Neurovascular examination

Orthopedic MD Oral Examination:Management of Proximal Humerus Fracture

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Orthopedic MD Oral Examination: Diagnosis and Management of Humeral Shaft Fractures

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The Dislocated Shoulder: Can You Ace This Orthopedic Oral Exam

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Clavicle Fractures

  Clavicle Fractures EPIDEMIOLOGY Clavicle fractures account for approximately 2.6% of all fractures and for 44% to 66% of fractures about the shoulder. Middle third fractures account for 80% of all clavicle fractures, whereas fractures of the

Distal Tibia Medial plating and screws

        Distal Tibia Medial plating and screws       Case description A 65-year-old man fell down a flight of stairs and presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of left leg pain. Clinically, the patient had

PELVIC FRACTURE case1

What does this radiograph show, and how would you manage this? This radiograph shows a vertical shear type injury to the pelvis. This is typically the result of a highenergy injury, such as a road traffic accident or a fall from heights, and the possibility of other lifethreatening

PEDIATRIC ANKLE AND FOOT Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC ANKLE EPIDEMIOLOGY Ankle injuries account for up to 18% of all physeal injuries; they are third in frequency following phalangeal and distal radius physeal injuries. Fifty-eight percent of ankle physeal injuries occur during athletic participation. They

PEDIATRIC TIBIA AND FIBULA Fractures

PEDIATRIC TIBIA AND FIBULA         EPIDEMIOLOGY Tibia fractures represent the third most common pediatric long bone fracture, after femur and forearm fractures. They represent 15% of pediatric fractures. The average age of

PEDIATRIC KNEE Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC KNEE         OVERVIEW The knee is a ginglymoid (hinge) joint consisting of three articulations: patellofemoral, tibiofemoral, and tibiofibular. Under normal cyclic loading, the knee may experience up to five times body

PEDIATRIC FEMORAL SHAFT and KNEE Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC FEMORAL SHAFT         EPIDEMIOLOGY Represent 1.6% of all fractures in the pediatric population. Males are more commonly affected at a ratio of 2.6:1. Bimodal distribution of incidence: The first peak is from 2 to 4 years

PEDIATRIC HIP Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC HIP         PEDIATRIC HIP FRACTURES Epidemiology Hip fractures are rare in children, occurring less than 1% as often as in adults. Anatomy Ossification (Fig. 47.1) Proximal femur: week 7 in

PEDIATRIC WRIST AND HAND Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC WRIST AND HAND       INJURIES TO THE CARPUS Epidemiology Rare, although carpal injuries may be underappreciated owing to difficulties in examining an injured child and the limited ability of plain radiographs

PEDIATRIC FOREARM Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC FOREARM         EPIDEMIOLOGY These injuries are very common. They make up 40% of all pediatric fractures (only 4% are diaphyseal fractures), with a 3:1 male predominance in distal radius fractures. Eighty percent occur in

PEDIATRIC ELBOW Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC ELBOW         EPIDEMIOLOGY Elbow fractures represent 8% to 9% of all upper extremity fractures in children. Of all elbow fractures, 85% occur at the distal humerus; 55% to 75% of these are supracondylar. Most occur in

PEDIATRIC SHOULDER Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC SHOULDER         PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES Epidemiology These account for <5% of fractures in children. Incidence ranges from 1.2 to 4.4 per 10,000 per year. They are most common in adolescents owing to increased

FRACTURES OF THE MIDFOOT AND FOREFOOT

FRACTURES OF THE MIDFOOT AND FOREFOOT             MIDTARSAL (CHOPART) JOINT Epidemiology Injuries to the midfoot are relatively rare. The annual incidence of midfoot fractures is 3.6 per 100,000 population per

INJURIES ABOUT THE ANKLE

INJURIES ABOUT THE ANKLE         ROTATIONAL ANKLE FRACTURES Epidemiology Population-based studies suggest that the incidence of ankle fractures has increased dramatically since the early 1960s. The highest incidence of ankle fractures

