 1388 planovalgus after, 1387 shoulder dysfunction after, 1387– 1388 stiff knee gait in, 1385 toe ﬂ exion after, 1387 upper extremity dysfunction after, 1387–1388 varus foot after, 1387 Stump. See Amputation stump Styloidectomy, for scaphoid nonunion, 4023–4024 Subacromial bursa arthroscopy of, 2931f, 2933–2934 inﬂ ammation of, 981 Subacromial space, arthroscopy of, 2934 Subacute hematogenous osteomyelitis, 700–702, 700f, 701f, 701t, 702f Subcapital osteotomy, for chronic unreduced hip dislocation, 3607 Subchondral fracture, 1263–1264, 1263f Subclavian vein thrombosis, shoulder arthroscopy and, 2993

Subclavius tendon, for rhomboid ligament replacement, 2673, 2676, 2677f Subdeltoid bursa arthroscopy of, 2934 inﬂ ammation of, 981 Subdural abscess, 2248 Subfascial infection, 4349, 4349f Subgluteal bursa infection of, 979 inﬂ ammation of, 979 Sublaminar cables, for posterior spinal instrumentation, 1962–1964, 1964f, 1965f Sublaminar wiring for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1959–1962, 1961f, 1962f, 1963f Luque rod instrumentation with for neuromuscular scoliosis, 2010– 2011, 2011f for osteogenesis imperfecta, 2123, 2123f Subluxation. See also Dislocation atlantoaxial joint. See Atlantoaxial joint, rotatory subluxation of patellar. See Patella, dislocation of proximal tibioﬁ bular joint, 3580, 3580f scaphoid. See Scaphoid, rotary subluxation of shoulder brachial plexus injury and, 3665 recurrent, 2682. See also Shoulder, recurrent dislocation of sternoclavicular joint. See Patella, dislocation of symphysis pubis. See Symphysis pubis, dislocation of Subperiosteal abscess, 696, 696f. See also Osteomyelitis Subscapular nerve, 3663, 3663f Subscapularis lengthening of, 2697, 2698 paralysis of, 1442–1443 reconstruction of, pectoralis major transfer for, 2698, 2699f Subscapularis bursa, inﬂ ammation of, 981 Subscapularis tendon internal rotation lag sign test of, 2607–2609, 2608f isolated rupture of, 2607, 2608f lift-off test of, 2607, 2608f tears of, 2983, 2985–2987, 2985f, 2986f, 2987f transfer of, for posterior shoulder dislocation, 2716–2717, 2716f transposition of, for rotator cuff tear, 2620, 2621f, 2624 Subtalar arthrodesis arthroscopic, 2904 for calcaneal fracture, 4842–4843

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Subtalar arthrodesis—cont’d calcaneocuboid and talonavicular arthrodesis with. See Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis for calcaneovalgus deformity, 1377– 1378, 1378f for equinovalgus deformity, 1410– 1411, 1411f, 1412f for malunited calcaneal fracture, 3465–3468, 3466f, 3467f, 3468f, 4850–4851, 4851f for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4797, 4798f for rheumatoid deformity, 4685–4686, 4685f for vertical talus, 1104–1105, 1104f, 1105f Subtalar arthroereisis, 4618–4619, 4618f Subtalar distraction arthrodesis, for calcaneal fracture malunion, 3465–3468, 3466f, 3468f, 4850–4851, 4851f Subtalar joint arthrodesis of. See Subtalar arthrodesis; Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis arthroscopy of, 2904, 2904f dislocation of, 4867–4870 lateral, 4867, 4868f medial, 4867, 4867f, 4869f open reduction for, 4868–4870 reduction and fusion of, 1104–1105, 1104f, 1105f reduction and realignment of, 1103– 1104, 1103f Subtrochanteric femoral fracture. See Hip fracture, subtrochanteric Subtrochanteric osteotomy, 3492 for chronic hip dislocation reduction, 3608 femoral shortening, 378, 379f, 380f valgus for acquired coxa vara, 1624–1628, 1625f, 1626t, 1627f for congenital coxa vara, 1221– 1222, 1221f Subungual exostosis, 862, 4777, 4777f, 4778f, 4779f Subvastus exposure, for knee arthroplasty, 263, 264f Sudomotor testing, 3983, 3984 Sulcus test, 2682 Superﬁ cial radial nerve for interfascicular grafting, 3658 repair of, 3994 Superior cluneal nerve injury, iliac graft and, 22, 23f Superior glenohumeral ligament, 2931f, 2932

Superior gluteal nerve, 3688f, 3690 arthroplasty-related injury to, 398 Superior lateral geniculate artery, interruption of, 274 Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, after scoliosis surgery, 1979 Superior peroneal retinaculum, repair of, 4808 Supination deformity brachial plexus injury–related, 1483– 1484, 1484f poliomyelitis-related, 1448–1450, 1449f Supination sign, in shoulder injury, 2605f, 2606 Supraacetabular external ﬁ xator, for pelvic fracture, 3350 Supracondylar fracture femoral, 3187–3190 AO blade plate and screw ﬁ xation for, 3173, 3173f condylar blade plate ﬁ xation for, 3179–3181, 3180f, 3181f dynamic condylar screw ﬁ xation for, 3181–3183, 3183f nonunion of, 3553–3554 skeletal traction for, 3187–3188 Trigen knee nail for, 3188–3190, 3189f humeral, 1548, 1580–1597, 1582f Baumann angle in, 1583, 1583f brachial artery injury with, 1590–1591 classiﬁ cation of, 1581 closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for, 1585–1588, 1586f, 1587f, 1589f closed reduction for, 1584–1588, 1585f, 1586f, 1587f, 1589f closed reduction with immobilization for, 1584–1585 compartment syndrome with, 1591, 1591f complications of, 1586, 1590–1593, 1591f coronal tilting in, 1584, 1584f crescent sign in, 1583, 1583f cubitus valgus with, 1583–1584 cubitus varus with, 1584, 1584f, 1591–1597. See also Cubitus varus ﬂ exion type of, 1586 forearm pronation for, 1584, 1585f metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle in, 1583, 1584f nerve injury with, 1590 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 1581, 1582f, 1588–1590 passive assist sign in, 1590 radiography for, 1581–1583, 1583f skeletal traction for, 1585

Supracondylar osteotomy, femoral controlled rotational, 745–746, 745f cuneiform, 745, 745f transverse, 743–744, 744f Supramalleolar osteotomy for ankle valgus, 1463, 1464f, 1465f for tibial fracture malunion, 3475– 3476, 3476f Suprapatellar pouch, 2817, 2818f Suprascapular nerve anatomy of, 3663, 3663f, 3671 entrapment of, 2631–2634, 2633f ganglion removal for, 2633–2634, 2635f posterior surgical approach to, 2632–2633, 2634f examination of, 3671 injury to, 3671–3672, 3672f shoulder arthroscopy and, 2928, 2928f Suprascapularis, paralysis of, 1442–1443 Supraspinatus external rotation lag sign test of, 2607, 2608f paralysis of, 1442–1443 Supraspinatus tendon articular-side avulsion lesion of, 2970, 2975f, 2976 calciﬁ c degeneration of, 2627–2630, 2628f, 2630f, 2990 calcium excision from, 2629–2630, 2630f Sural nerve anesthetic block of, 4466, 4467f harvest of, 3714, 3715f iatrogenic injury to, 4847–4848 for interfascicular grafting, 3658, 3659–3661, 3660f Surfactants, for irrigation, 3036–3037, 3037t Suture(s) for ﬂ exor tendon repair. See Flexor tendon(s), repair of, suture(s) for gamekeeper thumb, 3936–3937, 3936f for hand wound, 3812–3813, 3812f, 3825 for neurorrhaphy, 3658–3661, 3659f, 3661f tendon-to-bone, 11–12, 11f, 12f, 13f, 3864–3866, 3865f, 3866f, 3867f Suture-anchors for arthroscopy, 2794, 2795t, 2796t for Bankart repair, 2952–2953, 2953f, 2954f, 2956t–2957t for tendon-to-bone ﬁ xation, 13, 13f, 14f Suture shuttle technique, for meniscal repair, 2837, 2838, 2840f Swafford and Lichtman technique, for transverse scapular ligament division, 3671–3672, 3672f

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Swan-neck deformity, 4203–4207, 4204f arthroplasty for, 4209–4211, 4210f Beckenbaugh correction for, 4205, 4206f in cerebral palsy, 4192, 4192f lateral band mobilization and skin release for, 4205, 4207, 4207f palmaris longus tenodesis for, 3904– 3905, 3905f in rheumatoid arthritis, 4196, 4197f, 4222 types of, 4204 Swanson et al. technique for convex condylar implant arthroplasty, 4239–4240, 4240f for trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty, 4236–4238, 4237f Swanson technique for interphalangeal joint arthroplasty, 4209–4211, 4210f, 4211f for metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty, 4216, 4217f for silicone wrist arthroplasty, 4251–4252 Swashbuckler approach, for distal femoral fracture, 3181, 3182f Sweat test, 3650 Syme amputation, 590–591, 591f, 592– 596, 593f–594f for proximal femoral focal deﬁ ciency, 1137–1139, 1139f Syme procedure for ingrown toenail, 4773–4775, 4775f for mallet toe, 4642, 4642f, 4643–4644 Sympathectomy, in reﬂ ex sympathetic dystrophy, 3646 Symphysis pubis approach to, 90, 90f approximation of, 1222–1224, 1223f, 1224f dislocation of, 3585. See also Pelvis, fracture of open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3352, 3353f–3354f inﬂ ammation of, 1046 Syndactylism, for cleft foot, 1068, 1069f, 1070f Syndactyly, 1064, 4403–4408 butterﬂ y ﬂ ap for, 4406f classiﬁ cation of, 4403, 4404f complex, 4403, 4404f incidence of, 4368t, 4404, 4406f open ﬁ nger release for, 4406–4407, 4407f release with dorsal ﬂ ap for, 4407, 4408f, 4410f release with volar and dorsal ﬂ aps for, 4407–4408, 4410f simple, 4403, 4404f site of, 4404, 4406f surgery for, 4404–4406, 4406f

Syndactyly—cont’d web commissure reconstruction for, 4406, 4406f Syndesmosis, tibioﬁ bular, 2354–2355, 2355f rupture of, 2359–2360, 2359f, 2360f Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, after scoliosis surgery, 1978 Synkinesis, 1905, 1905b Synostosis forearm, 1242–1245, 1243f, 1244f fracture and, 1550, 1551f, 1553, 3504–3506 tibioﬁ bular, 1106, 1106f for tibial hemimelia, 1120–1121, 1123–1124, 1123f Synovectomy, 988 ankle, 2899 for anterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4800–4801, 4801f for hemophilic arthropathy, 1285, 1288–1289 for peroneal tendon tear, 4806– 4807, 4806f, 4807f for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4790, 4792f elbow, 998–999, 999f for hemophilic arthropathy, 1285 for rheumatoid arthritis, 998–999, 999f, 3006, 3006f ﬂ exor tendon sheath, 4219, 4219f hip for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 995 for rheumatoid arthritis, 995 for tuberculosis, 760, 760f for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 991– 992, 992b, 995 knee for hemophilic arthropathy, 1284– 1285, 1288 for medial patellar plica, 2847–2848 for rheumatoid arthritis, 992–994, 993b, 993f, 2890–2891, 2891f open vs. arthroscopic, 988 proximal interphalangeal joint, 4218 radionuclide, for hemophilic arthropathy, 1285–1286, 1288 for rheumatoid arthritis, 995, 997, 998–999, 999f, 3006, 3006f shoulder, 2934–2935 for hemophilic arthropathy, 1285 for rheumatoid arthritis, 997 thumb interphalangeal, 4223 metacarpophalangeal, 4223 trapeziometacarpal, 4223–4224 wrist dorsal, 4245–4247, 4245f, 4246f volar, 4247, 4247f

Synovial chondromatosis, 942, 944f hand, 4322, 4325, 4325f shoulder, 944f Synovial cyst, 976 Synovial ﬁ stula, 2807 Synovial ﬂ uid analysis of, 679, 679t, 726 aspiration of. See Aspiration (joint) Synovial plicae, knee, 2846–2848 infrapatellar, 2552, 2552f lateral, 2552, 2552f, 2847 medial, 2552, 2552f, 2817, 2818f, 2847 suprapatellar, 2552, 2552f, 2847 Synovial sarcoma, 950, 951f Synoviorthesis, for hemophilic arthropathy, 1285–1286, 1288 Synovitis. See also Tenosynovitis chronic, 987–988 hemophilic, 1286 toxic, 679t villonodular, pigmented, 155, 155f, 942, 945f wrist, 4244–4247, 4245f, 4246f, 4247f Synovium biopsy of, 988 excision of. See Synovectomy herniation of, arthroscopy and, 2807 Synthes et al. technique, for tibial shaft fracture ﬁ xation, 3139–3141, 3140f Syphilis, 764–765, 1042–1043 Syringomyelia, scoliosis with, 2025– 2026, 2025f Systemic lupus erythematosus, 4198, 4198f

T T-condyle fracture, 1580, 1580f, 1581f T sign, on elbow radiography, 2719 Tachdjian technique, for hamstring tendon lengthening, 1360– 1363, 1362f Tailor’s bunion. See Bunionette Tajima suture technique, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3855f, 3856f, 3859, 3861f Tajima technique, for metacarpal lengthening, 4436, 4436f Talar neck, fracture of, 4854–4861, 4854f classiﬁ cation of, 4854–4855, 4854f complications of, 1694, 1694f Hawkins sign in, 4859 malunion of, 1694 open reduction for, 4856–4858, 4858f, 4859f osteonecrosis with, 1694, 1694f, 1695f, 4854–4855, 4856f, 4858– 4861, 4859f, 4860f pediatric, 1693–1696, 1694f, 1695f radiography in, 4855 type I, 4854, 4854f, 4855

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Talar neck, fracture of—cont’d type II, 4854, 4854f, 4855, 4856f type III, 4854, 4854f, 4855–4856 types IV, 4854, 4854f, 4855–4856, 4857f varus malalignment with, 1693–1694, 4855 Talar tilt, 2355–2356 Talectomy for myelomeningocele-related deformity, 1457 for poliomyelitis-related deformity, 1415 for resistant clubfoot, 1098–1100, 1100f for tuberculosis, 759 for tumor, 840 Taleisnik and Linscheid technique, for carpal ligament reconstruction, 4083, 4084f Talipes. See Foot (feet), deformity of Talocalcaneal angle, 1081, 1081b, 1082, 1082f, 1083f, 1083t, 1084f Talocalcaneal coalition, 4612–4618 clinical ﬁ ndings in, 4612, 4612f conservative treatment of, 4614–4615 radiography in, 4613–4614, 4613f, 4614f resection for, 4615–4618, 4616f, 4617f treatment of, 4614–4618 triple arthrodesis for, 4615, 4615f Taloﬁ bular ligament anterior, 2354, 2354f anterolateral exostosis of, 2362 anteroposterior stress test of, 2356, 2357f imbrication of, 2364, 2369–2370, 2369f magnetic resonance imaging of, 2357–2358 rupture of, 2360–2361, 2362, 2370, 2371f. See also Ankle, ligamentous injury of shortening of, 2364, 2366f posterior, 2354, 2354f Talonavicular coalition, 4608, 4609f Talonavicular joint arthrodesis of calcaneocuboid and subtalar arthrodesis with. See Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4797 for rheumatoid deformity, 4686– 4687, 4687f for talar head fracture, 4854 reduction and realignment of, 1103– 1104, 1103f Talus. See also Talar neck avulsion fracture of, 2373, 2373f, 2374f

Talus—cont’d blood supply of, 1693, 4851–4853, 4852f, 4853f dislocation of, 3096, 3096f pediatric, 1693 eosinophilic granuloma of, 2373, 2373f excision of. See Talectomy fracture of, 4851–4870 anatomy for, 4851–4853, 4852f, 4853f Blair fusion for, 4862–4863, 4862f body, 4861–4863, 4862f calcaneotibial fusion for, 4861– 4863, 4862f dome, 1696 head, 4853–4854 lateral process, 4863–4864, 4863f, 4864f, 4866f pediatric, 1695, 1695f, 1696, 1696f malunion of, 3464 medial process, 4864–4866, 4865f neck, 4854–4861, 4854f. See also Talar neck, fracture of pediatric, 1693–1696, 1694f, 1695f osteochondral, 1696–1698, 1696f, 1697f, 1698f posterior process, 4864, 4865f transchondral. See Talus, osteochondritis dissecans of Hawkins line of, 1694, 1694f impingement syndromes of, 2374– 2377, 2375f, 2901, 2902f, 2903f anterior inferior tibioﬁ bular ligament resection in, 2376, 2376f, 2377f lateral dome of, anterolateral approach to, 30–31, 31f osteochondritis dissecans of, 1255, 1255f, 2377–2390, 2899 anteromedial approach in, 2381, 2384–2385, 2385f arthroscopic bone grafting in, 2380, 2380f arthroscopic classiﬁ cation of, 2378, 2378b arthroscopic drilling in, 2380, 2380f, 2389–2390, 2390f, 2900–2901, 2901f arthroscopic treatments in, 2380, 2380f, 2389–2390, 2389f, 2390f, 2900–2901, 2901f chondrocyte transplantation for, 2384 computed tomography in, 2378, 2380–2381, 2381f, 2383f Flick and Gould grooving procedure for, 2381, 2382f lateral, 2379, 2379f, 2380f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132, 134f, 2378–2379, 2379f

Talus—cont’d osteochondritis dissecans of—cont’d medial, 2379, 2379f medial malleolar osteotomy for, 2381, 2382f, 2383f, 2384, 2384f osteochondral grafting for, 2381, 2383–2384, 2383f, 2386– 2389, 2387f–2388f, 2900 pediatric, 1696–1698, 1696f, 1697f, 2379–2380, 2380f arthroscopy for, 1698 fragment excision for, 1698–1699 morphology of, 1697, 1697f radiography for, 1697, 1697f, 1698f subchondral pins for, 1697, 1698f posteromedial approach in, 2385, 2386f stages of, 2377–2378, 2378f Thompson and Loomer posteromedial arthrotomy for, 2381, 2384–2385, 2385f osteoid osteoma of, 2373 osteonecrosis of Blair fusion for, 4859, 4859f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132, 134f onlay graft arthrodesis for, 4859, 4860f, 4861 talar body fracture and, 4861 talar neck fracture and, 1694, 1694f, 1695f, 4854–4855, 4856f, 4858–4861, 4859f, 4860f osteophytes of, 2374–2377, 2375f, 2377f, 2901, 2902f, 2903f pigmented villonodular synovitis of, 2373, 2373f resection of, 840. See also Talectomy transchondral fracture of. See Talus, osteochondritis dissecans of vertical. See Vertical talus Tamai et al. technique, for ﬁ bular graft harvest, 3733f–3764f, 3762, 3766f Tantalum, 3048 TAR (thrombocytopenia-absent radius) syndrome, 4376 Tarlow et al. technique, for thigh fasciotomy, 2740–2741, 2741f Tarsal arteries, 4852f, 4853, 4853f Tarsal coalition, 4606–4608, 4608f, 4609f ankle sprain and, 2373, 2373f Tarsal navicular, fracture of, 4870–4871, 4870f, 4872f Tarsal tunnel, release of, 4719, 4720– 4721, 4720f, 4721f, 4723 Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 3696, 4717–4721 anatomy of, 4717 anterior, 4721–4723, 4722f clinical features of, 4717 diagnosis of, 4717–4719

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Tarsal tunnel syndrome—cont’d dorsiﬂ exion-eversion test for, 4719 etiology of, 4717, 4718f motor latencies in, 4719 sensory latencies in, 4719 treatment of, 4719–4721, 4720f, 4721f, 4723 Tarsometatarsal joint arthrodesis of, for forefoot equinus, 4742–4745, 4743f fracture-dislocation of, 4871, 4873– 4877, 4873f, 4874f classiﬁ cation of, 4873, 4874f compartment syndrome with, 4873, 4875, 4875f evaluation of, 4873, 4875–4876 pediatric, 1701, 1702f, 1703f reduction and ﬁ xation for, 4875– 4877, 4876f, 4877f, 4878f Tarsus. See also speciﬁ c bones approach to, 27–32 Kocher, 29, 29f Ollier, 29, 29f drainage of, 728 fracture of malunion of, 3463–3464 pediatric, 1699, 1701, 1703f Kocher lateral approach to, 29, 29f resection of, for osteomyelitis, 714 septic arthritis of, 728 V -osteotomy of, 4745–4746, 4746f wedge osteotomy of, 4745, 4745f Tasto technique, for subtalar arthrodesis, 2904 Tauro et al. technique, for massive rotator cuff tear repair, 2983, 2985f Taylor et al. technique, for iliac crest bone graft, 3765, 3767 Taylor spatial frame for fracture nonunion, 3545 for limb lengthening, 1155 for tibial shaft fracture, 3131–3132, 3133f Taylor technique, for ﬁ bular graft harvest, 3761–3762 Tear acetabular labrum, 2909–2911, 2910f anterior cruciate ligament. See Anterior cruciate ligament, tear of dural, 1977, 2213–2215, 2213t, 2214f, 2215b glenoid labrum, 148–149, 148f, 2935– 2942, 2937f, 2938f–2942f, 2943t–2944t meniscal. See Meniscus (menisci), tears of posterior cruciate ligament. See Posterior cruciate ligament, tear of posterior oblique ligament, 2459, 2461f, 2462f

Tear—cont’d rotator cuff. See Rotator cuff tears subscapularis tendon, 2985–2987, 2985f, 2986f, 2987f tibial collateral ligament, 2459–2460, 2460f, 2461f, 2462f transverse ligament, 1785, 1787f triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex. See Triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex (TFCC), tears of Telescoping V osteotomy, 744–745, 744f Temperature probe, free ﬂ ap monitoring with, 3736 Tendinitis, 972 Achilles, 2758–2759, 2758f, 4822–4825 differential diagnosis of, 4822– 4823 insertional, 4823–4824, 4824f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132 noninsertional, 4824–4825, 4826f calciﬁ c, 2627–2630, 2990 aspiration and needling for, 2628–2629 open excision for, 2629–2630, 2630f progression of, 2627–2628, 2628f ﬂ exor hallucis longus, 4812–4813, 4813f patellar, 2769–2770, 2771–2772 peroneal, 4802–4803, 4806–4807 os peroneum with, 4808–4809 semimembranosus, 978–979 trochanteric, 980, 980f Tendo calcaneus. See Achilles tendon Tendon(s). See also Extensor tendon(s); Flexor tendon(s) and speciﬁ c tendons bone ﬁ xation to, 11–13 Chinese ﬁ nger-trap suture in, 11– 12, 11f Cole’s method of, 12–13, 13f Krackow, Thomas, and Jones technique of, 12, 12f Krackow and Cohn technique of, 11–12, 11f locking loop suture in, 12, 12f osseous attachment in, 13–14, 14f screw for, 13 staples in, 14, 14f suture-anchoring device in, 13, 13f, 14f suture placement in, 11–12, 11f, 12f, 13f wire loops for, 14, 14f graft of. See Tendon graft/grafting pin-related injury to, 3065 repair of, for replantation, 3725– 3726 rupture of, 2747–2748 Achilles. See Achilles tendon, rupture of anterior tibial, 4801–4802

Tendon(s)—cont’d rupture of—cont’d biceps brachii. See Biceps brachii tendon, rupture of patellar. See Patellar tendon, rupture of peroneal. See Peroneus brevis tendon, rupture of; Peroneus longus tendon, rupture of quadriceps, 138–139, 2766–2769, 2767f, 2768f, 2769f subscapularis, 2607, 2608f triceps, 2776–2777, 2777f Tendon graft/grafting ﬂ exor tendon repair with adherent tendon after, 3897–3898, 3898f complications of, 3888–3889, 3889f, 3897–3898 donor tendons for, 3886–3888, 3886f, 3887f, 3888f extensor digitorum communis tendon for, 3888 extensor indicis proprius tendon for, 3888 ﬂ exor digitorum sublimis tendon for, 3888 in forearm and palm, 3883, 3883f long extensors of toes for, 3887– 3888, 3888f lumbrical plus ﬁ nger with, 3888– 3889, 3889f palmaris longus tendon for, 3886, 3886f plantaris tendon for, 3886–3887, 3887f pulley reconstruction in, 3889– 3891, 3890f, 3891f, 3892f quadriga effect with, 3889 single-stage, 3884–3885, 3884f tenolysis after, 3897 in thumb, 3895–3896 two-stage, 3891–3895, 3893f interphalangeal joint collateral ligament repair with, 3962– 3963, 3965, 3965f mallet ﬁ nger repair with, 3904, 3904f Tendon interposition arthroplasty, for trapeziometacarpal joint, 4231–4236, 4232f, 4235f Tendon sheath giant cell tumor of, 942, 944f inﬂ ammation of. See Tenosynovitis Tendon-to-bone suture, 11–12, 11f, 12f, 13f for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3864–3866, 3865f, 3866f, 3867f Tendon transfer. See also speciﬁ c transfers for cleft hand, 4399–4400 for paralytic hand, 4126–4128, 4127t, 4128f, 4128t for poliomyelitis, 1403–1404 for radial clubhand, 4383–4386, 4383f, 4384f, 4385f

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Tennis elbow. See Lateral epicondylitis Tennis heel, 4815. See also Heel, painful Tenodesis Achilles tendon, 1407, 1407f, 1422– 1423, 1422f, 1423f, 1461 biceps brachii, 2773, 2773f, 2944, 2946–2949, 2948f, 2950f–2951f extensor carpi ulnaris, 4066, 4067f, 4068–4070, 4069f, 4070f extensor hallucis brevis, 4557–4559, 4558f ﬂ exor carpi ulnaris, 4068–4070, 4069f, 4070f ﬂ exor digitorum sublimis, 4192, 4192f Fowler, 4143–4144, 4145f, 4148–4149 iliotibial band, 2502–2505, 2502f, 2503f, 2504f, 2505f Moberg key grip, 4163–4164, 4163f palmaris longus, 3904–3905, 3905f peroneus brevis, 4751–4752, 4752f peroneus longus, 4808–4809 for profundus tendon repair, 3898, 3899f subclavius, 2673, 2676, 2677f triple, for genu recurvatum, 1428– 1429, 1429f Tenolysis after ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3897 postreplantation, 3730 Tenorrhaphy, for replantation, 3725–3726 Tenosynovectomy. See also Synovectomy in carpal tunnel syndrome, 4289 Tenosynovitis Achilles, 2758 anterior tibial tendon, 4799–4802, 4800f, 4801f bicipital, 981–983, 983f ﬂ exor tendon, 4351–4354, 4353f, 4354f posterior tibial tendon, 4784, 4788, 4790–4791, 4792f, 4793f. See also Tibial tendon, posterior, insufﬁ ciency of rheumatoid, 4217, 4218–4219, 4219f stenosing, 4299–4305 abductor pollicis longus, 4299– 4300, 4300f, 4301f, 4302f, 4303f ﬁ nger, 4300–4304, 4304f peroneus longus tendon, 4803 thumb, 4300–4304 tuberculous, 4360 Tension band plating, for sacral fracture, 3354, 3355f Tension band wiring for gamekeeper thumb, 3937, 3937f for metacarpal fracture, 3949, 3950f for olecranon fracture, 3412–3414, 3413f for patellar fracture, 3163, 3163f, 3166–3168, 3167f, 3168f for phalangeal fracture, 3949, 3950f

Tension band wiring—cont’d shoulder arthrodesis with, 216–217, 216f Tensor fasciae latae ﬂ ap of, 3751–3753, 3752f transfer of, 1469–1471, 1470f Teres major transfer, 1485–1488, 1486f– 1487f, 1488f Teres minor, external rotation stress test of, 2607, 2608f Terminal Syme procedure for ingrown toenail, 4773–4775, 4775f for mallet toe, 4642, 4642f, 4643–4644 Tetanus, 3074 Tetraplegia, 4157–4170 classiﬁ cation of, 4158, 4158t, 4159f elbow extension in, 4160–4162, 4161f forearm pronation in, 4162, 4162f key pinch in, 4162–4169 House reconstruction for, 4164– 4167, 4164f, 4165f, 4166f, 4170b Moberg key grip tenodesis for, 4163–4164, 4163f Zancolli reconstruction for, 4167– 4169, 4167f, 4168f, 4169f, 4170b management of, 4158–4160, 4160b wrist extension in, 4162, 4162f Teuffer technique, for Achilles tendon repair, 2752, 2752f TFCC. See Triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex (TFCC) Thenar ﬂ ap, for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 647–648, 647f Thigh. See Femur Thigh ﬂ ap, anterolateral, 3740–3741, 3741f Thomas and Smith technique, for proximal phalangeal osteotomy, 4571–4572, 4572f Thometz technique, for supracondylar fracture reduction, 1588, 1589f Thompson and Mann technique, for forefoot arthroplasty, 4675– 4676, 4677–4679, 4678f Thompson approach for anterolateral humeral exposure, 100–102, 101f, 102f, 103f for anteromedial shoulder exposure, 92–94, 93f, 94f for knee exposure, 54, 55f for radius exposure, 117, 118f Thompson squeeze test, for Achilles tendon rupture, 2748 Thompson technique for quadriceps release, 965–966 for quadricepsplasty, 2571 Thompson telescoping V -osteotomy, 744–745, 744f Thoracic discography, 2183, 2183f

Thoracic insufﬁ ciency syndrome, 2044– 2052, 2046f expansion thoracoplasty for, 2046–2052 Thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthosis (TLSO) for adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2296–2297 for congenital scoliosis, 2035 for infantile idiopathic scoliosis, 1924 for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 1925 for Scheuermann disease, 2057 for spinal muscle atrophy, 2028 Thoracic outlet syndrome, congenital clavicular pseudoarthrosis and, 1239 Thoracic spine. See also Thoracolumbar spine anatomy of, 1729, 1730f approach to anterior, 1744–1747, 1745f posterior for costotransversectomy, 1754, 1754f T1 to T2, 1753, 1753f video-assisted, 1746–1747, 1746f cortisone injection of, 2174, 2175f costotransversectomy of, 1754, 1754f disc disease of. See Intervertebral disc disease, thoracic fracture of, 1815–1817, 1816f, 1818f. See also Thoracolumbar spine, fracture of pediatric, 1606–1607, 1608f kyphotic deformity of. See Kyphosis; Scheuermann disease pedicles of, 1732–1733, 1732f, 1733f Thoracodorsal nerve, 3663, 3663f Thoracolumbar junction, anterior approach to, 1747, 1748f Thoracolumbar spine column anatomy of, 1812, 1812f fracture of, 1810, 1812–1830, 1812f, 1813t anterior instrumentation for, 1821– 1825, 1822f–1823f anterior plate ﬁ xation for, 1825– 1829, 1826f, 1827f–1829f anterior vertebral body excision for, 1830, 1831f balloon kyphoplasty for, 1817, 1818f burst, 1812, 1815, 1820f, 1825– 1830, 1826f, 1827f–1829f, 1831f canal stenosis and, 1814–1815 cervical spine injury with, 1769, 1769f Chance, 1607, 1812 compression, 1812, 1815–1816, 1816f, 1818f computed tomography in, 1767 decompression for, 1813–1814, 1814f neurological injury with, 1814–1815 pedicle screw instrumentation for, 1817–1821, 1819f, 1820f

