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Question 161

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

When performing a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), placing the glenosphere with an inferior tilt and slight inferior overhang relative to the native glenoid margin is done primarily to minimize the risk of which of the following postoperative complications?

. Scapular notching
. Acromial stress fracture
. Glenoid baseplate loosening
. Anterior instability
. Infection

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Scapular notching


Explanation

Scapular notching is a well-known complication of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, characterized by mechanical impingement of the medial humeral polyethylene cup against the inferior scapular neck during arm adduction. To minimize this, the glenosphere should be positioned with an inferior tilt and an inferior overhang past the inferior margin of the glenoid to prevent direct contact of the humeral component with the scapular pillar.

Question 162

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 76-year-old right-hand-dominant woman presents with a 4-part proximal humerus fracture following a mechanical fall. She is active and lives independently. Plain radiographs reveal a head-split component with significant osteopenia. She undergoes a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Compared to hemiarthroplasty for this specific indication, RTSA has been shown to provide which of the following in the literature?

. Increased reliance on tuberosity healing for functional forward elevation
. More consistent restoration of active forward elevation
. Lower rate of overall surgical complications
. Decreased incidence of scapular notching
. Shorter operative time and decreased blood loss

Correct Answer & Explanation

. More consistent restoration of active forward elevation


Explanation

In the treatment of complex proximal humerus fractures in the elderly, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) provides more consistent and reliable restoration of active forward elevation compared to hemiarthroplasty. Hemiarthroplasty relies heavily on anatomic tuberosity healing to provide good functional outcomes; if the tuberosities resorb or fail to heal, patients often develop pseudoparalysis. While RTSA has a slightly higher overall complication rate, its functional predictability makes it the procedure of choice for elderly patients with 4-part fractures and poor bone stock.

Question 163

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 72-year-old woman undergoes a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for cuff tear arthropathy. Which of the following glenosphere positioning strategies is most effective in minimizing the risk of scapular notching?

. Superior translation and superior tilt
. Inferior translation and inferior tilt
. Superior translation and inferior tilt
. Inferior translation and superior tilt
. Neutral translation and superior tilt

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior translation and inferior tilt


Explanation

Scapular notching is a frequent complication following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, caused by mechanical impingement of the humeral component against the inferior scapular neck. Inferior translation of the glenosphere (creating an inferior overhang) and inferior tilt are the most effective surgical strategies to decrease the incidence of scapular notching and improve impingement-free range of motion.

Question 164

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 72-year-old woman is 4 years status-post a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) for severe rotator cuff tear arthropathy. Routine follow-up radiographs reveal a localized radiolucent line and bony defect at the inferior aspect of the scapular neck. Which of the following prosthesis design modifications or surgical techniques has been shown to most effectively reduce the incidence of this specific radiographic finding?

. Superior placement of the glenosphere
. Decreased lateralization of the center of rotation
. Inferior tilt and inferior overhang of the glenosphere
. Increasing the neck-shaft angle of the humeral component to 155 degrees
. Using a purely medialized glenoid and medialized humeral design

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior tilt and inferior overhang of the glenosphere


Explanation

The radiographic finding described is 'scapular notching,' a well-known complication of RTSA caused by mechanical impingement of the medial aspect of the humeral implant against the inferior scapular neck during arm adduction. Surgical techniques and design modifications that minimize scapular notching include inferior placement of the glenosphere (creating inferior overhang), inferior tilt of the baseplate, lateralization of the glenosphere, and decreasing the humeral neck-shaft angle (e.g., to 135 or 145 degrees).

Question 165

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 72-year-old woman undergoes a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for rotator cuff tear arthropathy. Postoperatively, she develops a grade 3 scapular notch. Which of the following implant configurations is most strongly associated with preventing this complication?

. Superior glenosphere placement
. Increased humeral neck-shaft angle
. Inferior eccentric tilt of the glenosphere
. Medialization of the center of rotation
. Decreased glenosphere size

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior eccentric tilt of the glenosphere


Explanation

Scapular notching is a common complication of reverse TSA caused by mechanical impingement. Inferior placement and inferior tilt of the glenosphere, along with lateralization of the center of rotation, help prevent impingement of the humeral component on the scapular neck.

Question 166

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 76-year-old female sustains a 4-part proximal humerus fracture after a mechanical fall. Radiographs demonstrate severe valgus impaction, disruption of the medial hinge, and metaphyseal extension less than 8 mm. Which surgical option is shown to provide the most predictable improvement in functional outcome and pain relief in this specific demographic?

. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning
. Open reduction and internal fixation with a locking plate
. Hemiarthroplasty
. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA)
. Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA)


Explanation

RTSA is increasingly preferred for elderly patients with 4-part proximal humerus fractures due to reliable pain relief and functional outcomes, bypassing the need for tuberosity healing which frequently fails in hemiarthroplasty or ORIF. The described fracture pattern carries a very high risk of humeral head avascular necrosis.

Question 167

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 70-year-old woman undergoes a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for rotator cuff tear arthropathy. To minimize the risk of postoperative scapular notching, which of the following intraoperative techniques regarding glenosphere placement is most appropriate?

. Superior translation and superior tilt
. Inferior translation and inferior tilt
. Superior translation and neutral tilt
. Neutral translation and superior tilt
. Anterior translation and superior tilt

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior translation and inferior tilt


Explanation

Scapular notching in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is caused by mechanical impingement of the humeral cup against the inferior scapular neck. Inferior translation and inferior tilt of the glenosphere have been shown to significantly reduce this risk by clearing the inferior scapular pillar.

Question 168

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 78-year-old woman sustains a severely comminuted 4-part proximal humerus fracture. Her history is notable for severe osteoporosis and chronic, massive rotator cuff tearing. Which surgical option is most likely to provide her with reliable forward elevation and the best functional outcome?

. Open reduction and internal fixation with a locking plate
. Hemiarthroplasty
. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
. Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty
. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty


Explanation

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is the treatment of choice for elderly patients with complex 4-part proximal humerus fractures in the setting of rotator cuff arthropathy or poor bone quality. RTSA provides much more predictable forward elevation and functional recovery compared to hemiarthroplasty or ORIF in this demographic.

Question 169

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 72-year-old woman undergoes reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. At her 2-year follow-up, radiographs show inferior scapular notching. Which of the following surgical techniques decreases the risk of this complication?

. Superior placement of the glenosphere
. Inferior tilt of the glenosphere
. Medialization of the center of rotation
. Increasing the neck-shaft angle of the humeral component
. Decreasing the glenosphere size

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior tilt of the glenosphere


Explanation

Inferior tilt and inferior translation of the glenosphere in RTSA help prevent scapular notching. This avoids mechanical impingement of the humeral component against the scapular neck during adduction.

Question 170

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

Scapular notching is a recognized complication following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Which of the following glenosphere placements is most strongly associated with an increased incidence of this complication?

. Superior tilt and medialization
. Inferior tilt and lateralization
. Neutral tilt and inferior translation
. Inferior tilt and medialization
. Posterior tilt and lateralization

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Superior tilt and medialization


Explanation

Scapular notching occurs due to mechanical impingement of the humeral cup on the inferior scapular neck. Superior tilt and medialization of the glenosphere increase the likelihood of this impingement.

Question 171

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 72-year-old man undergoes a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. At 2-year follow-up, radiographs show grade 2 scapular notching. Which of the following surgical techniques minimizes this complication?

. Superior placement of the glenosphere
. Inferior placement and inferior tilt of the glenosphere
. Medialization of the center of rotation
. Decreasing the size of the glenosphere
. Superior tilt of the glenosphere

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior placement and inferior tilt of the glenosphere


Explanation

Scapular notching in reverse TSA is caused by mechanical impingement of the humeral component against the inferior scapular neck. Inferior placement with an inferior tilt of the glenosphere, as well as lateralization, reduces this risk.

Question 172

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 72-year-old man undergoes a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) for cuff tear arthropathy. At his 2-year follow-up, radiographs demonstrate inferior scapular notching that extends beyond the inferior screw of the baseplate. According to the Sirveaux classification, what grade of notching is present?

. Grade 1
. Grade 2
. Grade 3
. Grade 4
. Grade 5

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Grade 3


Explanation

According to Sirveaux, Grade 1 is notching confined to the pillar. Grade 2 reaches the inferior screw, Grade 3 extends beyond the inferior screw, and Grade 4 extends under the baseplate.

Question 173

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 74-year-old woman presents with long-standing shoulder pain and inability to elevate her arm past 40 degrees. She has a positive drop arm sign and hornblower's sign. Radiographs demonstrate severe superior migration of the humeral head with articulation against the acromion.

Which of the following is the most reliable surgical option to restore active forward elevation?

. Arthroscopic massive rotator cuff repair
. Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer
. Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty
. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
. Hemiarthroplasty

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty


Explanation

In an elderly patient with rotator cuff tear arthropathy and pseudoparalysis, a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) provides the most reliable restoration of active forward elevation by utilizing the deltoid muscle.