TIBIAL PLATEAU Fractures

TIBIAL PLATEAU Fractures         EPIDEMIOLOGY Tibial plateau fractures constitute 1% of all fractures and 8% of fractures in the elderly. Isolated injuries to the lateral plateau account for 55% to 70% of tibial plateau fractures, as

KNEE DISLOCATION (FEMOROTIBIAL)

KNEE DISLOCATION (FEMOROTIBIAL)             EPIDEMIOLOGY Traumatic knee dislocation is an uncommon injury that may be limb threatening; it should therefore be treated as an orthopaedic emergency. True incidence is

FEMORAL SHAFT Fractures

FEMORAL SHAFT   Fractures     EPIDEMIOLOGY The highest age- and gender-specific incidences of femoral shaft fracture are seen in males from 15 to 24 years of age and in females 75 years of age or older. Femoral shaft fractures occur most

SUBTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES

SUBTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES             EPIDEMIOLOGY Subtrochanteric fractures account for approximately 10% to 30% of all hip fractures, and they can affect persons of all ages. There is a greater incidence of bimodal

FEMORAL HEAD Fractures and Dislocations

FEMORAL HEAD         EPIDEMIOLOGY Almost all are associated with hip dislocations. These fractures complicate approximately 10% of posterior hip dislocations. Most are shear or cleavage type. Although, with the increased use of

HIP DISLOCATIONS

HIP DISLOCATIONS         EPIDEMIOLOGY Up to 50% of patients sustain concomitant fractures elsewhere at the time of hip dislocation. The majority of hip dislocations occur in 16- to 40-year-old males involved in motor vehicle

INFERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION (LUXATIO ERECTA)

INFERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION (LUXATIO ERECTA) This very rare injury is more common in elderly individuals. Mechanism of Injury (Fig. 14.13)             It results from

POSTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION

POSTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION Incidence These injuries represent 2% to 4% of shoulder dislocations and 2% of shoulder injuries. They are often unrecognized by primary care and emergency physicians, with 60% to 80% missed on initial examination. Mechanism of

ANTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION

ANTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION Incidence Anterior dislocations represent 96% of shoulder dislocations. Mechanism of Injury Anterior glenohumeral dislocation may occur as a result of trauma, secondary to either direct or indirect forces. Indirect trauma to the

RADIUS AND ULNA SHAFT FRACTURES

RADIUS AND ULNA SHAFT FRACTURES         EPIDEMIOLOGY Forearm fractures are more common in men than women, secondary to the higher incidence in men of motor vehicle collisions (MVC) and motorcycle accidents (MCA), contact athletic

ELBOW DISLOCATION

ELBOW DISLOCATION         EPIDEMIOLOGY Elbow dislocation accounts for 11% to 28% of elbow injuries. Posterior dislocation is most common, accounting for 80% to 90% of all elbow dislocations. Annual incidence of elbow dislocations

DISTAL HUMERUS fractures

DISTAL HUMERUS fractures         EPIDEMIOLOGY This is a relatively uncommon injury, comprising approximately 2% of all fractures and one-third of all humerus fractures. Incidence of distal humerus fractures in adults is 5.7 per

HUMERAL SHAFT FRACTURES

HUMERAL SHAFT FRACTURES         EPIDEMIOLOGY It is a common injury, representing 3% to 5% of all fractures. Incidence is 14.5 per 100,000 per year. Two percent to 10% are open fractures. Sixty percent involve middle third,

PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES

PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES             EPIDEMIOLOGY Proximal humerus fractures comprise 4% to 5% of all fractures and represent the most common humerus fracture (45%). The incidence is 300,000 per year (more common

GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION

GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION         EPIDEMIOLOGY The shoulder is the most commonly dislocated major joint of the body, accounting for up to 45% of dislocations. Anterior dislocations account for 96% of cases. Posterior dislocations, the

