Basic Sciences
In contrast, IL-10 suppresses osteoclasts. Organic components: 40% of dry weight of bone Collagen (90% of org…
Bone vascular supply Bone receives 5%–10% of the cardiac output. Bones with a tenuous blood supply include th…
Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation Trapezius SP C7–T12 Clavicle, scapu…
Approaches to the upper extremity ( Table 2.22 ) Surgical approaches to the shoulder ( Fig. 2.25 ) Anterior (…
Imaging and Special Studies Radiation safety Should be considered for every fluoroscopic case Increased rad…
Nutritional rickets (see Table 1.16 ) Vitamin D–deficiency rickets Rare after addition of vitamin D to milk, …
Wrist and Hand Anatomy Osteology ( Fig. 2.8 ) Carpal bones Ossification begins at the capitate (usually prese…
Types of bone formation Enchondral Examples: Embryonic formation of long bones Longitudinal growth (physis) F…
Sources medial clavicle, distal tibia, and distal femur Treatment: symptomatic; resolves spontaneously; NSAID…
Arm Osteology Humerus Posterior spiral groove (for radial nerve) adjacent to the deltoid tuberosity that runs…
Master critical shoulder neurovascular spaces: quadrangular, triangular & interval. Learn borders, key nerves…
Exogenous: most common osteomyelitis in adults Acute osteomyelitis from open fracture or bone exposed at surg…
Scientific reviews prepared according to the latest international orthopedic protocols.
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