Question 174

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 70-year-old woman is 6 months status post a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) for massive rotator cuff tear. She was doing well until she experienced a sudden onset of superior shoulder pain without any distinct trauma.

Radiographs indicate an acromial stress fracture. Which biomechanical alteration inherent to RTSA most directly contributes to this complication?

. Medialization of the center of rotation causing increased deltoid tension
. Superior migration of the center of rotation
. Decreased lever arm of the middle deltoid
. Excessive retroversion of the glenosphere
. Failure to repair the subscapularis

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Medialization of the center of rotation causing increased deltoid tension


Explanation

RTSA medializes and distalizes the center of rotation, which significantly increases the tension and lever arm of the deltoid. This increased load can lead to acromial or scapular spine stress fractures.

Question 175

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 72-year-old woman presents with lateral shoulder pain 2 years after undergoing a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Radiographs reveal grade 3 scapular notching. Which of the following surgical technique modifications during the index procedure would have best minimized this complication?

. Superior placement of the glenosphere
. Superior tilt of the glenosphere
. Inferior placement of the glenosphere with inferior overhang
. Increasing the neck-shaft angle to 155 degrees
. Using a smaller glenosphere diameter

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior placement of the glenosphere with inferior overhang


Explanation

Scapular notching in RTSA is best minimized by placing the glenosphere inferiorly with a slight inferior overhang and a neutral or inferior tilt. This biomechanical adjustment prevents impingement of the medial humeral component on the inferior scapular neck during arm adduction.

Question 176

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

In reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), which of the following component positioning strategies is most effective in minimizing the risk of scapular notching?

. Superior placement of the glenosphere
. Inferior tilt and translation of the glenosphere
. Increased retroversion of the humeral component
. Decreased lateral offset of the glenosphere
. Using a smaller diameter glenosphere

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior tilt and translation of the glenosphere


Explanation

Inferior translation and inferior tilt of the glenosphere, along with increased lateral offset, are crucial strategies to reduce scapular notching in rTSA. This prevents abutment of the humeral tray against the scapular neck during adduction.

Question 177

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

According to the Walch classification, a B2 glenoid is characterized by which of the following?

. Central wear with concentric bone loss
. Asymmetric posterior wear with a biconcave shape and posterior humeral subluxation
. Dysplastic glenoid with severe retroversion
. Superior migration of the humeral head due to rotator cuff deficiency
. Asymmetric anterior wear with anterior subluxation

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Asymmetric posterior wear with a biconcave shape and posterior humeral subluxation


Explanation

A Walch B2 glenoid is characterized by a biconcave articular surface with asymmetric posterior wear and posterior subluxation of the humeral head. It poses a high risk for glenoid component loosening if not addressed during anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty.

Question 178

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

In reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA), which of the following glenosphere design modifications or placements is most effective in decreasing the incidence of inferior scapular notching?

. Medialization of the center of rotation
. Superior translation of the glenosphere
. Inferior translation of the glenosphere over the scapular neck
. Increasing the neck-shaft angle of the humeral component
. Decreasing the diameter of the glenosphere

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior translation of the glenosphere over the scapular neck


Explanation

Inferior translation (overhang) of the glenosphere and lateralization of the center of rotation help prevent mechanical impingement of the humeral component on the inferior scapular neck. This significantly reduces the risk of scapular notching.

Question 179

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 78-year-old right-hand-dominant woman sustains a 4-part proximal humerus fracture with severe varus collapse and significant comminution of the tuberosities. She lives independently and is medically optimized. What is the most appropriate surgical treatment?

. Open reduction and internal fixation with a locking plate
. Hemiarthroplasty with tuberosity repair
. Percutaneous pinning
. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
. Intramedullary nailing

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty


Explanation

In elderly patients with complex, comminuted 4-part proximal humerus fractures, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) provides more predictable functional outcomes and pain relief. It relies less on tuberosity healing compared to ORIF or hemiarthroplasty.

Question 180

Topic: Shoulder Arthroplasty & Arthritis

A 72-year-old woman undergoes a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). At 2-year follow-up, radiographs show inferior scapular notching. Which of the following implant positioning strategies most effectively reduces the risk of this complication?

. Superior placement of the glenosphere
. Inferior tilt and inferior placement of the glenosphere
. Increased medialization of the glenosphere
. Decreasing the glenosphere diameter
. Superior tilt of the glenosphere

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inferior tilt and inferior placement of the glenosphere


Explanation

Scapular notching in RTSA is caused by mechanical impingement of the humeral cup against the inferior scapular neck. Inferior translation and inferior tilt of the glenosphere, along with lateralization, decrease the risk of notching.