CLAVICLE FRACTURES

CLAVICLE FRACTURES         EPIDEMIOLOGY Clavicle fractures account for approximately 2.6% of all fractures and for 44% to 66% of fractures about the shoulder. Middle third fractures account for 80% of all clavicle fractures,

GUNSHOT WOUNDS

    BALLISTICS Low velocity (<2,000 ft/sec): This includes all handguns. High velocity (>2,000 ft/sec): This includes all military rifles and most hunting rifles. Shotgun wounding potential is dependent on: Chote (shot

OPEN FRACTURES

An open fracture refers to an osseous disruption in which a break in the skin and underlying soft tissue communicates directly with the fracture and its hematoma. The term compound fracture refers to the same injury but is archaic. One-third of patients with open

Trauma Case 61COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

You are the on-call orthopaedic registrar and you are asked to see a young man who has been brought to the emergency department after a direct collision with another player on the football pitch.    This is his radiograph, which shows his only injury. Can you tell me what is going

CASE 59 PILON FRACTURE

Describe the radiographs pictured above. These are AP and lateral radiographs showing a comminuted and displaced pilon fracture. There is articular impaction and comminution, as well as metaphyseal comminution, as is typical with most pilon fractures. What is the typical mechanism

CASE 31 traumatic hip dislocations

  A 53-year-old male arrives in the trauma bay with a GCS 15 and hemodynamically stable following a high-speed motor vehicle crash. He is complaining of severe right hip pain and is unable to move his right lower extremity. You note that his leg is shortened, slightly flexed, internally

OPEN FRACTURE

  1. Describe what you see and your initial management in the emergency department. This is a clinical photograph revealing an open tibial fracture. There is a large transverse wound over the medial border of the tibia with exposed bone protruding. There is obvious periosteal

Shoulder and Elbow cases elbow dislocation

A 32-year-old male presented to the emergency department 1 hour after sustaining a fall while skateboarding. The patient complained of pain in the elbow with swelling and deformity present. He denied numbness or tingling. Examination reveals deformity about the elbow with no open lesions or skin

Shoulder and Elbow cases anterior instability

A 28-year-old, recreational athlete presents to your clinic with shoulder pain and a history of multiple subluxations in the past. He describes a recent frank dislocation that had to be “popped” back in place on the field. His imaging is shown below (Fig.

Shoulder and Elbow cases Bony Bankart Hill–Sachs

A 33-year-old male presents to the ED after a fall during a soccer game. He reports significant right shoulder pain and limited ROM. An x-ray taken in the ED is shown below (Fig. 2–29).       Figure 2–29   What is the

9 Pediatrics CASES

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8 Pediatrics CASES

CASE                                8

8 Pediatrics CASES

CASE                                8

Hand CASES

CASE 1   A 28-year-old, right-hand-dominant male caught big air going off a jump while snowboarding for the first time. He landed awkwardly on his non-dominant left hand and immediately developed pain. Radiographs were obtained at the slope side indicating multiple fractures in the

Hand CASE 18

CASE                               18

Shoulder and Elbow CASES 4

CASE                               31

Shoulder and Elbow CASES 3

CASE                               20

    CASE                               11

Shoulder and Elbow CASES 1

CASE 1     A 76-year-old, right-hand-dominant man presents to clinic complaining of right shoulder pain. The pain started several months ago, has gotten progressively worse, and is located diffusely over his deltoid region. He has night pain and pain with overhead activity. On

Spine CASES 5

CASE                               30

Spine CASES 4

CASE                               21

Spine CASE 3

CASE                               11

Spine CASES 2

  CASE 1     A 63-year-old male sustained a hyperextension injury to his neck while diving into a pool. Upon presentation, he reports decreased sensation in his hands and decreased strength in his arms and wrists, but no lower extremity complaints. On motor examination,

Flexor to Extensor Tendon Transfer for Flexible Hammer Toe Deformity

DEFINITION A hammer toe deformity is defined by a flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, typically with associated metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint hyperextension. The distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint may be flexed, extended, or in a neutral

Pediatric Orthopaedic MCQS ONLINE BANK 1

PREFERRED RESPONSE 3   Improved medical management has changed musculoskeletal outcomes for individuals with hemophilia. Patients with severe hemophilia receiving prophylactic administration of factor VIII may never develop a target joint that requires further orthopaedic intervention.