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Thoracolumbar spine—cont’d fracture of—cont’d vertebral compression, 1815–1817, 1816f, 1818f translation injury of, 1768–1769, 1768f, 1769f, 1812 Thoracoplasty anterior, 1993 expansion, 2046–2052, 2047f, 2048f–2049f posterior, 1979–1983, 1980f, 1981f, 1982f complications of, 1982–1983 Thromboembolism acetabular fracture and, 3334 hip arthroplasty and, 394–396, 394t knee arthroplasty and, 258, 281– 282 trauma and, 3075 Thrombophlebitis, arthroscopy-related, 2806–2807 Thrombosis free ﬂ ap, 3737 median artery, 4105 popliteal vein, 976 ulnar artery, 4104–4105, 4105f Throwing injury. See at Biceps brachii tendon; Elbow; Glenoid labrum; Shoulder Thumb. See also Finger(s) abducted, 4428–4429, 4429f adducted, 4268–4269, 4424–4425 abdominal ﬂ ap for, 4425, 4425f abductor digiti quinti opponensplasty for, 4428 incidence of, 4368t pinch with, 4129, 4129f ring sublimis opponensplasty for, 4427–4428, 4427f web deepening with sliding ﬂ ap for, 4268–4269, 4268f, 4269f, 4426, 4427f Z -plasty for, 4268, 4268f, 4425– 4426, 4425f, 4426f adduction of restoration of, 4133, 4135–4138 brachioradialis transfer for, 4136– 4138, 4136f, 4137f Brand transfer for, 4135, 4136f radial wrist extensor transfer for, 4136–4138, 4136f, 4137f Royle-Thompson transfer for, 4138, 4138f testing of, 3983 amputation of. See also Thumb, reconstruction of surgical, 655–656, 656f, 657f ﬂ ap in, 655–656, 656f traumatic. See Thumb, replantation of Bennett fracture of, 1540–1543, 1542f, 3925–3927, 3925f, 3926f, 3927f

Thumb—cont’d biﬁ d, 4410–4414, 4411f, 4412f, 4413f anatomy of, 4411 division for, 4413–4414, 4414f, 4415f incidence of, 4368t radiography of, 4412f blood supply of, 3836f bone shortening of, for replantation, 3724, 3724f bowler, 4304–4305, 4304f calcinosis circumscripta of, 4337, 4338f carpometacarpal joint of dislocation of, 3929–3931, 3931f fracture of, 3927–3929, 3928f, 3929f, 3930f pediatric, 1542, 1542f cerebral palsy–related deformity of. See Thumb-in-palm deformity clasped, 4431–4434, 4432f, 4433f classiﬁ cation of, 4431 nonoperative treatment of, 4431 collateral ligaments of, injury to, 3933–3940. See also Thumb, gamekeeper congenital absence of, 4430–4431, 4431f Buck-Gramcko pollicization for, 669–671, 670f incidence of, 4368t index ﬁ nger recession for, 4430– 4431, 4431f Littler pollicization for, 664–666, 665f–666f, 667f–668f Riordan pollicization for, 666, 668–669, 669f deformity of cerebral palsy–related. See Thumbin-palm deformity rheumatoid. See Rheumatoid arthritis, thumb deformity in dislocation of carpometacarpal, 3929–3931, 3931f metacarpophalangeal, 3931–3933, 3933f, 3934f palmar, 3933, 3933f, 3934f pediatric, 1543, 1543f extensor tendons of, repair of, 3912 ﬂ exor pollicis longus tendon of examination of, 3854 repair of ﬂ exor sublimis tendon transfer for, 3896–3897 primary, 3881–3882, 3881f, 3881t secondary, 3895–3897 rerouting of, 4429, 4429f ﬂ oating, 661, 4430, 4430f fracture of, 3925–3940 Bennett, 1540–1543, 1542f, 3925– 3927, 3925f, 3926f, 3927f metacarpal, 1540–1543, 1542f

Thumb—cont’d fracture of—cont’d metacarpophalangeal, 3931–3933, 3932f, 3933f, 3934f pediatric, 1540–1543, 1542f Rolando, 3927–3929, 3928f, 3929f, 3930f gamekeeper, 3933–3939, 3935f, 3936f, 4222–4223 anatomical pathology of, 3933– 3935, 3935f, 3936f extensor pollicis brevis tendon repair for, 3937–3939, 3938f, 3939f, 3940f imaging of, 3935, 3935f pediatric, 1541–1542, 1542f, 1543 suture repair for, 3936–3937, 3936f tension wire ﬁ xation for, 3937, 3937f hypoplastic, 4424–4434 classiﬁ cation of, 4424 four-ﬂ ap web Z -plasty for, 4426, 4426f incidence of, 4368t web deepening for, 4426, 4427f web Z -plasty for, 4425–4426, 4425f, 4426f incisions for, 3809f, 3810 interphalangeal joint of arthrodesis of, 4241 synovectomy of, 4223 metacarpal fracture of, 1540–1543, 1542f metacarpophalangeal joint of arthrodesis of, 4240, 4240f, 4242 arthroplasty of, 4225, 4227–4228, 4227f, 4228f dislocation of, 3931–3933, 3933f, 3934f palmar, 3933, 3933f, 3934f pediatric, 1543, 1543f fracture of, 3931–3933, 3932f, 3933f, 3934f reconstruction of, 4225, 4226f synovectomy of, 4223, 4224–4225 ulnar collateral ligament rupture of, 3933–3939. See also Thumb, gamekeeper in multiple-digit amputation, 656– 657, 657f opposition of, 4129 restoration of. See Pinch restoration overgrowth of, 4420–4424, 4421f, 4423–4424, 4423f radial collateral ligament injury of, 3939–3940 reconstruction of, 640, 640f, 660–671, 660f bone graft and skin ﬂ ap for, 661– 662, 663f Buck-Gramcko pollicization for, 669–671, 670f great toe transfer for, 3779–3782, 3781f

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Thumb—cont’d reconstruction of—cont’d great toe wraparound ﬂ ap for, 3775–3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f, 3779f level of, 660, 660f Littler pollicization for, 664–666, 665f–666f, 667f–668f Moberg advancement ﬂ ap for, 660, 661f osteoplastic, 662, 663f pollicization for, 662, 664–671, 665f–666f, 667f–668f, 669f, 670f for radial clubhand, 4386–4387, 4386f for radial clubhand, 4386–4387, 4386f requirements for, 660 Riordan pollicization for, 666, 668–669, 669f second toe transfer for, 3782–3785, 3783f, 3785f replantation of, 3718, 3720f, 3724– 3730. See also Replantation bone and joint management in, 3724–3725, 3724f circulatory compromise after, 3729 complications of, 3729–3730 digit transposition in, 3725 postoperative care in, 3728–3729 rehabilitation after, 3730 results of, 3716–3717 tendon repair in, 3725–3726 vessel repair in, 3726–3728, 3727f rheumatoid deformity of, 4222–4244. See also Rheumatoid arthritis, thumb deformity in Rolando fracture of, 3927–3929, 3928f, 3929f, 3930f short, 4424 shortening of, 4423–4424, 4423f skier’s. See Thumb, gamekeeper stenosing tenosynovitis of, 4300– 4304 synovectomy of interphalangeal, 4223 metacarpophalangeal, 4223 trapeziometacarpal, 4223–4224 trapeziometacarpal joint of arthrodesis of, 4242–4244, 4243f, 4244f synovectomy of, 4223–4224 trapeziometacarpal ligament of, reconstruction of, 4228– 4230, 4229f trigger, 4440–4442, 4441f triphalangeal, 4368t, 4414–4417, 4415f, 4416f radiography of, 4415f reduction osteotomy for, 4415, 4416–4417, 4416f ulnar collateral ligament rupture of. See Thumb, gamekeeper

Thumb—cont’d web space contractures of, 4268–4269, 4268f, 4269f excision and ﬂ ap for, 4268–4269, 4268f, 4269f Z -plasty for, 3813, 3815f, 4268, 4268f, 4424–4425, 4425f, 4426f Thumb-in-palm deformity, 4185–4192, 4185f, 4186t contracture release for, 4187–4189, 4188f, 4189f extensor pollicis longus redirection for, 4189, 4191–4192, 4191f ﬂ exor pollicis longus abductorplasty for, 4189, 4190f myotomy for, 4186–4187, 4187f Tibia adamantinoma of, 915f alignment of, for knee arthroplasty, 249–250, 249f, 261, 261f angular deformity of anterior, 1105–1106 posterior, 1105, 1105f approach to, 32–35 medial, 33 posterior, 33, 35, 36f posterolateral, 33, 34f–35f bowing of, 1105–1106, 1105f, 1107, 1107f, 1108f congenital deﬁ ciency of, 1118–1125, 1118f Brown procedure for, 1120, 1122f classiﬁ cation of, 1119, 1119f, 1120f, 1121f distal ﬁ bulotalar arthrodesis for, 1123 proximal tibioﬁ bular synostosis and Syme amputation for, 1120–1121, 1123–1124, 1123f Putti procedure for, 1121, 1123, 1124f congenital pseudarthrosis of, 1106–1111 bone grafting for, 1108, 1109, 1109f classiﬁ cation of, 1107–1108, 1107f, 1108f complications of, 1111 treatment of, 1108–1111, 1109f, 1110f diastasis of, 3474–3475 distal. See also Ankle Brodie abscess of, 702f desmoplastic ﬁ broma of, 867f diastasis of, 3474–3475 epiphysis of, hemiepiphysiodesis of, 1461–1463, 1462f, 1463f fracture of. See Tibial fracture, distal osteoblastoma of, 896f fracture of. See Tibial fracture graft from, 15, 18–19, 19f, 20f

Tibia—cont’d lengthening of, 1155, 1157 complications of, 1167–1169 in dwarﬁ sm, 1311 Ilizarov technique for, 1155, 1156f, 1157–1160, 1158f, 1159f over intramedullary nail, 1155, 1156f, 1160–1162, 1161f, 1162f, 1167, 1167f osteoﬁ brous dysplasia of, 865f osteomyelitis of, 698f, 699–700, 702f, 710f osteotomy of. See Tibial osteotomy plateau facture of. See Tibial fracture, proximal, plateau poliomyelitis-related deformity of, 1430 proximal chondromyxoid ﬁ broma of, 893f condyles of anatomy of, 2396 arthroscopy of, 2819–2820 fracture of. See Tibial fracture, proximal mechanics of, 2416, 2416f fracture of. See Tibial fracture, proximal giant cell tumor of, 789f–790f metastatic carcinoma of, 928f nonossifying ﬁ broma of, 863f osteosarcoma of, 830f–831f, 904f osteotomy of. See Tibial osteotomy, proximal peripheral defect of bone grafting for, 272–273, 274f after high osteotomy, 279, 279f metal wedge for, 273, 275f screw-augmented cement for, 272, 273f resection of, 829–838, 830f–831f, 833f–835f allograft arthrodesis with, 837, 837f rotationplasty of, 841, 841f shortening of diaphyseal, 1150, 1151f metaphyseal, 1150, 1150f shaft of, fracture of. See Tibial fracture, shaft superomedial region of, posterior approach to, 33, 35, 36f transplantation of, 18–19 Tibia graft, 15, 18–19, 19f, 20f Tibia vara, 1292–1304 adolescent, 1292 femoral varus in, 1294 focal ﬁ brocartilaginous dysplasia in, 1294, 1294f infantile, 1292 medial meniscal hypertrophy in, 1294 metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle in, 1292–1293, 1293f physeal bar in, 1294–1295 stages of, 1292–1293, 1292f

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Tibia vara—cont’d tibiofemoral angle in, 1292–1293, 1293f treatment of, 1294–1296 bracing for, 1294 chevron osteotomy for, 1294, 1298– 1299, 1299f closing wedge metaphyseal osteotomy for, 1294, 1295, 1295f complications of, 1304 double-elevating osteotomy for, 1295 epiphyseal and metaphyseal osteotomy for, 1299–1301, 1300f epiphyseal hemielevation for, 1302, 1303f external ﬁ xation for, 1296, 1296f hemicondylar tibial osteotomy for, 1295–1296, 1296f Ilizarov frame for, 1296–1297, 1302, 1303f intraepiphyseal osteotomy for, 1301– 1302, 1301f medial tibial plateau elevation for, 1295, 1295f metaphyseal osteotomy for, 1295, 1295f, 1296f, 1297–1298, 1297f, 1298f neurovascular complications of, 1304 results of, 1294–1297 Tibial artery occlusion, tibia vara treatment and, 1304 Tibial collateral ligament, 2399f, 2402–2403, 2402f–2406f. See also Medial collateral ligament bursitis of, 974 ﬁ brositis of, 974, 974f tear of, 2459–2460, 2460f, 2461f, 2462f Tibial condyles anatomy of, 2396 arthroscopy of, 2819–2820 fracture of. See Tibial fracture, proximal mechanics of, 2416, 2416f Tibial external rotation test, for knee ligament injury, 2447–2448, 2449f Tibial fracture distal. See also Ankle, fracture of; Tibial pilon fracture anterior margin, 3099–3100 intraarticular, 3101–3117. See also Tibial pilon fracture intramedullary nailing for, 3123–3125 pediatric. See Children, tibial fracture in posterior margin, 3097–3099, 3098f

Tibial fracture—cont’d pediatric. See Children, tibial fracture in proximal, 3123, 3123f, 3124f bicondylar, 3147–3148, 3148f, 3149f intercondylar eminence, 1668–1671, 1669f, 1670f, 1671f classiﬁ cation of, 1668–1669, 1669f complications of, 1669–1670 malunion of, 3484 reduction and ﬁ xation for, 1670– 1671, 1670f intramedullary nailing for, 3123, 3123f, 3124f lateral condyle, 3147–3148, 3148f, 3149f AO femoral distractor for, 3155 bracing for, 3153 comminuted, 3161 lateral autografts for, 3161 ligamentous injury with, 3157 malunion of, 3482–3484 mechanism of, 3155 open reduction and ﬁ xation for, 3156–3157, 3156f osteotomy and internal ﬁ xation for, 3483–3484 subcondylar osteotomy and wedge graft for, 3483 malunion of, 3482–3484 medial condyle, 3147, 3148f, 3149f, 3158–3159, 3160f bracing for, 3153 displaced, 3153 extensile approach for, 3158– 3159, 3159f ligamentous injury with, 3157 plate and screw ﬁ xation for, 3152–3153, 3152f pediatric. See Children, proximal tibial fracture in plateau, 3146–3161, 3147f arthritis after, 3152, 3157 arthroscopically assisted reduction and ﬁ xation for, 3157–3158 bracing for, 3153 circular external ﬁ xation for, 3160–3161, 3160f classiﬁ cation of, 3147–3151, 3148f, 3149f, 3150f comminuted, 3159–3160 computed tomography in, 3151 evaluation of, 3151 external ﬁ xation for, 3153–3154, 3153–3155, 3154f, 3155f four-part, 3151 fracture-dislocation, 3148–3151, 3150f hybrid external ﬁ xator for, 3153– 3154, 3154f Ilizarov external ﬁ xation for, 3154, 3155f infection and, 3154 lateral autografts for, 3161

Tibial fracture—cont’d proximal—cont’d plateau—cont’d ligament injury with, 3157 magnetic resonance imaging in, 3151 medial extensile exposure for, 3158–3159, 3159f metaphyseal and diaphyseal dissociation with, 3148, 3149f monolateral half-pin external ﬁ xation for, 3154–3155 nonoperative treatment for, 3151–3152 open reduction and ﬁ xation for, 3153, 3156–3157, 3156f osteochondral autograft for, 3161 percutaneous reduction for, 3153 plate and screw ﬁ xation for, 3152, 3152f plate ﬁ xation for, 3153 radiography in, 3151 rim avulsion, 3149–3151, 3150f rim compression, 3151 postarthroplasty, 291, 293f tuberosity, pediatric, 1671–1673, 1671f, 1672f shaft, 3117–3146 cast bracing for, 3119–3120 classiﬁ cation of, 3118 closed reduction for, 3119 delayed union of, 3146 evaluation of, 3118 external bone stimulation for, 3146 external ﬁ xation for, 3023f, 3125– 3127, 3125f, 3129–3138 AO ﬁ xator, 3126–3127 complications of, 3131, 3137– 3138, 3138f Hoffmann-Vidal-Adrey frame, 3126 Ilizarov device, 3131–3138, 3132f–3137f pin, 3129–3131, 3129f Taylor spatial frame, 3131–3132, 3133f ﬁ bular ﬁ xation for, 3146 foot deformity after, 3146 gunshot-related, 3028f, 3128, 3128f infection with, 3127, 3479 intramedullary nailing for, 3119, 3120–3125, 3121f, 3123f, 3127, 3128f, 3141–3146 blocking screws for, 3145, 3145f delayed union after, 3146 ﬂ exible nails in, 3121 interlocking nails in, 3121, 3141– 3146, 3141f knee pain after, 3125 nail placement for, 3142–3145, 3143f, 3144f patient position for, 3142, 3142f planning for, 3141–3142, 3141f

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Tibial fracture—cont’d shaft—cont’d intramedullary nailing for—cont’d reamed vs. unreamed, 3121–3123 table for, 3142, 3142f knee pain after, 3125 malunion of, 3476–3482 deformity with, 3477, 3478, 3478f evaluation of, 3477–3478 osteoarthritis and, 3477 osteotomy for, 3478–3482, 3478f, 3480f, 3481f–3482f nonoperative treatment of, 3118 nonunion of, 3549–3553 computed tomography of, 3553 dual onlay bone graft for, 3549, 3549f, 3550f Ilizarov external ﬁ xator for, 3543–3544, 3544f, 3552–3553 infection of, 3540, 3541f internal ﬁ xation for, 3551–3552, 3551f, 3552f partial ﬁ bulectomy for, 3549–3550 percutaneous bone marrow injection for, 3551 posterolateral bone graft for, 3550–3551 open, 3020t, 3127–3129, 3128f Ilizarov device for, 3136–3137, 3138f intramedullary nailing for, 3127, 3128f with mangled extremity, 3128– 3129, 3128f open reduction and plating for, 3120 percutaneous bone grafting for, 3146 percutaneous plating for, 3120 pins and plaster casting for, 3139 plate and screw ﬁ xation for, 3120, 3139–3141, 3140f postoperative care for, 3137–3138, 3138f prognosis for, 3118–3119 screw dynamization for, 3146 screw ﬁ xation for, 3139 soft-tissue reconstruction in, 3137 toe deformity after, 3146 Tscherne classiﬁ cation of, 3020t Tibial intercondylar eminence, fracture of, 1668–1671, 1669f, 1670f, 1671f classiﬁ cation of, 1668–1669, 1669f complications of, 1669–1670 malunion of, 3484 reduction and ﬁ xation for, 1670–1671, 1670f Tibial nerve anatomy of, 3695–3696, 3695f anesthetic block of, 4466, 4467f

Tibial nerve—cont’d constriction of. See Tarsal tunnel syndrome examination of, 3696 injury to, 3646t, 3647, 3695–3697 in popliteal fossa, 3696, 3696f tenderness over, 4718–4719 Tibial osteotomy distal, anterolateral, 30–31, 31f oblique, for tibial shaft fracture malunion, 3478–3482, 3478f, 3480f, 3481f–3482f proximal, 1002–1014 arthroscopic evaluation for, 2892–2893 barrel vault (dome), 1003, 1004f chevron, 1298–1299, 1299f contraindications to, 1003 epiphyseal and metaphyseal, 1299– 1301, 1300f ﬁ bular head excision in, 1005, 1007f for genu recurvatum, 1427, 1428f hemicondylar, for tibia vara, 1295– 1296, 1296f indications for, 1003 intraepiphyseal, 1301–1302, 1301f knee arthroplasty and, 278–279, 279f, 1014 lateral closing wedge, 1003, 1004– 1010, 1005f–1009f medial opening wedge, 1003, 1009–1010, 1010f, 1011f–1012f metaphyseal, 1297–1298, 1297f, 1298f opening wedge hemicallotasis, 1003, 1010–1014, 1011f–1012f osteotomy jig for, 1005, 1008f patella baja after, 1013–1014 for posterolateral instability, 2490, 2491f for rheumatoid arthritis, 994 screw ﬁ xation in, 1005, 1008f second-look arthroscopy after, 1003 tubercle, 295, 295f supramalleolar, 1463, 1464f, 1465f, 3475–3476, 3476f tibial tubercle, for revision knee arthroplasty, 295, 295f tibial tuberosity, for recurrent patellar dislocation, 2668–2669, 2669f Tibial pilon fracture, 3101–3117. See also Ankle, fracture of arthritis after, 3103 arthrodesis for, 3106, 3117 casting for, 3104 classiﬁ cation of, 3101–3102, 3102f computed tomography in, 3103, 3115, 3115f

Tibial pilon fracture—cont’d external ﬁ xation for, 3105, 3111–3117 ﬁ bular plating with, 3111–3112 hybrid, 3105, 3111, 3114–3117, 3115f, 3116f Ilizarov device, 3111 limited internal ﬁ xation with, 3111 spanning, 3105, 3111, 3112–3114, 3113f, 3114f functional outcome of, 3103–3104 ground-glass comminution with, 3103 minimally invasive plating for, 3108–3110 open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3103, 3104–3106, 3106– 3108, 3106f, 3107f, 3108f, 3109f posterolateral approach to, 3110–3111, 3110f radiography in, 3103 soft-tissue injury with, 3103 treatment plan for, 3102–3104 two-stage delayed open reduction and internal ﬁ xation for, 3105–3106 Tibial tendon anterior delayed repair of, 4802 insufﬁ ciency of, 4799–4802, 4800f diagnosis of, 4799–4800 rupture repair for, 4801–4802 synovectomy for, 4800–4801, 4801f posterior transfer of, 1407–1408 repair of, 4801–4802 rupture of, 4801–4802 split transfer of, 1374, 1375f, 1418– 1419, 1419f transfer of, for myelomeningocelerelated calcaneal deformity, 1459 posterior, 4783–4798 anterior transfer of, 1417–1418, 1417f, 1418f dislocation of, 2782 entrapment of, 3096, 3096f, 3097f insufﬁ ciency of, 4783–4784 accessory navicular and, 4797, 4799f, 4800f ankle-foot orthosis for, 4791, 4793f anterior calcaneal osteotomy for, 4795–4796 calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis for, 4795 classiﬁ cation of, 4784 diagnosis of, 4784–4788, 4788f, 4789f differential diagnosis of, 4788, 4790f, 4791f ﬂ exor digitorum longus transfer for, 4792–4795, 4793f, 4794f ﬂ exor hallucis longus transfer for, 4792–4795, 4793f, 4794f

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Tibial tendon—cont’d posterior—cont’d insufﬁ ciency of—cont’d magnetic resonance imaging in, 4787–4788 medial calcaneal displacement osteotomy for, 4796–4797 physical ﬁ ndings in, 4784, 4785f, 4786f, 4787f radiography in, 4785f, 4787, 4787f, 4789f, 4790f rheumatoid arthritis and, 4668 spring ligament repair for, 4795 stage I (tenosynovitis), 4784, 4788f, 4790–4791, 4792f, 4793f stage II, 4784, 4791–4797, 4793f, 4794f stage III, 4784, 4797, 4798f subtalar arthrodesis for, 4797 synovectomy for, 4790, 4792f treatment of, 4788, 4790–4798 lengthening of, 1371–1372, 1372f magnetic resonance imaging of, 132, 133f musculotendinous recession of, 1372 split transfer of, 1373–1374, 1373f, 1419 step-cut lengthening of, 1372, 1372f transfer of to dorsum of foot, 1507–1508, 1508f to dorsum of second metatarsal, 1508–1510, 1509f posterior, 1423–1425 Z -plasty lengthening of, 1371–1372 Tibial tubercle osteotomy, for revision knee arthroplasty, 295, 295f Tibial tuberosity advancement of, 2569–2570, 2569f bone pegs for, 1256, 1256f epiphysitis of, 1251, 1255–1256, 1256f excision of, 1256, 1256f fracture of, 1671–1673, 1671f, 1672f oblique osteotomy of, for recurrent patellar dislocation, 2668– 2669, 2669f Tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis, 181–186 Calandruccio II external ﬁ xation device in, 181–186 intramedullary nailing in, 184–186, 184f, 185f, 186f Tibiofemoral angle, tibia vara and, 1292–1293, 1293f Tibioﬁ bular joint distal. See also Ankle fusion of, 3765, 3767f proximal, 3604, 3604f calciﬁ cations of, 972f dislocation of, 3579–3580, 3580f, 3581f unreduced, 3604, 3604f subluxation of, 3580, 3580f

Tibioﬁ bular ligament inferior anterior, 2354, 2355f thickened distal fascicles of, 2376, 2376f, 2377f posterior, 2354, 2355f interosseous, 2355, 2355f transverse, inferior, 2354–2355, 2355f Tibioﬁ bular syndesmosis, 2354–2355, 2355f injury to, 3090–3092, 3091f rupture of, 2359–2360, 2359f, 2360f Tibioﬁ bular synostosis for congenital pseudarthrosis, 1106, 1106f for tibial hemimelia, 1120–1121, 1123–1124, 1123f Tibiotalar angle, 2901, 2903f Tibiotalar arthrodesis, 171–181 Blair technique for, 180–181, 181f, 4859, 4859f, 4862–4863, 4862f Calandruccio II external ﬁ xation device in, 175–179, 177f–178f iliac crest bone graft in, 171, 172f miniarthrotomy in, 174–175, 175f, 176f narrowing osteotomy of malleolus in, 179–180, 180f screw ﬁ xation in, 171–174, 173f sliding bone graft in, 180–181, 181f Tibiotalar ligament, anterior, 2353–2355, 2354f Tibone and Bradley technique, for posterior capsular shift procedure, 2709–2710, 2711f Tillaux fracture, 1690–1693, 1690f, 1691f open reduction and ﬁ xation of, 1691, 1692f percutaneous reduction and ﬁ xation of, 1692f, 1693 Tilt test, patellar, 2657, 2888–2889, 2888f Tincture of iodine, 8 Tinel sign, 2719, 3649–3650, 4286, 4288t Tip-apex distance (TAD), for hip fracture, 3241–3242, 3242f Tissue culture, quantitative, 684 Titanium, 3048 Tobramycin, in spinal infection, 2246 Toby et al. technique, for toe-phalanx transplantation, 4437–4438 Tochigi et al. technique, for talar exposure, 31, 31f Toe(s), 4625–4663. See also Great toe amputation of, 579–587 central ray, 586–587, 588f ﬁ fth, 579, 580f, 585, 585f, 586f ﬁ rst, 565, 565f, 582, 583f, 585, 586f for frostbite, 564–565

Toe(s)—cont’d amputation of—cont’d for macrodactyly, 1067, 1067f metatarsophalangeal joint disarticulation in, 583–585, 583f, 584f for polydactyly, 1064, 1065f proximal phalangeal base preservation in, 582–583, 583f second, 579, 580f, 581, 582f technique of, 581 total, 579–580, 581, 581f, 582f, 587, 589f transmetatarsal, 587, 589f approaches to, 24–25, 25f, 26f bunion of. See Bunionette claw, 4630–4631, 4630f. See also Great toe, clawed cavus foot and, 4731f, 4735–4739, 4737f, 4738f, 4740f etiology of, 4630 myelomeningocele-related, 1460 rheumatoid arthritis–related, 4667, 4668f congenital anomalies of, 1063–1067, 1064f, 1065f, 1066f, 1067f contracture, 1070–1072, 1072f, 1073f macrodactyly, 1064–1067, 1066f polydactyly, 1063–1064, 1064f, 1065f syndactyly, 1064 corns of, 4644–4652 clinical ﬁ ndings in, 4644–4646, 4644f, 4645f hard, 4644f, 4646 interdigital, 4645f, 4646–4648, 4647f soft, 4645f, 4646–4648, 4647f crossover, 4632t, 4635f diabetes-related deformity of, 4703– 4704, 4704f ﬁ fth amputation of, 579, 580f, 585, 585f, 586f contracture of, 1070–1072, 1072f, 1073f fracture of, 4889–4890, 4890f malunion of, 3463 pediatric, 1701–1702, 1704f frostbite of, 564–565 great. See Great toe hammer, 4630–4640, 4630f, 4632t, 4644 bone and joint procedures for, 4630–4632, 4631t clinical ﬁ ndings in, 4630, 4630f etiology of, 4630–4631 hallux valgus and, 4473, 4474f metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation with, 4637–4640, 4637f, 4638f, 4639f, 4640f mild, 4632

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Toe(s)—cont’d hammer—cont’d moderate, 4632, 4633, 4634f, 4635f nonoperative treatment of, 4630, 4631t rheumatoid disease and, 4668, 4668f, 4670 severe, 4632–4633, 4635f–4636f, 4636–4640, 4637f, 4638f, 4639f, 4640f soft-tissue procedures for, 4630, 4631t instability of, 4625–4630 anatomy of, 4625–4626, 4626f diagnosis of, 4626, 4627f etiology of, 4625 ﬂ exor-to-extensor transfer for, 4627–4630, 4628f, 4629f nonoperative treatment of, 4626 operative treatment of, 4626–4630, 4628f, 4629f interphalangeal joint of, dislocation of, 4887–4888, 4887f long extensor tendons of, for ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3887–3888, 3888f macrodactyly of, 1064–1067, 1066f mallet, 4632t, 4640–4644, 4642f, 4643f correction of, 4641–4644, 4641f, 4642f etiology of, 4640–4641, 4641f ﬂ exor tenotomy for, 4642 resection dermodesis for, 4642– 4643, 4643f terminal Syme procedure for, 4642, 4642f, 4643–4644 metatarsophalangeal joint of. See Metatarsophalangeal joint(s) neuroma of. See Neuroma, interdigital (Morton) polydactyly of, 1063–1064, 1064f, 1065f ray reduction for, 1066–1067 resection of, for rheumatoid deformity, 4680, 4682–4683, 4682f, 4683f second amputation of (surgical), 579, 580f, 581, 582f clawed, 4737–4739, 4738f transfer of, 3782–3785, 3783f, 3785f stroke-related ﬂ exion of, 1387 syndactyly of, 1064 tailor’s bunion of. See Bunionette third, single-stage transfer of, 3782–3785 tourniquet for, 6 transfer of great toe, 3779–3782, 3781f multiple, 3782, 3782f second, 3782–3785, 3783f, 3785f third, 3782–3785

Toe(s)—cont’d transplantation of, for hypoplastic digit, 4435, 4437–4438 Toe spacer, after bunionectomy, 4487, 4487f Toenails anatomy of, 4761, 4762f dystrophic, 4776, 4776f glomus tumor of, 4778–4781, 4790f incurvated, 4773, 4775f ingrown, 4761–4776. See also Ingrown toenail periungual ﬁ broma of, 4777–4778, 4779f subungual exostosis of, 4777, 4777f, 4778f subungual ﬁ broma of, 4777–4778 subungual melanoma of, 4781, 4781f trimming of, 4762, 4763f turned up deformity of, 4764, 4764f Tolin and Snyder technique, for distal clavicle resection, 2988– 2989, 2989f Tomaino et al. technique, for scaphoid nonunion, 4030–4031, 4031f Tongue-splitting technique, for transoral cervical spine exposure, 1891, 1892f Tonic neck reﬂ ex, in cerebral palsy, 1338, 1339f, 1340f Tooth sign, 2759, 2760f Torg et al. technique, for ﬁ fth metatarsal fracture reduction and grafting, 4883–4884, 4884f Torgerson et al. technique, for elbow synovectomy, 998–999, 999f Torticollis, congenital, 1233–1238, 1235f, 1236f bipolar release for, 1237–1238, 1238f unipolar release for, 1236–1237, 1236f, 1237f Tourniquet(s), 4–6 for amputation, 569 for arthroscopy, 2799, 2807 curved, 4, 5f digit, 6 Esmarch, 5–6 for foot and ankle surgery, 4462– 4463, 4463f for hand injury examination, 3822, 3824 for hand surgery, 3804, 3805–3806, 3805f, 3806t paralysis with, 5 pneumatic, 4, 24 application of, 5, 6t for hand surgery, 3805–3806, 3806t routine checks for, 4–5 straight, 4, 5f Traction for acetabular fracture, 3309–3310 for atlas fracture, 1785 for cervical disc disease, 2190

Traction—cont’d for cervical spine injury, 1776–1777, 1776f, 1776t for developmental/congenital dysplasia of hip, 1185–1186 for distal femoral fracture, 3187–3188 for distal radius fracture, 3444–3445 for femoral shaft fracture, 1653–1654, 1654f, 3190–3191 for hip dislocation, 3607–3608, 3608f for hip fracture, 3238 peroneal nerve injury and, 1654 for supracondylar femoral fracture, 3187–3188 for supracondylar humeral fracture, 1585 Traction cast, for distal radius fracture, 3444–3445 Traction suspension system, for shoulder arthroscopy, 2924–2926, 2925f Transarticular C1-2 screw ﬁ xation, 1792–1793, 1794f Transarticular cross-screw ankle ﬁ xation, 167, 167f Transepiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2873–2876, 2874b, 2876f Transfemoral amputation, 608–612, 609f, 610f, 611f for osteosarcoma, 566–567, 566f Transhumeral amputation, 629–630, 630f Transiliac lengthening, 1153, 1154f Transiliac osteotomy, 1211–1215, 1212f–1213f Transiliac rod ﬁ xation, for sacral fracture, 3354, 3355f Transition syndrome, in spinal stenosis, 2283–2284 Transmetatarsal amputation, 587, 589f for diabetic foot, 4713, 4713f Transoral cervical spine approach Fang and Ong technique for, 1890– 1891, 1891f Hall et al. technique for, 1891, 1892f Transosseous suture ﬁ xation, for proximal humeral fracture, 3380, 3380f, 3383, 3383f, 3384, 3384f Transpedicular eggshell osteotomy, for congenital scoliosis, 2042, 2044 Transplantation bone, 18, 19–20, 20f, 21f chondrocyte. See Chondrocyte implantation epiphysis, 3786 ﬁ bula, 18, 19–20, 20f, 21f for fracture nonunion, 3536–3537, 3537f, 3562, 3562f joint, 3786 meniscus, 2430–2432, 2430f, 2842– 2845, 2844f

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Transplantation—cont’d osteochondral allograft for articular cartilage injury of knee, 2555, 2557f for lateral tibial condylar fracture, 3161 for talar osteochondritis dissecans, 2381, 2383–2384, 2383f, 2386–2389, 2387f–2388f pes anserinus, 2471–2475, 2473f, 2475f toe-phalanx, 4435, 4437–4438 Transport, in traumatic amputation, 3722 Transradial amputation, 626–628, 628f Transscaphoid perilunar dislocation dorsal, 4076f, 4077 palmar, 4077 Transtibial amputation, 600–605, 600f, 602f, 604f in children, 574, 574f infection after, 571, 571f Transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy, 1039–1040, 1040f Transverse carpal ligament, 4000 Transverse closing wedge intertrochanteric osteotomy, 748, 749f Transverse ligament, cervical rupture of, 1785–1787 tear of, 1785, 1787f Transverse opening wedge intertrochanteric osteotomy, 748, 749–750, 749f Transverse process hook, for multihook segmental instrumentation, 1955–1956 Transverse scapular ligament division, posterior approach for, 3671– 3672, 3672f Transverse supracondylar osteotomy of femur, 743–744, 744f Trapeziocapitate ligament, 4001f, 4002f Trapeziometacarpal joint arthrodesis of, 4230–4231, 4242–4244, 4243f, 4244f arthroplasty of, 4230–4241, 4230t excisional, 4231 implant, 4236–4241, 4237f, 4238f, 4239f, 4240f infection after, 4241 interpositional, 4241 tendon interposition, 4231–4236, 4232f, 4235f synovectomy of, 4223–4224 Trapeziometacarpal ligament, reconstruction of, 4228– 4230, 4229f Trapeziotrapezoid ligament, 4001f, 4002f Trapezium anatomy of, 3999–4000, 4000f fracture of, 4036t–4037t, 4039–4040, 4039f, 4040f pediatric, 1544

Trapezius paralysis of, 1439 transfer of, for deltoid muscle paralysis, 1439, 1440f, 1441– 1442, 1441f Trapezoid anatomy of, 3999–4000, 4000f fracture of, 4037t, 4039–4040 pediatric, 1544 Trapezoidal dorsal radiocarpal ligament, 4000–4001 Trauma, 3021–3039. See also at speciﬁ c bones, nerves, and soft tissues Advanced Trauma Life Support system in, 3024 amputation after, 562–564 blood loss in, 3024 bone. See Fracture(s) damage control concept in, 3023– 3024, 3023f débridement and irrigation in, 3035– 3038, 3036t, 3037t emergency treatment in, 3024–3025, 3032–3033 hospital centers for, 3021–3023 immune response in, 3024 Mangled Extremity Severity Score in, 563, 563t, 3029, 3029t radiography in, 3025 severity scores for, 3020–3021, 3029– 3030, 3029t, 3030b thromboembolic complications of, 3075 total care in, 3022–3023 Treacy et al. technique, for rotator interval closure, 2958–2959 Treadmill testing, in spinal stenosis, 2280 Treponema pallidum infection, 764–765 Triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex (TFCC) anatomy of, 4000, 4000f dorsal ligament of, reconstruction of, 4057, 4058f lesions of, 4045–4053, 4045b degenerative, 4045b, 4046. See also Ulnocarpal impaction traumatic, 4045–4046, 4045b tears of, 4045–4053, 4045b. See also Radioulnar joint, distal, chronic instability of arthroscopic débridement of, 4046– 4047, 4064–4065, 4064f arthroscopic repair of, 4047–4048, 4049–4052, 4050f, 4051f, 4052f magnetic resonance imaging of, 150, 150f open repair of, 4048–4049, 4052– 4053, 4052f Triceps muscle paralysis of, 1448 transfer of, for elbow ﬂ exion, 4389–4390

Triceps muscle—cont’d V Y lengthening of, for unreduced elbow dislocation, 3623– 3624, 3624f Triceps-reﬂ ecting approach for distal humeral fracture, 3401, 3402t, 3403f for humeral shaft fracture, 3392–3394, 3393f–3394f Triceps-splitting approach, for distal humeral fracture, 3401, 3402t, 3404f Triceps tendon anterior transfer of, 1444–1445, 1445f avulsion of, 150, 152f rupture of, 2776–2777, 2777f snapping of, 971 Triclosan, 677, 677t Tricompartmental arthroplasty. See Knee arthroplasty, tricompartmental Trigen nail for femoral shaft fracture, 3204–3207, 3204f–3205f for osteogenesis imperfecta, 1309, 1309f for subtrochanteric hip fracture, 3266–3270, 3267f–3268f for supracondylar femoral fracture, 3188–3190, 3189f Trigger ﬁ nger, 4300–4304, 4304f congenital, 4368t, 4440–4442, 4441f Trigger thumb, 4440–4442, 4441f Triphalangeal thumb, 4368t, 4414–4417, 4415f, 4416f reduction osteotomy for, 4415, 4416– 4417, 4416f Triplanar osteotomy and lateral ligament reconstruction, for calcaneocavovarus deformity, 4749–4752, 4750f Triplane fracture, 1689–1690, 1689f, 1690f Triple-antibiotic solution, 678 Triple (calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, subtalar) arthrodesis, 1412– 1415, 1413f for calcaneonavicular coalition, 4612 for cavus deformity, 4749, 4749f, 4752–4757, 4753f, 4754f, 4755f, 4756f for equinovalgus deformity, 1378, 1378f for pes planus, 4594–4597, 4594f, 4596f for posterior tibial tendon insufﬁ ciency, 4797, 4798f for resistant clubfoot, 1097–1098, 1099f for rheumatoid deformity, 4688–4692, 4688f, 4691f for talocalcaneal coalition, 4615, 4615f for vertical talus, 1105

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Triple innominate osteoplasty, for congenital dysplasia of hip, 1202–1203, 1204t, 1209– 1211, 1209f, 1211f Triple tenodesis, for genu recurvatum, 1428–1429, 1429f Triquetrocapitate ligament, 4001f Triquetrohamate arthrodesis, 4090 Triquetrohamate ligament, 4001f, 4002f Triquetrolunate ligament, injury to, 4077 Triquetrum anatomy of, 3999–4000, 4000f fracture of, 1544–1545, 4036t Triradiate cartilage injury, 1611–1613, 1613f, 1614f Triscaphe arthrodesis, 4086–4088, 4087f Trochanter advancement of, 1277–1278, 1280f dislocation of, osteotomy-related, 413, 413f epiphysiodesis of, 1280 fracture of. See Hip fracture, intertrochanteric; Hip fracture, subtrochanteric iliopsoas release at, 1351 nonunion of, osteotomy-related, 411– 414, 413f, 414f osteotomy of. See Trochanteric osteotomy overgrowth of, in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1276–1278, 1279f, 1280f tuberculosis of, 761 Trochanteric arthroplasty, septic arthritis and, 748 Trochanteric bursa infection of, 979–980 inﬂ ammation of, 980 Trochanteric osteotomy, 364–368 complications of, 411–414, 413f, 414f extended, 364, 365f, 366, 433, 433f for revision hip arthroplasty, 436– 438, 437f, 438f for intertrochanteric fracture, 3253– 3254, 3254f for intertrochanteric fracture malunion, 3491–3492 for revision arthroplasty, 433, 433f slide technique for, 364, 365–366, 365f, 366f, 433, 433f standard, 364–365, 365f, 433, 433f wire ﬁ xation for, 366–367, 367f, 368f, 413, 414f Trochanteric tendon, inﬂ ammation of, 980, 980f Trousdale and Linscheid technique, for malunion-related distal radioulnar joint instability, 3508 True-Flex intramedullary nailing system, 3433, 3433f

Trumble et al. technique for talectomy, 1098–1100, 1100f for triangular ﬁ brocartilage complex repair, 4049–4052, 4051f Truncated cone arthrodesis, of ﬁ rst metatarsophalangeal joint, 4529, 4530f Trunk decompensation, after scoliosis surgery, 1979 Tscherne-Gotzen classiﬁ cation, of closed fractures, 3020, 3022f Tseng and Tornetta technique, for Morel-Lavallée lesion drainage, 3035, 3035f Tsuge technique, for macrodactyly debulking, 4422–4423, 4422f Tuberculosis, 753–763 ankle, 759 biopsy in, 755 bone scan in, 755 clavicle, 761 clinical presentation of, 754 computed tomography in, 755 diaphyseal, 763 elbow, 762, 762f epidemiology of, 753–754 femoral neck, 760–761 foot, 756–759, 756f, 757f, 758f calcaneal excision in, 758 cuboid excision in, 758, 758f cuneiform excision in, 757, 758f curettage in, 756, 757f metatarsal excision in, 757 navicular excision in, 757–758, 758f talus excision in, 759 hand, 762–763, 4360 hip, 391, 759–761, 760f, 761f historical epidemiology of, 753 ilium, 760 knee, 759–760, 759f laboratory ﬁ ndings in, 754–755 long bone, 763, 763f magnetic resonance imaging in, 755, 756f metaphyseal, 763 musculoskeletal involvement in, 754 nonoperative treatment of, 755 operative treatment of, 755–763 patella, 759–760 plain radiography in, 755 pubis, 761 sacroiliac joint, 761 shoulder, 761 spinal, 2239, 2239f, 2250–2253, 2251t atypical, 2253 cervical, 2252–2253 débridement and arthrodesis for, 2258–2264, 2259f, 2260f drainage for, 2254–2255, 2254f dorsal, 2255–2256, 2255f epidemiology of, 2241–2242, 2242t incidence of, 2241–2242

Tuberculosis—cont’d spinal—cont’d treatment of, 2252–2253, 2253f, 2258–2267 anterolateral decompression for, 2265–2267, 2266f costotransversectomy for, 2255– 2256, 2255f, 2256f débridement and arthrodesis for, 2258–2264, 2259f–2264f dorsolateral approach for, 2264– 2265, 2265f drainage for, 2254–2255, 2254f venous spread of, 2239–2240, 2240f tenosynovial, 4360 trochanter, 761 ulna, 763, 763f wrist, 762–763, 763f Tumor(s), 775–845. See also speciﬁ c bone and soft-tissue tumors age and, 776, 776b aggressive, 776 amputation for, 566–567, 566f biopsy of, 777, 780–781, 780f, 782f complications of, 780, 782f incision in, 782f resection vs., 781, 783f bone scan in, 776–777, 778f computed tomography in, 776, 777, 778f diaphyseal, 776, 776b differential diagnosis of, 776, 776b epiphyseal, 776, 776b evaluation of, 775–781, 776b gallium scan in, 777 laboratory tests in, 777 magnetic resonance imaging of, 151–155, 153f, 154f, 155f, 777 metastatic. See Metastatic disease pain with, 775 physical examination in, 775–776 pseudocapsule of, 788 radiography of, 776, 777, 778f spinal. See Spinal tumors and speciﬁ c tumors staging of, 778–780, 779t treatment of adjuvant, 781, 784–785 chemotherapy for, 784–785, 786t radiation for, 781, 784 surgical, 785–793. See also at speciﬁ c sites and tumors amputation vs. limb salvage in, 785–788, 787f, 788f in children, 793, 793f, 794f curettage in, 788–791, 789f– 790f intralesional margin in, 787–788, 787f marginal margin in, 787f, 788 margins in, 787–788, 787f radical margin in, 787f, 788

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Tumor(s)—cont’d treatment of—cont’d surgical—cont’d reconstruction in, 791–793, 792f, 793f, 794f, 795f wide margin in, 787f, 788 ultrasonography in, 777 Turco and Spinella technique, for Achilles tendon repair, 2752, 2752f Turi technique, for proximal tibial osteotomy, 1010–1014, 1011f–1012f Turnover ﬂ ap, 3830, 3832, 3832f for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 643, 644f, 646 Two-bundle technique, for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 2871–2873, 2872f Two-incision technique, for bonepatellar tendon-bone graft, 2865, 2867–2869, 2868f Typhoid fever, 764

U U approach, to calcaneus, 25, 27f Ueba technique, for hand cleft closure, 4398, 4399f Uematsu technique, for shoulder arthrodesis, 214–215, 215f Ulcer diabetic. See Diabetic foot, ulcers of ﬁ ngertip, 4201 Ulna approach to, 117, 120–122, 121f bowing of, 1550–1551, 1557, 1557f congenital hypoplasia of, 4368t, 4400, 4400f. See also Clubhand, ulnar congenital pseudarthrosis of, 1242, 1242f distal. See also Radioulnar joint, distal; Wrist fracture of nonunion of, 3564–3565 ﬁ bular transplant for, 3536–3537 pediatric, 1545–1546, 1546f physeal, 1545, 1546f, 1556, 1556f radioulnar joint disruption with, 1556, 1556f styloid, 3523 giant cell tumor of, 814f growth of, 1535, 1536f lengthening of, in Kienböck disease, 4042 osteotomy of, 1558, 1558f, 3521, 3521f plastic deformity of, 1550–1551 resection of, 814, 814f, 3511, 3521– 3523, 3522f shortening osteotomy of, 3521, 3521f

Ulna—cont’d duplication of, 4418–4420, 4418f, 4419f ﬁ brocartilage anlage of, 4401, 4402 head of. See Ulnar head proximal. See also Elbow cross union at, 1550, 1551f excision of, 807, 811f–812f, 4419–4420 fracture of nonunion of, 3563, 3564–3565, 3564f, 3565 ﬁ bular transplant for, 3536–3537 pediatric, 1548, 1550–1556, 1552f, 1553f, 1554f, 1555f radial head dislocation with. See Monteggia fracturedislocation reconstruction of extensor carpi ulnaris tenodesis for, 4066, 4067f, 4068–4070, 4069f, 4070f ﬁ bular transplant for, 3536– 3537 ﬂ exor carpi ulnaris tenodesis for, 4068–4070, 4069f, 4070f shaft of, fracture of, 3425–3441, 3426f ForeSight intramedullary nailing for, 3433–3441, 3434f, 3435f–3440f iliac bone graft for, 3428 intramedullary nailing for, 3426, 3427f, 3431–3441, 3432f–3435f malunion of, 3509 nonunion of, 3564–3565 ﬁ bular transplant for, 3536– 3537 open, 3441 pediatric, 1546–1548, 1547f, 1549f, 1550f plate ﬁ xation for, 3428–3431, 3428f, 3429f, 3430f, 3431f refracture of, 3428–3429 segmental, 3432, 3432f Stainless Steel taper intramedullary nailing system for, 3433, 3434f True-Flex intramedullary nailing system for, 3433, 3433f shortening of. See Ulnar shortening tuberculosis of, 763, 763f Ulnar artery Allen test of, 4103, 4104f aneurysm of, 4298, 4299f injury to, 3824 ischemia of, 4103 thrombosis of, 4104–4105, 4105f Ulnar bow sign, 1557, 1557f Ulnar bursa, infection of, 4354–4355, 4355f

Ulnar collateral ligament elbow anatomy of, 2717–2718, 2717f arthroscopic examination of, 3003, 3003f lateral, 2717, 2717f magnetic resonance imaging of, 150, 152f medial, 2717, 2717f reconstruction of, 2720–2723, 2721f Andrews et al. technique, 2722– 2723, 2723f Jobe technique, 2720–2722, 2720f Nestor, O’Driscoll, and Morrey technique, 2726–2728, 2727f, 2728f thumb, rupture of. See Thumb, gamekeeper Ulnar drift deformity, 4211, 4214–4216 mild-to-moderate, 4211, 4214–4215, 4214f, 4215f severe, 4215–4216, 4216f, 4217f Ulnar head, excision of, 3521–3523, 3522f for Madelung deformity, 4450, 4450f for ulnocarpal impaction, 4059, 4060f Ulnar hypothenar ﬂ ap, for ﬁ ngertip amputation, 643, 645f, 650 Ulnar nerve anatomy of, 3663, 3663f anesthetic block of, 3802–3803, 3804f compression of. See Ulnar tunnel syndrome deep branch of, repair of, 3991–3992, 3992f, 3993f dorsal branch of, repair of, 3992–3993 examination of, 3678–3679, 3679f injury to, 3646t, 3647, 3678–3683, 3679f delayed repair of, 3681 elbow dislocation and, 3409 high, 4155, 4155f, 4157 low, 4140f, 4153–4155, 4154f, 4156–4157, 4157f tendon transfers for, 4154–4155, 4154f, 4155f medial epicondylar fracture and, 1577 pedicle grafting for, 3657 postoperative, 3678 reconstruction after, 3681 sensory effects of, 3642–3643, 3642t splints for, 3817f supracondylar fracture and, 1586, 1590 tardy, 3678, 3681–3683, 3682f lateral condylar fracture nonunion and, 1570, 1570f, 1575 lipoﬁ broma of, 4314, 4315f motor testing of, 3983 palmar distribution of, 3811f in patient positioning, 7, 8f pressure on, 7, 8f

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Ulnar nerve—cont’d reconstruction of, 3681, 3681f repair of, 3679–3681, 3679f, 3991– 3993, 3992f sensory examination of, 3679, 3679f Tinel test of, 2719 transposition of, 3682–3683, 3682f, 3683f for tardy ulnar nerve palsy, 3682– 3683, 3682f, 3683f Ulnar osteotomy, 1558, 1558f, 3521, 3521f, 4059, 4060f, 4061f for congenital radioulnar synostosis, 1244–1245, 1244f Ulnar shortening, 4061–4070 distal radioulnar arthrodesis for, 4065–4066, 4065f, 4066f matched distal ulnar resection for, 4062–4063, 4062f wafer distal ulnar resection and TFCC débridement for, 4064–4065, 4064f wafer distal ulnar resection for, 4063– 4064, 4063f Ulnar styloid fracture, 3523 Ulnar tunnel syndrome, 4298, 4298f, 4299f Ulnar variance, 3442, 3442f Ulnocapitate ligament, 4001f Ulnocarpal impaction, 4045b, 4046, 4057–4059 distal radioulnar ligament reconstruction in, 4060–4061 ulnar head excision in, 4059, 4060f ulnar shortening osteotomy in, 4059, 4060f, 4061f Ulnocarpal joint, arthroscopy of. See Wrist arthroscopy Ulnohumeral arthroplasty, 1032, 1033f Ulnolunate ligament, 4000, 4001f Ulnotriquetral ligament, 4000, 4001f Ultrasonography infection, 683 septic arthritis, 724 tumor diagnosis, 777 Ultrasound therapy for fracture nonunion, 3539 for fracture treatment, 3046 for scaphoid fracture, 4021 Ultraviolet light, in operating room, 677 Unguis incarnatus. See Ingrown toenail Unicameral bone cyst, 866, 868, 868f Unicompartmental knee arthrolasty. See Knee arthroplasty, unicondylar Unipolar release, for congenital muscular torticollis, 1236–1237, 1236f, 1237f Unit rod segmental spinal instrumentation, 2015, 2017f, 2018–2019, 2018f

Upper extremity. See also Arm; Finger(s); Forearm; Hand; Shoulder; Wrist amputation of hand, 639–671. See also Finger(s), amputation of; Thumb, amputation of shoulder, 630–633, 632f, 633f transhumeral, 629–630, 630f transradial, 626–628, 628f wrist, 625–626, 626f, 627f embolism to, 4105 positioning of, for peripheral nerve repair, 3656–3657 replantation in. See Replantation and at speciﬁ c structures Urbaniak et al. technique for elbow contracture release, 2642, 2643f for great toe wraparound ﬂ ap, 3775– 3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f, 3779f for scapular ﬂ ap dissection, 3742–3743, 3743f for vascularized ﬁ bular graft, 1037– 1039, 1038f–1039f

V Vaccination infection prevention with, 676 polio, 1402 Valgus deformity ankle. See Ankle, valgus deformity of elbow. See Cubitus valgus foot. See Calcaneovalgus deformity; Equinovalgus deformity hallux. See Hallux valgus knee, 1407, 1407f arthroplasty and, 269–270, 269f, 270f cerebral palsy and, 1365 osteoarthritis and, 993, 993f Valgus (abduction) stress test, 2439, 2439f Valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy for acquired coxa vara, 1624–1628, 1625f, 1626t, 1627f for congenital coxa vara, 1221–1222, 1221f van Dam technique, for spondylolytic defect repair, 2081–2092, 2082f, 2083f Van Nes technique, for rotationplasty, 1134–1136, 1134f, 1135f, 1136f Varus deformity elbow. See Cubitus varus foot. See also Calcaneocavovarus deformity; Cavovarus deformity; Clubfoot stroke-related, 1387 hallux. See Hallux varus hip. See Coxa vara

Varus deformity—cont’d knee, 1407, 1407f arthroplasty and, 268 osteoarthritis and, 993, 993f tibial. See Tibia vara Varus derotational osteotomy for cerebral palsy–related hip dislocation, 1353–1354, 1355f, 1356f for hip dysplasia, 1197–1198, 1199f for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 1266, 1268–1273, 1269f, 1271f– 1272f, 1274t Varus (adduction) stress test, for knee ligament injury, 2439, 2440f Varus supramalleolar osteotomy, 1127, 1127f Varus-valgus constrained knee prosthesis, 243–244, 244f Vascular disease, replantation and, 3721 Vascular tumor benign, 942, 946, 946f malignant, 916–917, 916f Vascularized bone graft, 3759–3768. See also Bone graft/graﬁ ng, vascularized Vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis, 4673 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 4198, 4198f Vasodilation, peripheral nerve injury and, 3644 Vastus lateralis, 2398–2399, 2655 Vastus medialis, 2398 Vastus medialis longus, 2655 Vastus medialis obliquus, 2655 repair of, 2661 VATER ( v ertebral segmentation deﬁ ciencies, a nal atresia, t racheoesophageal ﬁ stula, e sophageal atresia, r enal abnormalities, and radial ray deﬁ ciency), 4376 Vein graft, 3710, 3711f for digit replantation, 3724, 3727 for ischemic hand disorders, 4105, 4105f Venography, post-hip arthroplasty, 394–395 Venous insufﬁ ciency, postreplantation, 3729 Venous thrombosis acetabular fracture and, 3334 hip arthroplasty and, 394–396, 394t knee arthroplasty and, 258, 281–282 popliteal, 976 post-traumatic, 3075 Verdan technique, for thumb reconstruction, 662, 663f Verebelyi-Ogston technique for arthrogryposis-related clubfoot, 1476, 1477f for myelomeningocele-related clubfoot, 1457

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Verrucous hyperplasia, after amputation, 573 Verstreken et al. technique, for closed intramedullary nailing, 1548, 1550f Vertebra (vertebrae). See also Spine cervical. See Cervical spine excision of, 2101–2104, 2102f, 2104f fracture of cervical, 1798–1799, 1799f thoracic, 1815–1817, 1816f, 1818f lumbar. See Lumbar spine; Thoracolumbar spine radiation injury to, 2119–2120, 2119f, 2120f thoracic. See Thoracic spine; Thoracolumbar spine tumors of, 2113–2118 benign, 2114–2118, 2115f, 2116f, 2117f, 2118f biopsy of, 2113–2114, 2114f malignant, 2118 Vertebra plana, 896, 896f, 897 Vertebral artery injury basilar impression and, 1900, 1900f spinal injury and, 1769, 1770f transarticular C1-2 screw ﬁ xation and, 1793 Vertebral column, 1729, 1730f. See also Spine Vertebral end plates, 1730 Vertebral rotation, in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, 1934– 1936, 1935f, 1936f Vertebrectomy, 2101–2104, 2102f, 2104f L5, 2092, 2093f, 2094f Vertebroplasty for hemangioma, 2324 for metastatic disease, 2329 thoracolumbar, 1815–1816, 1816f Vertical talus, 1100–1105. See also Pes planus clinical ﬁ ndings in, 1100–1102, 1101f constriction and, 1112f open reduction and realignment for, 1103–1104, 1103f open reduction and subtalar fusion for, 1104–1105, 1104f, 1105f radiography in, 1102, 1102f single-stage correction of, 1102–1103, 1102f triple arthrodesis for, 1105 Vickers and Nielsen technique, for dyschondrosteosis lesion resection, 4449–4450 Vickers ligament, excision of, 4450– 4451, 4451f, 4452f Vicryl, 3048 Video-assisted lumbar surgery, 1750–1751 Video-assisted thoracic surgery, 1746– 1747, 1746f for adult idiopathic scoliosis, 2301

Video-assisted thoracic surgery—cont’d for anterior idiopathic scoliosis instrumentation, 1997–2006, 1999f, 2001f–2002f, 2002f, 2004f, 2005f, 2006f for lumbar interbody fusion, 1873– 1874, 1874f for pediatric scoliosis, 1993–1997, 1994f, 1995f, 1996f, 1997f for thoracic disc disease, 2196 Vincent et al. technique, for distal radioulnar joint arthrodesis, 4065–4066 Viral infection, 765. See also Human immunodeﬁ ciency virus (HIV) infection Vitamin D deﬁ ciency, 1289–1292, 1290f, 1291f Volar buttress plate ﬁ xation, for Barton fracture, 3446–3447, 3447f Volkmann contracture, 4259–4269 acute, 4262–4263, 4262f, 4263f anatomy of, 4265f diagnosis of, 4261–4262 established, 4263–4266, 4265f muscle sliding operation for, 4264, 4266 etiology of, 4260–4261, 4261f historical perspective on, 4259 localized, 4263–4264 moderate, 4264 severe, 4264, 4266 Von Langenbeck technique, for knee exposure, 37–38, 38f Von Recklinghausen disease, 942 Voss et al. technique, for humeral osteotomy, 1592, 1593–1594, 1593f V Y advancement ﬂ ap, 641–643, 642f, 643f, 646 V Y quadricepsplasty, for extension contracture of knee, 1466, 1466f Vulpius technique, for gastrocnemiussoleus muscle lengthening, 1369, 1370f, 1371f

W Wackenheim clivus-canal line, 1914, 1914f Wada et al. technique, for débridement elbow arthroplasty, 535–537, 536f Waddell signs, 2218, 2218t Wadsworth technique, for elbow exposure, 108, 108f Wafer distal ulnar resection, 4063–4065, 4063f, 4064f Wagner-Syme amputation, 595–596, 596f Wagner (CJ) technique for closed Bennett fracture reduction, 3926, 3926f

