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Question 2781

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

Which of the following tendons is contained within the third extensor compartment of the wrist?

. Extensor pollicis longus
. Extensor pollicis brevis
. Abductor pollicis longus
. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
. Extensor digitorum communis

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Extensor pollicis longus


Explanation

The third extensor compartment of the wrist contains solely the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon. It takes a sharp 45-degree angle around Lister's tubercle, predisposing it to rupture following distal radius fractures.

Question 2782

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

The ulnar nerve passes through Guyon's canal at the wrist. Which of the following structures forms the floor of this canal?

. Volar carpal ligament
. Transverse carpal ligament
. Palmar aponeurosis
. Hook of the hamate
. Palmaris longus tendon

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Volar carpal ligament


Explanation

The floor of Guyon's canal is formed by the transverse carpal ligament and the pisohamate ligament. The volar carpal ligament forms the roof.

Question 2783

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

A Martin-Gruber anastomosis is a well-documented anatomical variant. This anomaly most commonly involves the transfer of motor fibers from which nerve to which nerve?

. Median to ulnar in the forearm
. Ulnar to median in the forearm
. Median to ulnar in the hand
. Ulnar to median in the hand
. Radial to median in the forearm

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Median to ulnar in the forearm


Explanation

The Martin-Gruber anastomosis occurs in the forearm, where motor fibers from the median nerve (or anterior interosseous nerve) cross over to join the ulnar nerve. This variant can alter typical EMG findings in peripheral nerve compression.

Question 2784

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

Lanz classified the anatomical variations of the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve. Which of the following is the most common anatomic path of this branch?

. Extraligamentous
. Subligamentous
. Transligamentous
. Ulnar approach
. Bifurcated

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Extraligamentous


Explanation

The extraligamentous course is the most common path of the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve (around 50%). It typically branches distal to the transverse carpal ligament and recurrently enters the thenar musculature.

Question 2785

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

Lister's tubercle serves as a bony fulcrum for a major extensor tendon of the wrist and hand. This tendon resides in which dorsal extensor compartment?

. First compartment
. Second compartment
. Third compartment
. Fourth compartment
. Fifth compartment

Correct Answer & Explanation

. First compartment


Explanation

The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon resides alone in the third dorsal extensor compartment. It hooks around Lister's tubercle, which redirects its line of pull toward the thumb.

Question 2786

Topic: Nerve & Tendon

During an ulnar nerve transposition, the medial intermuscular septum is excised to prevent compression of the nerve. What structure is most at risk of injury when excising this septum?

. Ulnar nerve
. Median nerve
. Ulnar collateral ligament
. Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
. Brachial artery

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Ulnar nerve


Explanation

The medial antebrachial cutaneous (MABC) nerve travels closely with the basilic vein and crosses the medial intermuscular septum. Excision of the septum during ulnar nerve transposition places the MABC nerve at significant risk.

Question 2787

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

What is the most radial structure within the carpal tunnel?

. Flexor pollicis longus tendon
. Median nerve
. Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon to the index finger
. Flexor carpi radialis tendon
. Flexor digitorum profundus tendon to the index finger

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Flexor pollicis longus tendon


Explanation

The flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon is the most radial structure within the carpal tunnel. The flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon runs in its own separate fibro-osseous tunnel outside the main carpal tunnel.

Question 2788

Topic: Nerve & Tendon

The lumbrical muscles of the hand originate from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus. Which nerve typically innervates the first and second lumbricals?

. Deep branch of the ulnar nerve
. Superficial branch of the ulnar nerve
. Median nerve
. Anterior interosseous nerve
. Posterior interosseous nerve

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Deep branch of the ulnar nerve


Explanation

The first and second lumbricals are unipennate muscles typically innervated by the median nerve. The third and fourth lumbricals are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

Question 2789

Topic: Nerve & Tendon

The floor of the cubital tunnel is formed by which of the following structures?

. Osborne's ligament
. Medial collateral ligament
. Arcade of Struthers
. Flexor carpi ulnaris aponeurosis
. Brachialis muscle

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Osborne's ligament


Explanation

The floor of the cubital tunnel is formed by the medial collateral ligament (specifically the anterior and posterior bundles) and the joint capsule. The roof is formed by Osborne's ligament and the FCU aponeurosis.

Question 2790

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

The lumbrical muscles of the hand play a key role in fine motor movements by flexing the metacarpophalangeal joints and extending the interphalangeal joints. Which of the following best describes the typical origin and innervation of the third lumbrical?

. Originates from a single tendon of the FDP; innervated by the median nerve
. Originates from two adjacent tendons of the FDP; innervated by the ulnar nerve
. Originates from a single tendon of the FDS; innervated by the median nerve
. Originates from two adjacent tendons of the FDS; innervated by the ulnar nerve
. Originates from the metacarpal shafts; innervated by the ulnar nerve

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Originates from a single tendon of the FDP; innervated by the median nerve


Explanation

The first and second lumbricals are unipennate and innervated by the median nerve. The third and fourth lumbricals are bipennate, originating from the adjacent sides of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons, and are innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Question 2791

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

During an open carpal tunnel release, the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve must be avoided. In a standard textbook description (extraligamentous origin), where does this branch typically originate and how does it course?