Pediatric Orthopaedic MCQS ONLINE BANK

(SAE09TR.72) A 13-year-old girl sustained an isolated midshaft left femoral fracture in a motor vehicle accident. The fracture was treated with a rigid, antegrade intramedullary nail placed through the piriformis fossa. The fracture healed uneventfully, as shown in Figure 46a; however, at 12 months

Trauma Orthopedic MCQS online Bank

(OBQ14.208) When treating a proximal tibia fracture, the surgeon decides to (1) use blocking screws in the proximal fragment, and (2) pick the intramedullary nail based on the location of the Herzog curve. Which of the following combinations will best prevent the classic deformity associated with

Shoulder and Elbow Orthopedic MCQS online

(OBQ15.201) A 52-year-old, right hand dominant man comes for evaluation of right shoulder pain that has been intermittently bothering him for three months. The pain is worse with overhead activities. He denies any history of trauma. His range of forward elevation in the plane of the scapula is

Arthroplasty for Posttraumatic Conditions of the Elbow

DEFINITION Posttraumatic conditions of the elbow represent a variety of disorders involving the elbow as a result of previous injury. Included among the posttraumatic conditions are as follows: Posttraumatic arthritis Primary pathology involves posttraumatic degeneration of the articular

Total Elbow Arthroplasty for Primary Osteoarthritis

DEFINITION Primary osteoarthritis (OA) of the elbow is a relatively rare condition that has an idiopathic etiology, although it is frequently associated with heavy use of the arm. Unlike OA of other large joints, elbow OA is characterized by relatively preserved joint space and articular

Synovectomy of the Elbow

DEFINITION Elbow synovectomy surgically removes the thickened, inflamed, and painful synovium of the elbow joint. Synovectomy is commonly performed for rheumatoid arthritis, hemophiliac synovitis, synovial chondromatosis, and inflammatory arthropathies. In the past, synovectomy has been

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Intra-articular Scapular Fractures

DEFINITION Brett D. Owens Joanna G. Branstetter Thomas P. Goss   Intra-articular scapular fractures include fractures of the glenoid cavity, which includes the glenoid rim and the glenoid fossa. They account for 10% of scapular fractures.6 Most scapular fractures are

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Nonarticular Scapular Fractures

DEFINITION Nonarticular scapular fractures include fractures of the glenoid neck, scapular spine and body, acromial process, and coracoid process. They account for 90% of scapular fractures.6 Most nonarticular scapular fractures can be treated nonoperatively, including all isolated scapular

Plate Fixation of Humeral Shaft Fractures

DEFINITION Humeral shaft fractures, which account for about 3% of adult fractures, usually result from a direct blow or indirect twisting injury to the brachium. These injuries are most commonly treated nonoperatively with a prefabricated fracture brace. The humerus is the most freely movable

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures

DEFINITION Proximal humerus fractures may involve the surgical neck, the greater tuberosity, and/or the lesser tuberosity. The Neer classification, which is most commonly used, categorizes fractures based on the number of displaced parts (FIG 1). This classification system involves four

Intramedullary Fixation of Clavicle Fractures

DEFINITION The clavicle is one of the most commonly fractured bones. The site on the clavicle most often fractured is the middle third.10 The midclavicular region is the thinnest and narrowest portion of the bone. It is the only area not supported by ligament or muscle attachments. It

Intramedullary Fixation of Clavicle Fractures

Latarjet Procedure for Instability with Bone Loss

DEFINITION Recognizing and properly addressing bone defects is crucial to achieving good surgical outcomes in shoulder instability. One of the most important requirements for glenohumeral stability is a long congruent articular arc in which the humerus and glenoid remain in contact throughout

Cancellous Patellar Bone Grafting in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

P ITFALLS Correct rotational positioning of the femoral and tibial components is a prerequisite for a successful outcome.   Patellar bone grafting in the setting of component malposition will result in gradual lateral subluxation of the patellar shell

Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty with Tibial Bone Loss: Metal Augments

DEFINITION Bone loss and indications for the use of metallic augments in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) usually are guided by classification of the bony defect and the intraoperative findings. Probably the most widely used, the Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute (AORI) bone

Resection Arthroplasty and Spacer Insertion

DEFINITION Resection arthroplasty and insertion of a spacer is used for the management of chronic deep periprosthetic infection of the hip. This chapter discusses the diagnosis and management of late chronic infections. Acute infections, described in the following text, have a different

Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty with Femoral Bone Loss: Fluted Stems

DEFINITION A fluted femoral stem is designed to provide diaphyseal rotational stability through multiple longitudinally oriented flutes with varying numbers and positions, depending on the manufacturer. These fluted stems may be a useful reconstructive option in one or more of the following

Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty with Femoral Bone Loss: Impaction Allografting

DEFINITION One of the significant challenges in hip revision surgery is the absence of satisfactory proximal femoral bone stock. Restoration of the structural integrity of the proximal femur is paramount to the success of any revision surgery. Impaction allografting of bone has been used

Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty with Well-Fixed Components

DEFINITION Well-fixed femoral and acetabular components often must be removed during revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Determine which well-fixed components should be removed and which should be left in place at the time of revision

Basics of Total Hip Arthroplasty: The Preoperative Patient Evaluation

DEFINITION Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most successful operations performed today.3 This elective procedure provides significant pain relief and improved functional status to millions of patients globally every year. Due to its elective nature, careful preoperative

Hip Arthroscopy: The Basics

  Hip Arthroscopy: The Basics&zwnj;   3     DEFINITION     The hip is increasingly recognized as a source of pain owing to heightened awareness of pathologies, recent research, enhanced imaging techniques, and

Surgical Treatment of Injection Injuries in the Hand

      DEFINITION Injuries caused by high-pressure injection equipment, which can generate pressures of 2000 to 12,000 pound per square inch (psi),9 are more than sufficient force to break the skin.15 Substances typically injected include grease, paint, paint

Intramedullary Nailing of the Tibia

DEFINITION Intramedullary nailing techniques are typically used for closed and open displaced diaphyseal tibial fractures. The indications for intramedullary nailing can be extended to proximal and distal metaphyseal tibia fractures, including those associated with simple articular

Corrective Osteotomy for Radius and Ulna Diaphyseal Malunions

DEFINITION Malunion of the radial or ulnar shaft can lead to pain, loss of motion, loss of strength, and instability at the level of the wrist or elbow. Malrotation, angulation (with narrowing of the interosseous space between the radius and ulna), shortening, and loss of the radial bow have

Reduction and Stabilization of the Distal Radioulnar Joint following Galeazzi Fractures

DEFINITION Fracture of the radial shaft with an associated distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) dislocation (FIG 1A,B) It is well established that anatomic stabilization of the radial shaft fracture typically results in a stable DRUJ that can be treated nonoperatively with a period of

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures

DEFINITION Diaphyseal forearm fractures include isolated or combined radial and ulnar fractures (“both-bone fractures”). They occur distal to the elbow joint and proximal to the wrist joint. It is critical to evaluate the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and radiocapitellar joint

Management of the Multiple Ligament-Injured Knee

DEFINITION Multiligament knee injuries result from both high-energy (eg, motor vehicle collisions) and low-energy (eg, athletic injuries, falls) events. Ultra-low velocity dislocations are those described in obese patients with minimal trauma. Dislocation of the tibiofemoral joint is common,

Management of Posterolateral Corner Injuries

DEFINITION The posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee is a complex area, both anatomically and functionally, that has the potential to cause great disability when injured. Injuries to the structures of the PLC are uncommon, accounting for only 2% of all acute ligamentous knee

Posterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery

DEFINITION The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) serves as the primary restraint to posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur. PCL injuries are uncommon, may be partial or complete, and rarely occur in isolation. Our understanding of the PCL with respect to its natural

Arthroplasty for Posttraumatic Conditions of the Elbow

Total Elbow Arthroplasty for Primary Osteoarthritis

Chapter 98 Synovectomy of the Elbow

A1 Pulley Release for Trigger Finger with and without Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Ulnar Slip Excision

      DEFINITION Trigger finger is an entrapment of the digital flexor tendon(s) by the flexor tendon sheath. Trigger finger progressively causes inflammation, pain, catching, locking, and reduced range of motion (ROM).     ANATOMY   The

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK HAND AND WRIST 1C

  A 22-year-old college quarterback is tackled and sustains a reducible first carpometacarpal dislocation. What is the recommended treatment? Closed reduction and casting Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning First carpometacarpal

Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures

      DEFINITION Hand metacarpals can fracture at their base, shaft, neck, or head. Such fractures can lead to shortening, rotation, or angulation. Metacarpals provide a base for each finger and injury to a metacarpal can severely compromise independent digital

Hip Arthroscopy: The Basics

DEFINITION The hip is increasingly recognized as a source of pain owing to heightened awareness of pathologies, recent research, enhanced imaging techniques, and greater popularity of hip arthroscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Hip arthroscopy first was performed on a cadaver in the

Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures

  Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures         DEFINITION Hand metacarpals can fracture at their base, shaft, neck, or head. Such fractures can lead to shortening, rotation, or angulation. Metacarpals provide a base for each finger and injury

Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures

Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures

Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures

Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures

Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures

Latarjet Procedure for Instability with Bone Loss

Latarjet Procedure for Instability with Bone Loss         DEFINITION Recognizing and properly addressing bone defects is crucial to achieving good surgical outcomes in shoulder instability. One of the most important requirements for glenohumeral stability is

Operative Treatment of Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Fractures

  Operative Treatment of Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Fractures       DEFINITION The first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint comprises the thumb metacarpal base and the trapezium. The thumb CMC joint is vital to the function of the hand, and injuries can result in

Reduction and Stabilization of the Distal Radioulnar Joint following Galeazzi Fractures

  Reduction and Stabilization of the Distal Radioulnar Joint following Galeazzi Fractures       DEFINITION Fracture of the radial shaft with an associated distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) dislocation (FIG 1A,B) It is well established that anatomic

Corrective Osteotomy for Radius and Ulna Diaphyseal Malunions

  Corrective Osteotomy for Radius and Ulna Diaphyseal Malunions       DEFINITION Malunion of the radial or ulnar shaft can lead to pain, loss of motion, loss of strength, and instability at the level of the wrist or elbow. Malrotation, angulation (with

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures

  Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures       DEFINITION Diaphyseal forearm fractures include isolated or combined radial and ulnar fractures (“both-bone fractures”). They occur distal to the elbow joint and proximal

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Pediatric T-Condylar Fractures

  Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Pediatric T-Condylar Fractures           DEFINITION T-condylar fractures of the distal humerus in children and adolescents are relatively rare occurrences. They are

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Pediatric T-Condylar Fractures

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Displaced Lateral Condyle Fractures of the Humerus

  Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Displaced Lateral Condyle Fractures of the Humerus       DEFINITION Lateral condyle fractures refer to fractures of the outer (lateral) aspect of the distal humerus and may involve any or all of the following:

Open Reduction of Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus

  Open Reduction of Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus       DEFINITION A supracondylar fracture that requires open reduction is one that cannot be treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning.     ANATOMY   The

Butler Procedure for Overlapping Fifth Toe

  Butler Procedure for Overlapping Fifth Toe         DEFINITION Overlapping fifth toe is a congenital condition where the fifth toe is rotated and overrides the fourth toe.1, 2, 3   It is frequently bilateral. Males are affected as

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2B

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2A 2072. (2226) Q5-2654: The protein neurofibromin normally acts in which of the following ways:   1) Inhibits fibroblast growth factor 3) Downregulates Ras protein 2) Promotes proteoglycan assembly 5) Promotes tumor formation 4)

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2A

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2D A 4-year-old girl is brought in for examination by her mother because of a bump on the lateral side of her elbow. The girl is unable to extend her elbow. She falls as much as any child, but no particular injury to the elbow is recalled. Radiographs show a

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H1E

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H1E 1411. (1764) Q4-2162: All of the following are characteristic of hemangiomas except:   1) 70% of hemangiomas are visible by 4 weeks of age 3) Hemangiomas are three times more common in woman than men 2) 70% of hemangiomas regress by 7

Surgical Management of Blount Disease

  Surgical Management of Blount Disease         DEFINITION Blount disease, also known as idiopathic tibia vara and osteochondritis deformans tibiae, is characterized by abnormal growth of the proximal tibia physis with progressive varus

Posterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery

  Posterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery       DEFINITION The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) serves as the primary restraint to posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur. PCL injuries are uncommon, may be partial or complete, and rarely occur

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Mature Ankle

Chapter 36 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Mature Ankle   Sanjit R. Konda Kenneth A. Egol   DEFINITION The ankle is a modified hinge joint, which relies on a congruently reduced mortise to provide optimal function. Maintenance of normal tibiotalar contact

Tibial Tuberosity Fractures

Chapter 34 Tibial Tuberosity Fractures   Eric W. Edmonds     DEFINITION Tibial tuberosity fractures are rare fractures that predominately occur in adolescents with the onset of proximal tibial physeal closure. These apophyseal fractures occur almost

Intramedullary Nailing of the Mature Tibia

Chapter 32 Intramedullary Nailing of the Mature Tibia   Mark A. Lee Jonathan G. Eastman Brett Crist   DEFINITION Intramedullary nailing techniques are typically used for closed and open displaced diaphyseal tibial fractures. The indications for intramedullary nailing

Pediatric Tibial Fractures

Chapter 30 Pediatric Tibial Fractures   Craig P. Eberson     DEFINITION Fractures of the tibia are common in children. Severity ranges from nondisplaced “toddler's” fracture to high-energy open injury. Open growth plates at the ends of the

Distal Femoral Physeal Fractures

Chapter 28 Distal Femoral Physeal Fractures   Martin J. Herman     DEFINITION Fractures of the distal femoral physis are those that involve the physis or growth plate of the distal femur. These fractures occur most commonly in older children and adolescents from

Trochanteric Entry Nailing for Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures

Chapter 27 Trochanteric Entry Nailing for Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures   J. Eric Gordon June C. Smith   DEFINITION Fractures of the femoral shaft are characterized by acute, nonpathologic fractures of the femur in which the primary portion of the fracture is at

Submuscular Plating of Pediatric Femur Fractures

Chapter 26 Submuscular Plating of Pediatric Femur Fractures   Ernest L. Sink Benjamin F. Ricciardi   DEFINITION Submuscular bridge plating is a minimally invasive, soft tissue preserving approach that provides relative stability for length-unstable pediatric diaphyseal

Sternoclavicular Fracture Injury

Chapter 21 Sternoclavicular Fracture Injury   R. Jay Lee Afamefuna M. Nduaguba David A. Spiegel     DEFINITION Sternoclavicular fracture-dislocation is an injury to the only bony articulation between the upper extremity and the axial skeleton. Sternoclavicular

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures

Chapter 19 Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures   Mark T. Dillon Stephen Torres Mohit Gilotra David L. Glaser     DEFINITION Proximal humerus fractures may involve the surgical neck, the greater tuberosity, and/or the lesser

Plate Fixation of Humeral Shaft Fractures

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