Wagner (CJ) technique—cont’d for open Bennett fracture reduction, 3926–3927, 3927f for secondary ﬂ exor tendon repair, 3883–3884, 3884f Wagner (H) technique for distal femoral metaphyseal shortening, 1150, 1150f for proximal femoral metaphyseal shortening, 1149–1150, 1149f for proximal tibial metaphyseal shortening, 1150, 1150f for trochanteric advancement, 1278, 1280f Wagoner technique, for posterior lumbar approach, 1755–1757, 1757f Wallerian degeneration, 3639–3640, 3639f Wang et al. technique, for mini-invasive quadricepsplasty, 2571–2574, 2572f–2573f Wapner et al. technique, for Achilles tendon repair, 2756–2758, 2757f Warfarin for hip arthroplasty, 395 for knee arthroplasty, 281 Warner and Farber technique, for trimalleolar fracture ﬁ xation, 3099, 3099f Warner et al. technique, for hamstring tendon graft, 2698–2699, 2700f Warren, drive-through sign of, 2931f, 2932 Wart, corn vs., 4644, 4644f Washing machine, upper extremity injury with, 4117 Water and Levin technique, for revision shoulder arthroplasty, 522– 524, 523f Watkins technique, for lumbar arthrodesis, 1867–1868, 1868f Watson-Cheyne and Burghard technique, for partial nail fold and nail matrix removal, 4770–4771, 4771f Watson et al. technique for hand centralization, 4380–4381, 4382f for matched distal ulnar arthroplasty, 4062–4063, 4062f for proximal interphalangeal joint capsulotomy, 3976–3977, 3977f Watson-Jones technique for chronic ankle instability, 2362– 2363, 2364, 2365, 2367, 2367f for lateral hip exposure, 63–64, 63f

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Watson technique for proximal tibial fracture ﬁ xation, 3160–3161, 3160f for scaphotrapezial-trapezoid arthrodesis, 4086–4088, 4087f for tibial pilon fracture ﬁ xation, 3105, 3114–3117, 3115f, 3116f Weaver and Dunn technique for coracoclavicular ﬁ xation, 3591– 3592, 3592f for old unreduced acromioclavicular dislocation, 3610 Weaver bottom, 980 Web space foot ﬂ ap from, 3769f, 3773–3775, 3773f neuroma of. See Neuroma, interdigital (Morton) hand contractures of, 4268–4269, 4268f, 4269f excision and ﬂ ap for, 4268–4269, 4268f, 4269f Z -plasty for, 3813, 3815f, 4268, 4268f, 4425–4426, 4425f, 4426f deepening of for adducted thumb, 4426, 4427f for cleft hand, 4399 defects of, ﬂ aps for, 3833, 3834f, 4268–4269, 4269f infection of, 4350, 4350f Weber et al. technique, for hip fracture reduction, 1624 Weber subcapital osteotomy, 2702–2704, 2703f Weck knife, 3827, 3827f Wedge osteotomy. See Osteotomy, closing wedge; Osteotomy, opening wedge Weil technique, for shortening metatarsal osteotomy, 4639– 4640, 4640f Weiland technique, for ﬁ bular graft harvest, 3762, 3763f–3764f, 3766f Weiner et al. technique for bone peg epiphysiodesis, 1638, 1639f for spinous process osteotomy, 2285– 2286, 2286f Weinstein and Ponseti technique, for open hip reduction, 1193, 1194f Weiss and Hastings technique, for wrist arthrodesis, 4072–4073, 4073f Wenger technique, for varus derotational osteotomy, 1353–1354, 1355f, 1356f Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, 1520–1521

Wertheim and Bohlman technique, for occipitocervical fusion, 1781–1784, 1782f, 1783f, 1785f, 1886, 1887f West and Soto-Hall technique, for patellectomy, 2669–2670, 2671f Western blot test, 686 Westin technique, for Achilles tendon tenodesis, 1422–1423, 1422f, 1423f Wexler technique, for tangential excision and grafting, 4109–4110 White and Kraynick technique, for Achilles tendon repair, 2754–2755, 2754f White technique, for Achilles tendon lengthening, 1366–1367, 1367f Whitesides and Kelly technique, for cervical spine exposure, 1895–1896, 1895f Whitesides et al. technique, for lower extremity pressure, 2738, 2739f Whitlow, herpetic, 4347 Willett et al. technique, for lateral shelf procedure, 1266, 1268, 1269f Williams and Haddad technique, for ﬂ exor-pronator origin release, 4180–4182, 4181f Williams technique, for lumbar microdiscectomy, 2206– 2208, 2206f, 2208f Wilms’ tumor, radiation treatment for, spinal deformity after, 2119– 2120, 2120f Wilson et al. technique, for recurrent de Quervain disease, 4300, 4303 Wiltse and Spencer technique, for posterior lumbar approach, 1755, 1756f Wiltse technique for posterolateral in situ spinal fusion, 2306–2308 for varus supramalleolar osteotomy, 1127, 1127f Windsor et al. technique, for tibial defect grafting, 272–273, 274f Wink sign, of C1 rotatory subluxation, 1787 Winkelmann technique, for proximal femur rotationplasty, 843– 845, 844f Winograd technique, for partial nail plate and matrix removal, 4765–4766, 4765f, 4766f–4767f Winquist et al. technique, for closed femoral diaphyseal shortening, 1151–1153, 1152f, 1153f

Winter and Lonstein technique, for anterior cord decompression and fusion, 2071–2072, 2073f Winter et al. technique, for anterior vertebral osteotomy and fusion, 2070–2071, 2072f Winter technique for anterior and posterior convex hemiepiphysiodesis, 2039– 2040, 2039f, 2040f for postarthroplasty acetabular reconstruction, 452 Wire loops, tendon-to-bone ﬁ xation with, 14, 14f Wire/wiring for external ﬁ xation, 3069–3070 for fracture ﬁ xation, 3050–3051 Kirschner. See Kirschner wires sublaminar. See Sublaminar wiring tension band. See Tension band wiring for trochanter ﬁ xation, 366–367, 367f, 368f Withey et al. technique, for syndactyly release, 4406–4407, 4407f Wolfe-Kawamoto technique, for iliac graft taking, 21, 22f Wood et al. technique, for cleft foot closure, 1068–1070, 1071f Woodward procedure, for Sprengel deformity, 1232, 1232f, 1233, 1234f Wound(s) postamputation healing of, 571–572, 572f traumatic. See also Trauma cleansing solutions for, 9 closure of, 3037 débridement and irrigation of, 3035–3038, 3036t, 3037t gunshot. See Gunshot injury management of, 564 Wraparound ﬂ ap, from great toe, 3775– 3779, 3776f, 3777f, 3778f, 3779f Wringer injury, 4117 Wrinkle test, after peripheral nerve injury, 3644 Wrist, 3999–4091. See also speciﬁ c bones amputation at, 625–626, 626f, 627f anatomy of, 3999–4003, 4000f, 4001f, 4002f approach to, 122–124 dorsal, 122, 122f lateral, 123–124, 123f medial, 124, 124f volar, 123, 123f arthrodesis of. See Wrist arthrodesis arthrography of, 4005, 4006f arthroplasty of Bowers, 3514, 3514f in rheumatoid arthritis, 4248–4252, 4248f, 4249f, 4250f arthroscopy of. See Wrist arthroscopy

Vol. I: pages 1-1060; Vol. II: pages 1061-2350; Vol. III: pages 2351-3632; Vol. IV: pages 3633-4900

Wrist—cont’d aspiration of, 742, 742f biomechanics of, 4001–4003, 4003f calciﬁ cations of, 971 circulation of, 4001, 4002f disarticulation of, 626, 627f drainage of, 742–743, 743f excision of, 762–763, 763f extension of, restoration of, 4162, 4162f extensor tendons of. See Extensor tendon(s) ﬂ exor tendons of. See Flexor tendon(s) fracture of. See Radius, distal, fracture of; Ulna, distal, fracture of ganglion of, 4330–4333, 4331f, 4332f dorsal, 4330–4333, 4332f volar, 4333 histoplasmosis of, 766, 767f imaging of, 4004–4005, 4005f, 4006f injury to, 3854, 4003–4006, 4045 arthroscopy in. See Wrist arthroscopy carpal bone. See at speciﬁ c carpal bones history in, 4003–4004 imaging in, 4004–4005, 4005f, 4006f ligamentous. See Carpal ligaments physical examination in, 4004 radial fracture. See Radius, distal, fracture of ulnar fracture. See Ulna, distal, fracture of kinematics of, 4001–4003, 4003f ligaments of. See Carpal ligaments Madelung deformity of, 4448–4451, 4449f, 4450f, 4451f magnetic resonance imaging of, 149– 150, 150f, 151f osteoarthritis of, 1032, 4090–4091, 4091f rheumatoid arthritis of. See Rheumatoid arthritis, wrist deformity in septic arthritis of, 742–743, 742f, 743f synovectomy of dorsal, 4245–4247, 4245f, 4246f volar, 4247, 4247f synovitis of, 4244–4247, 4245f, 4246f, 4247f tuberculosis of, 762–763, 763f

Wrist arthrodesis, 224–228, 4070–4073, 4071f, 4072f, 4073f bone graft for, 224–225, 225, 4072, 4073f complications of, 228, 228b cortical strut autograft for, 226–228, 227f for distal radial malunion, 3519– 3520 for ﬂ exor-pronator origin release, 4184, 4184f historical perspective on, 224 indications for, 224, 224b Kirschner wire ﬁ xation for, 228 lunotriquetral, 4089–4090, 4090f plate ﬁ xation for, 225–226, 225f, 226f, 4071–4072, 4072f, 4073f position for, 224 proximal row carpectomy for, 226, 227f radiolunate, 3519–3520 in rheumatoid arthritis, 4249–4250 scaphocapitate, 4088 scaphocapitolunate, 4088–4089, 4089f for scaphoid nonunion, 4034, 4070–4073, 4071f, 4072f, 4073f scaphotrapezial-trapezoid, 4086–4088, 4087f triquetrohamate, 4090 with ulnar pseudarthrosis, 4065–4066, 4065f, 4066f Wrist arthroscopy, 4007–4011, 4007b complications of, 4007 distal radioulnar, 4011 equipment for, 4008 indications for, 4007–4008 laser in, 4007 midcarpal, 4011 patient preparation for, 4008, 4008f portals for, 4008–4010, 4009f principles of, 4008–4010, 4009f radiocarpal, 4010–4011, 4010f Wuh et al. technique, for femoral cement removal, 443, 444f Wyss et al. technique, for two-stage Syme amputation, 595–596, 596f

X Xanthoma, 4315, 4316f

Y Yamamoto technique, for osteochondral graft, 3001–3003 Yergason supination sign, 2605f, 2606 Younger et al. technique, for femoral implant removal, 436–438, 437f, 438f Yount technique for hip contracture release, 1431–1432, 1432f for posterior capsulotomy, 2575

Z Zadik technique, for nail plate and germinal matrix removal, 4768 Zaidemberg et al. technique, for pedicle bone graft for scaphoid nonunion, 4033–4034, 4034f Zancolli and Angrigiani technique, for posterior interosseous ﬂ ap, 3840, 3840f Zancolli technique for biceps tendon rerouting, 1448– 1450, 1449f for capsulodesis, 4143, 4144f, 4148 for pinch restoration, 4167–4169, 4167f, 4168f, 4169f, 4170b Zdeblick technique, for anterior thoracolumbar plate ﬁ xation, 1825–1829, 1827f–1829f Zoellner and Clancy technique, for peroneal tendon repair, 2779, 2779f Z -plasty Achilles tendon lengthening, 1367– 1368, 1367f congenital ring syndrome, 4440, 4440f Dupuytren contracture, 4278, 4279f ﬁ fth toe contracture, 1070, 1072f hand surgery, 3813, 3813f, 3814f, 3815f, 3829, 3830f iliotibial band, 968, 968f posterior tibial tendon lengthening, 1371–1372 web space contracture, 3813, 3815f, 4268, 4268f, 4424–4425, 4425f, 4426f Zygapophyseal joint, 1729 injection studies of, 2177–2180 cervical, 2178, 2178f lumbar, 2178–2179, 2179f sacroiliac, 2179–2180, 2180f

📚 Medical References

[index, and long ﬁ ngers. This cast is replaced at 4 weeks by a short-arm splint, which is used for an additional 2 to 4 weeks. The Kirschner wires are removed when the fusion site is solid.

Beltran JE, Trilla JC, Barjau R: A simpliﬁed compression arthrodesis of the shoulder, J Bone Joint Surg 57A:538, 1975.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=index%2C%20and%20long%20%EF%AC%81%20ngers.%20This%20cast%20is%20replaced%20at%204%20weeks%20by%20a%20short-arm%20splint%2C%20which%20is%20used%20for%20an%20additional%202%20to%204%20weeks.%20The%20Kirschner%20wires%20are%20removed%20when%20the%20fusion%20site%20is%20solid.%0A%0ABeltran%20JE%2C%20Trilla%20JC%2C%20Barjau%20R%3A%20A%20simpli%EF%AC%81ed%20compression%20arthrodesis%20of%20the%20shoulder%2C%20J%20Bone%20Joint%20Surg%2057A%3A538%2C%201975.)
- Brett AL: A new method of arthrodesis of the shoulder joint, incorporating the control of the scapula, J Bone Joint Surg 15:969, 1933.
- Brittain HA: Architectural principles in arthrodesis, ed 2, Edinburgh, 1952, E&S Livingstone. Carnesale PG, Stewart MJ: Complications of arthrodesis surgery. In Epps CH Jr, ed: Complications in orthopaedic surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1994, Lippincott. Carroll RE: Wire loop in arthrodesis of the shoulder, Clin Orthop 9:185, 1957.
- Chammas M, Goubier JN, Coulet B, et al: Glenohumeral arthrodesis in upper and total

Detailed Chapters & Topics

Dive deeper into specialized chapters regarding index

63 Chapters

Chapter 1 11 min

Comprehensive Surgical Management of Upper Extremity Injection, Extravasation, and Wringer Injuries

Master the surgical management of high-pressure injection, extravasation, and wringer injuries of the upper extremity. …

Chapter 2 11 min

Rectus Abdominis Free Tissue Transfer: Surgical Dissection and Flap Harvest

A comprehensive surgical guide on the dissection and harvest of the rectus abdominis free flap, detailing pedicle isola…

Chapter 3 10 min

Free Functioning Muscle Transfer & Vascularized Bone Grafts

A comprehensive orthopaedic guide on free functioning muscle transfers to the forearm and vascularized bone grafts, det…

Chapter 4 9 min

Advanced Management of Fracture Nonunions: Biomechanics, Bone Grafting, and Surgical Reconstruction

A comprehensive, evidence-based guide for orthopedic surgeons on fracture nonunion management, detailing biomechanics, …

Chapter 5 16 min

Operative Principles of Split-Thickness Skin Grafts in Orthopaedic Reconstruction

A comprehensive orthopaedic guide to split-thickness skin grafts, detailing donor site selection, dermatome harvesting,…

Chapter 6 10 min

Krukenberg Reconstruction: Comprehensive Surgical Technique and Biomechanics

Master the Krukenberg reconstruction technique for below-elbow amputations. Comprehensive guide covering indications, b…

Chapter 7 9 min

Complications, Rehabilitation, and Salvage in Microvascular Replantation

Comprehensive guide on microvascular replantation complications, rehabilitation protocols, and surgical salvage techniq…

Chapter 8 10 min

Centralization of the Hand: Transverse Ulnar Incision Technique

Master the Manske, McCarroll, and Swanson technique for hand centralization in radial clubhand. Step-by-step surgical g…

Chapter 9 9 min

Revascularization and Salvage Techniques in Hand Surgery

Comprehensive guide on hand revascularization, managing ischemic digits, and distal fingertip salvage using pocket tech…

Chapter 10 11 min

Neurovascular Free Flaps and Great Toe Wraparound Flap for Thumb Reconstruction

Master the neurovascular free flap transfer of the first web space and great toe wraparound flap for thumb reconstructi…

Chapter 11 9 min

Comprehensive Management of Congenital Hand Anomalies: Abductor Digiti Minimi Opponensplasty and Central Deficiencies

Master the Huber abductor digiti minimi opponensplasty and cleft hand management. Evidence-based surgical techniques, b…

Chapter 12 10 min

Principles of Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer in Orthopaedic Reconstruction

Master the principles of microvascular free tissue transfer. Explore indications, flap selection, surgical techniques, …

Chapter 13 9 min

Principles of Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer and Postoperative Management

A comprehensive postgraduate guide on microvascular free tissue transfer, detailing the two-team surgical approach, ana…

Chapter 14 12 min

Revascularization and Free Tissue Transfer in Orthopaedic Surgery

A comprehensive, evidence-based guide on orthopaedic revascularization, microvascular free tissue transfer, flap select…

Chapter 15 8 min

Vascularized Joint, Physeal, and Nerve Transfers in Orthopaedics

Master the indications, surgical techniques, and outcomes of vascularized free flaps containing joints, epiphyses, and …

Chapter 16 10 min

Operative Management of Fracture Nonunions: A Comprehensive Guide

An evidence-based, textbook-level guide on the pathophysiology, classification, and surgical management of fracture non…

Chapter 17 10 min

Comprehensive Management of Lower Extremity Nonunions: Fibula, Patella, and Femur

An evidence-based surgical guide detailing the management, biomechanics, and operative techniques for nonunions of the …

Chapter 18 10 min

Delayed Union and Nonunion of Fractures: Comprehensive Surgical Management

Master the surgical management of delayed union and nonunion fractures. Explore evidence-based protocols, biomechanics,…

Chapter 19 10 min

Excision of Extra Digit & Polydactyly Reconstruction

Comprehensive surgical guide on the excision of extra digits, central polydactyly management, and ulnar dimelia reconst…

Chapter 20 9 min

Orthopaedic Skin Grafts & Flaps: Surgical Techniques

Master orthopaedic skin grafts and flaps. Comprehensive guide on split-thickness, full-thickness grafts, local flaps, a…

Chapter 21 12 min

Mastering Skin Coverage in the Hand: Grafts, Flaps, and Scar Reconstruction

Master the principles of hand skin coverage, including scar revision, Z-plasty, split-thickness grafts, and flap select…

Chapter 22 10 min

Single-Stage Tissue Transfer: Principles and Techniques of Free Flaps in Orthopaedics

Master single-stage tissue transfer and free flaps in orthopaedic surgery. Explore indications, flap selection, microva…

Chapter 23 9 min

Neurovascular Island Grafts and the Management of Traumatic Neuromas in the Hand

A comprehensive surgical guide on neurovascular island grafts for sensory restoration in the hand, detailing indication…

Chapter 24 9 min

Neurovascular Island Graft Transfer: Advanced Surgical Techniques and Protocols

Master the neurovascular island graft transfer for thumb sensory reconstruction. A comprehensive, evidence-based surgic…

Chapter 25 11 min

Comprehensive Management of Extensor Tendon Injuries: Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Surgical Techniques

Master the surgical management of extensor tendon injuries. Comprehensive guide covering dorsal compartment anatomy, Kl…

Chapter 26 12 min

Free Vascularized Bone Transplant: Advanced Surgical Techniques and Principles

Master the principles, indications, and surgical techniques of free vascularized bone transplants, including fibular ha…

Chapter 27 11 min

Brand Tendon Transfer: ECRL and ECRB Techniques for Intrinsic Paralysis

Master the Brand tendon transfer using ECRL or ECRB for intrinsic minus hand. A comprehensive surgical guide covering b…

Chapter 28 9 min

Syndactyly: Principles of Surgical Reconstruction and Management

Comprehensive orthopedic guide on syndactyly management, detailing classification, biomechanics, surgical timing, flap …

Chapter 29 10 min

Upper Extremity Replantation: Surgical Principles and Microvascular Techniques

A comprehensive, evidence-based guide to upper extremity replantation, detailing microvascular techniques, indications,…

Chapter 30 11 min

Sciatic Nerve Injuries: Surgical Anatomy, Approaches, and Management

A comprehensive orthopaedic guide to sciatic nerve injuries, detailing surgical anatomy, indications for exploration, o…

Chapter 31 10 min

Applying a Filleted Graft and Correcting Area Scars in Hand Reconstruction

Master the surgical techniques for applying filleted finger grafts and correcting area scars in hand surgery. Evidence-…

Chapter 32 10 min

Mastering Longitudinal Deficiencies and the Krukenberg Reconstruction

Master the Nathan and Trung modification of the Krukenberg reconstruction and the management of longitudinal deficienci…

Chapter 33 10 min

Masterclass: Composite Rib Grafts & Foot Free Flaps

Master composite rib graft harvesting and foot free tissue transfers. Detailed guide on neurovascular anatomy, dorsalis…

Chapter 34 11 min

Anterolateral Thigh & Scapular Flaps: Surgical Techniques

Master the surgical dissection of anterolateral thigh (ALT) and scapular flaps. Comprehensive guide covering vascular a…

Chapter 35 10 min

Great Toe Wraparound Flap Transfer: Surgical Technique

Master the great toe wraparound flap transfer for thumb reconstruction. Comprehensive guide covering indications, surgi…

Chapter 36 9 min

Orthopaedic Skin Grafting and Local Flap Reconstruction

Master the principles of split-thickness and full-thickness skin grafts, local flaps, and Z-plasties. Evidence-based su…

Chapter 37 9 min

Operative Management of Congenital Hand and Forearm Anomalies

A comprehensive, evidence-based surgical guide detailing the excision of an ulnar anlage, creation of a one-bone forear…

Chapter 38 11 min

Peripheral Nerve Topography and Regeneration: A Comprehensive Surgical Guide

Master the internal topography, Wallerian degeneration, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. An evidence-based surgic…

Chapter 39 12 min

Peripheral Nerve Injury Classification and Operative Management

Master the Seddon and Sunderland classifications of peripheral nerve injuries. Comprehensive guide on pathophysiology, …

Chapter 40 10 min

Principles of Tendon Transfer in the Upper Extremity: A Master Academic Guide

Master the biomechanics, indications, and surgical techniques of tendon transfers in the hand and upper extremity. An e…

Chapter 41 8 min

Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Management of Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Injuries

A comprehensive, evidence-based guide to the clinical assessment, surgical management, and postoperative rehabilitation…

Chapter 42 9 min

Tibial Nerve: Surgical Anatomy, Approaches, and Repair

Comprehensive orthopedic guide on the tibial nerve, detailing surgical anatomy, clinical examination, popliteal fossa a…

Chapter 43 11 min

Microvascular Anastomosis and Free Tissue Transfer: The Pocket Technique

A comprehensive surgical guide on the pocket technique for microvascular anastomosis, detailing free flap indications, …

Chapter 44 10 min

Mastering Free Tissue Transfer: Surgical Dissection of the Groin and Anterolateral Thigh Flaps

Master the surgical dissection of free groin and anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps. Comprehensive guide covering vascular…

Chapter 45 10 min

Fasciocutaneous Flaps in Orthopaedic Reconstruction: Lateral Arm and Scapular Flap Techniques

A comprehensive surgical guide on lateral arm and scapular fasciocutaneous flaps, detailing vascular anatomy, indicatio…

Chapter 46 11 min

Comprehensive Management of Extensor Mechanism Injuries: Boutonnière Deformity, Zone IV-V Lacerations, and Sagittal Band Ruptures

An evidence-based surgical guide detailing the reconstruction of chronic boutonnière deformities, Zone IV-V extensor te…

Chapter 47 10 min

Etiology and Management of Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Orthopaedics

A comprehensive guide on the etiology, biomechanics, and surgical management of peripheral nerve injuries associated wi…

Chapter 48 9 min

Peripheral Nerve Grafting: Principles, Donor Selection, and Microsurgical Techniques

Master the indications, donor site selection, and microsurgical techniques for peripheral nerve grafting, including aut…

Chapter 49 11 min

Operative Management of the Paralytic Hand: Principles and Tendon Transfers

Comprehensive orthopedic guide on the paralytic hand, detailing biomechanics, clawhand pathophysiology, and step-by-ste…

Chapter 50 9 min

Early Management and Microsurgical Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Master the early management of peripheral nerve injuries. Evidence-based guide covering surgical timing, neurorrhaphy t…

Chapter 51 11 min

Principles and Techniques of Tendon Transfers in the Upper Extremity

Master the principles, biomechanics, and surgical techniques of upper extremity tendon transfers for radial, median, an…

Chapter 52 10 min

Centralization of the Hand: The Buck-Gramcko Technique for Radial Longitudinal Deficiency

Master the Buck-Gramcko centralization technique for radial longitudinal deficiency. Comprehensive surgical guide on in…

Chapter 53 10 min

Combined Cleft Closure and Thumb Adduction Contracture Release

Master the Snow-Littler and Miura-Komada techniques for cleft hand reconstruction. Step-by-step surgical guide covering…

Chapter 54 15 min

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Repair: Principles, Evaluation, and Microsurgical Techniques

Comprehensive orthopaedic guide on peripheral nerve regeneration, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and microsurgic…

Chapter 55 10 min

Masterclass in Microvascular Techniques: Anastomosis, Vein Grafting, and Neurorrhaphy

Comprehensive guide to microvascular techniques in orthopaedic surgery, detailing end-to-end, end-to-side anastomosis, …

Chapter 56 13 min

Management of Specific Nerve Injuries: Surgical Techniques

Master the surgical management of specific nerve injuries, including digital, ulnar, and median nerves. Evidence-based …

Chapter 57 10 min

Congenital Hand Reconstruction: Apert Syndrome & Polydactyly

Master the surgical reconstruction of congenital hand anomalies, including Apert syndrome syndactyly release and Wassel…

Chapter 58 14 min

Microsurgical Treatment of Nerve Injuries: Operative Guide

Master the microsurgical treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. A comprehensive orthopedic guide covering epineurial r…

Chapter 59 10 min

Reoperation and Tissue Monitoring in Microvascular Surgery

Comprehensive guide on postoperative monitoring and reoperation in microvascular surgery. Covers clinical assessment, T…

Chapter 60 10 min

Single-Stage Great Toe-to-Thumb Transfer: Comprehensive Surgical Guide

Master the single-stage great toe-to-thumb transfer. A comprehensive orthopedic guide covering indications, microvascul…

Chapter 61 10 min

Gracilis and Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Flaps: A Master Surgical Guide

Master the surgical dissection of Gracilis and Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL) muscle flaps. Evidence-based guide covering v…

Chapter 62 10 min

Posterior Interosseous & Abdominal Flaps: Surgical Technique

Master the surgical techniques for posterior interosseous and abdominal pedicle flaps. Comprehensive guide covering fla…

Chapter 63 10 min

Second or Third Toe Transplantation: Advanced Microsurgical Reconstruction

Master the second or third toe-to-hand transplantation. A comprehensive orthopedic guide covering indications, surgical…

Back to All Master Guides

Medically Verified Content by

Prof. Dr. Mohammed Hutaif

Consultant Orthopedic & Spine Surgeon

Index

📚 Medical References

Detailed Chapters & Topics

Comprehensive Surgical Management of Upper Extremity Injection, Extravasation, and Wringer Injuries

Rectus Abdominis Free Tissue Transfer: Surgical Dissection and Flap Harvest

Free Functioning Muscle Transfer & Vascularized Bone Grafts

Advanced Management of Fracture Nonunions: Biomechanics, Bone Grafting, and Surgical Reconstruction

Operative Principles of Split-Thickness Skin Grafts in Orthopaedic Reconstruction

Krukenberg Reconstruction: Comprehensive Surgical Technique and Biomechanics

Complications, Rehabilitation, and Salvage in Microvascular Replantation

Centralization of the Hand: Transverse Ulnar Incision Technique

Revascularization and Salvage Techniques in Hand Surgery

Neurovascular Free Flaps and Great Toe Wraparound Flap for Thumb Reconstruction

Comprehensive Management of Congenital Hand Anomalies: Abductor Digiti Minimi Opponensplasty and Central Deficiencies

Principles of Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer in Orthopaedic Reconstruction

Principles of Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer and Postoperative Management

Revascularization and Free Tissue Transfer in Orthopaedic Surgery

Vascularized Joint, Physeal, and Nerve Transfers in Orthopaedics

Operative Management of Fracture Nonunions: A Comprehensive Guide

Comprehensive Management of Lower Extremity Nonunions: Fibula, Patella, and Femur

Delayed Union and Nonunion of Fractures: Comprehensive Surgical Management

Excision of Extra Digit & Polydactyly Reconstruction

Orthopaedic Skin Grafts & Flaps: Surgical Techniques

Mastering Skin Coverage in the Hand: Grafts, Flaps, and Scar Reconstruction

Single-Stage Tissue Transfer: Principles and Techniques of Free Flaps in Orthopaedics

Neurovascular Island Grafts and the Management of Traumatic Neuromas in the Hand

Neurovascular Island Graft Transfer: Advanced Surgical Techniques and Protocols

Comprehensive Management of Extensor Tendon Injuries: Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Surgical Techniques

Free Vascularized Bone Transplant: Advanced Surgical Techniques and Principles

Brand Tendon Transfer: ECRL and ECRB Techniques for Intrinsic Paralysis

Syndactyly: Principles of Surgical Reconstruction and Management

Upper Extremity Replantation: Surgical Principles and Microvascular Techniques

Sciatic Nerve Injuries: Surgical Anatomy, Approaches, and Management

Applying a Filleted Graft and Correcting Area Scars in Hand Reconstruction

Mastering Longitudinal Deficiencies and the Krukenberg Reconstruction

Masterclass: Composite Rib Grafts & Foot Free Flaps

Anterolateral Thigh & Scapular Flaps: Surgical Techniques

Great Toe Wraparound Flap Transfer: Surgical Technique

Orthopaedic Skin Grafting and Local Flap Reconstruction

Operative Management of Congenital Hand and Forearm Anomalies

Peripheral Nerve Topography and Regeneration: A Comprehensive Surgical Guide

Peripheral Nerve Injury Classification and Operative Management

Principles of Tendon Transfer in the Upper Extremity: A Master Academic Guide

Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Management of Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Tibial Nerve: Surgical Anatomy, Approaches, and Repair

Microvascular Anastomosis and Free Tissue Transfer: The Pocket Technique

Mastering Free Tissue Transfer: Surgical Dissection of the Groin and Anterolateral Thigh Flaps

Fasciocutaneous Flaps in Orthopaedic Reconstruction: Lateral Arm and Scapular Flap Techniques

Comprehensive Management of Extensor Mechanism Injuries: Boutonnière Deformity, Zone IV-V Lacerations, and Sagittal Band Ruptures

Etiology and Management of Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Orthopaedics

Peripheral Nerve Grafting: Principles, Donor Selection, and Microsurgical Techniques

Operative Management of the Paralytic Hand: Principles and Tendon Transfers

Early Management and Microsurgical Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Principles and Techniques of Tendon Transfers in the Upper Extremity

Centralization of the Hand: The Buck-Gramcko Technique for Radial Longitudinal Deficiency

Combined Cleft Closure and Thumb Adduction Contracture Release

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Repair: Principles, Evaluation, and Microsurgical Techniques

Masterclass in Microvascular Techniques: Anastomosis, Vein Grafting, and Neurorrhaphy

Management of Specific Nerve Injuries: Surgical Techniques

Congenital Hand Reconstruction: Apert Syndrome & Polydactyly

Microsurgical Treatment of Nerve Injuries: Operative Guide

Reoperation and Tissue Monitoring in Microvascular Surgery

Single-Stage Great Toe-to-Thumb Transfer: Comprehensive Surgical Guide

Gracilis and Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Flaps: A Master Surgical Guide

Posterior Interosseous & Abdominal Flaps: Surgical Technique

Second or Third Toe Transplantation: Advanced Microsurgical Reconstruction

Guide Overview