. Originates proximal to the transverse carpal ligament and pierces it
. Originates within the carpal tunnel and pierces the transverse carpal ligament
. Originates distal to the transverse carpal ligament and curls back over it to innervate the thenar muscles
. Originates from the ulnar nerve and crosses the palm
. Originates from the anterior interosseous nerve

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Originates proximal to the transverse carpal ligament and pierces it


Explanation

The most common variation (extraligamentous) of the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve originates distal to the transverse carpal ligament. It then courses recurrently (curling back proximally) to innervate the thenar musculature.

Question 2792

Topic: Nerve & Tendon



Based on a normal cross-section of the forearm (as seen in Figure 6), the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) courses distally along the interosseous membrane. Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the AIN?

. Flexor pollicis longus
. Pronator quadratus
. Flexor digitorum profundus to the index finger
. Flexor digitorum superficialis
. Flexor digitorum profundus to the middle finger

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Flexor pollicis longus


Explanation

The anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) innervates the flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus, and the radial half of the flexor digitorum profundus. The flexor digitorum superficialis is innervated by the main trunk of the median nerve.

Question 2793

Topic: Nerve & Tendon

A patient presents with a deep penetrating injury to the palm and demonstrates an inability to forcefully cross the index and middle fingers. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured?

. Median nerve
. Anterior interosseous nerve
. Posterior interosseous nerve
. Ulnar nerve
. Radial nerve

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Median nerve


Explanation

Crossing the index and middle fingers requires the function of the dorsal and volar interossei muscles, which are responsible for digit abduction and adduction. These intrinsic muscles are innervated by the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve.

Question 2794

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

The deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve passes between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate in Guyon's canal. Which of the following structures forms the roof of this canal?

. Transverse carpal ligament
. Volar carpal ligament
. Pisohamate ligament
. Triquetrohamate ligament
. Flexor digitorum profundus tendons

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Transverse carpal ligament


Explanation

The roof of Guyon's canal is formed by the volar carpal ligament and the palmaris brevis muscle. The floor is formed by the transverse carpal ligament and the pisohamate ligament.

Question 2795

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

When decompressing Guyon's canal for ulnar nerve entrapment, a surgeon must be intimately aware of its boundaries. Which of the following structures forms the floor of Guyon's canal?

. Palmar carpal ligament
. Transverse carpal ligament
. Volar carpal ligament
. Hypothenar fascia
. Deep palmar aponeurosis

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Palmar carpal ligament


Explanation

The floor of Guyon's canal is formed by the transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum) and the pisohamate ligament. The roof is formed by the volar carpal ligament (palmar carpal ligament).

Question 2796

Topic: Nerve & Tendon

Compression of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) most commonly occurs at the Arcade of Frohse. This arcade is formed by the proximal aponeurotic edge of which muscle?

. Brachioradialis
. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
. Supinator
. Pronator teres
. Extensor digitorum communis

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Brachioradialis


Explanation

The Arcade of Frohse is a fibrous arch formed by the proximal border of the superficial head of the supinator muscle. It is the most common site of PIN entrapment in radial tunnel syndrome.

Question 2797

Topic: Nerve & Tendon

A patient sustains a deep laceration to the palm, severing the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Which of the following functional deficits is most likely to be observed?

. Inability to flex the interphalangeal joint of the thumb
. Loss of sensation over the volar aspect of the index finger
. Inability to abduct the index finger
. Inability to flex the distal interphalangeal joints of the ring and small fingers
. Loss of opposition of the thumb

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Inability to flex the interphalangeal joint of the thumb


Explanation

The deep branch of the ulnar nerve is purely motor. It supplies the interossei, including the first dorsal interosseous, whose primary function is abduction of the index finger.

Question 2798

Topic: 7. Hand and Wrist

A patient sustains a deep laceration over the volar aspect of the index finger metacarpophalangeal joint. The first lumbrical muscle is injured. What is its precise origin and innervation?

. Radial side of FDP to index, Median nerve
. Ulnar side of FDP to index, Ulnar nerve
. Radial side of FDS to index, Median nerve
. Base of 1st metacarpal, Radial nerve
. Ulnar side of FDS to index, Ulnar nerve

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Radial side of FDP to index, Median nerve


Explanation

The first and second lumbricals are unipennate muscles that originate from the radial sides of their respective flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons. They are innervated by the median nerve.

Question 2799

Topic: Nerve & Tendon

A 45-year-old mechanic complains of chronic, aching pain in the proximal lateral forearm without overt motor weakness, exacerbated by resisted forearm supination. The most common site of compression for the involved nerve is the:

. Arcade of Struthers
. Lacertus fibrosus
. Arcade of Frohse
. Ligament of Struthers
. Osborne's fascia

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Arcade of Struthers


Explanation

Radial tunnel syndrome involves compression of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), presenting with lateral forearm pain without motor weakness. The most common compression site is the proximal edge of the superficial supinator, known as the Arcade of Frohse.

Question 2800

Topic: Wrist & Carpus

A patient complains of ulnar-sided wrist pain after a fall. MRI shows a tear of the foveal attachment of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC). This specific attachment is critical for:

. Stabilizing the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon
. Providing primary longitudinal support to the carpus
. Maintaining stability of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ)
. Limiting radial deviation of the wrist
. Preventing volar subluxation of the lunate

Correct Answer & Explanation

. Stabilizing the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon


Explanation

The foveal attachment of the TFCC consists of the deep radioulnar ligaments, which converge on the fovea of the ulnar head. They are the primary stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ).