Cerebral palsy

How to Prevent and Treat the Most Common Orthopaedic Problems in Children with Cerebral Palsy

This blog post discusses the most common orthopaedic problems in children with cerebral palsy, as well as how to prevent and treat them. It also emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent progression and improve quality of life. Mohammad Hutaif,

Orthopaedic Management of Cerebral Palsy: A Comprehensive Overview

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of conditions that involve permanent motor dysfunction due to abnormalities of the developing fetal or infant brain. CP affects about 2 to 3 per 1000 live births worldwide, and can cause various physical, cognitive, and emotional challenges for children and their

Orthopaedic Management of Cerebral Palsy: A Comprehensive Guide

This article provides a comprehensive overview of orthopaedic management of cerebral palsy, including assessment and evaluation, stretching and strengthening exercises, orthotics, surgical intervention, and Botox injections. Mohammad

foot

  ANATOMICAL FEATURES           Fig. 13.A. Tripod action of the foot: To maintain perfect ground contact each foot acts as a tripod, with the legs of the tripod being

thoracic and lumbar spine

    Fig. 8.A   THE SPINE: ANATOMICAL FEATURES   The complex relationships of the

Infection and Microbiology

Infection and Microbiology Musculoskeletal infections overview Treatment overview Empirical treatment: based on the presumed type of infection as determined from clinical findings and symptoms. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are the most

Muscle

  Skeletal muscle anatomy ( Fig. 1.40) Cellular anatomy Sarcolemma: plasma membrane surrounding cell Extends into cell surrounding

PEDIATRIC TIBIA AND FIBULA Fractures

PEDIATRIC TIBIA AND FIBULA         EPIDEMIOLOGY Tibia fractures represent the third most common pediatric long bone fracture, after femur and forearm fractures. They represent 15% of pediatric fractures. The average age of

PEDIATRIC FEMORAL SHAFT and KNEE Fractures and Dislocations

PEDIATRIC FEMORAL SHAFT         EPIDEMIOLOGY Represent 1.6% of all fractures in the pediatric population. Males are more commonly affected at a ratio of 2.6:1. Bimodal distribution of incidence: The first peak is from 2 to 4 years

Pediatric orthopedic cases 37

CASE                               37

Pediatric orthopaedic cases 22

  Case 22                                You are called to the newborn nursery to evaluate a 1-day-old girl who has not moved her right arm since birth. She was the product of spontaneous vaginal delivery at

Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgery

Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery       Epiphysiodesis‌ Developmental dysplasia of 443 Slipped upper femoral epiphysis: Osteotomy   462 the hip: Closed

Surgery of the Hand

  Dupuytren’s surgery‌‌   193   Tendon transfers   224 Synovial cyst treatment‌ 201 Soft tissue

Anaesthesia in Orthopaedic Surgery

Anaesthesia in Orthopaedic Surgery       Introduction 1‌ Preoperative assessment 1‌ Intraoperative techniques 5 Postoperative care 6 Viva questions 9   Introduction‌ The orthopaedic patient population

Tendon Transfer for Foot Drop

DEFINITION Pathology leading to a spectrum of motor function loss that includes loss of ankle dorsiflexion Common peroneal nerve palsy, L5 radiculopathy, cerebrovascular accident Loss of ankle dorsiflexion and hindfoot eversion Retained posterior tibial tendon (PTT) function Hereditary

Achilles Tendon Lengthening

DEFINITION A plantarflexion contracture is defined as the inability to passively dorsiflex the ankle at least 5 degrees past neutral, with a neutral hindfoot, and suggests contracture of the gastrocsoleus complex (FIG 1). Plantarflexion contracture may be secondary to contracture of the

Management of Equinocavovarus Foot Deformity

r       DEFINITION Pes cavus is characterized by increased plantarflexion of the forefoot and midfoot in relation to the hindfoot. An isolated pes cavus is rare; it is commonly accompanied by other deformities of the foot.

Flexor to Extensor Tendon Transfer for Flexible Hammer Toe Deformity

DEFINITION A hammer toe deformity is defined by a flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, typically with associated metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint hyperextension. The distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint may be flexed, extended, or in a neutral

Hallux Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis

DEFINITION Multiple potentially disabling disorders affect the hallux interphalangeal joint (IPJ). Symptomatic hallux IPJ arthritis and/or deformity may be effectively treated with hallux IPJ arthrodesis. The goal of hallux IPJ arthrodesis is to relieve intra-articular pain, dorsal IPJ and

Sacropelvic Fixation Techniques

DEFINITION Sacropelvic fixation is a term used to describe instrumentation into the sacrum and pelvis. The most common indication is a long spinal fusion to the sacrum. Other indications include high-grade spondylolisthesis, flat back syndrome requiring corrective osteotomy, and correction of

Pediatric Orthopaedic MCQS ONLINE BANK 1

PREFERRED RESPONSE 3   Improved medical management has changed musculoskeletal outcomes for individuals with hemophilia. Patients with severe hemophilia receiving prophylactic administration of factor VIII may never develop a target joint that requires further orthopaedic intervention.

Pediatric Orthopaedic MCQS ONLINE BANK

(SAE09TR.72) A 13-year-old girl sustained an isolated midshaft left femoral fracture in a motor vehicle accident. The fracture was treated with a rigid, antegrade intramedullary nail placed through the piriformis fossa. The fracture healed uneventfully, as shown in Figure 46a; however, at 12 months

Spine Orthopedic MCQS online Bank

(SAE08OS.6) Figures 2a and 2b show the radiograph and MRI scan of a 56-year-old woman who has low back pain and right leg pain. She has grade 3/5 toe and ankle dorsiflexion strength on the right side. Nonsurgical management has failed to provide relief; therefore, surgery should include Review

Correction of Thumb-in-Palm Deformity in Cerebral Palsy

        DEFINITION The thumb-in-palm deformity is a fixed adduction-flexion posture in the affected hand of the patient with spastic cerebral palsy. This influences both hand function and hygiene.     ANATOMY   Imbalance of the

Tendon Transfer for Foot Drop

DEFINITION Pathology leading to a spectrum of motor function loss that includes loss of ankle dorsiflexion Common peroneal nerve palsy, L5 radiculopathy, cerebrovascular accident Loss of ankle dorsiflexion and hindfoot eversion Retained posterior tibial tendon (PTT) function Hereditary

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK HAND AND WRIST 1B

145) A 32-year-old carpenter complains of progressively worsening wrist pain for the last 2 months. He denies any recent history of trauma to the wrist or hand. An MRI is obtained and a representative image is provided in Figure A. Which of the following surgical interventions is thought to be

Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Loss of Motion

  Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Loss of Motion DEFINITION Loss of motion is a common sequela of elbow trauma or the natural progression of nontraumatic conditions of the elbow, significantly impairing function of the upper extremity and hindering performance of

Dislocations and Chronic Volar Instability of the Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint

  Dislocations and Chronic Volar Instability of the Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint     DEFINITIO Disruption of the restraining structures on the volar surface of the joint between the metacarpal and proximal phalanx of the thumb may result in excessive joint motion

Osteotomy of the Radius for Treatment of Kienböck Disease

  Osteotomy of the Radius for Treatment of Kienböck Disease       DEFINITION Kienböck disease is a disorder of undetermined etiology that results in avascular necrosis (AVN) of the lunate.7     ANATOMY Lunate

Posteromedial and Posterolateral Release for the Treatment of Resistant Clubfoot

  Posteromedial and Posterolateral Release for the Treatment of Resistant Clubfoot         DEFINITION Clubfoot, or talipes equinovarus, is a congenital or acquired deformity in which the foot is stiffly positioned in hindfoot equinus and varus and

Anterior Tibialis Transfer for Residual Clubfoot Deformity

  Anterior Tibialis Transfer for Residual Clubfoot Deformity         DEFINITION The incidence of residual deformity in congenital clubfoot ranges from 26.6% to 50%, regardless of the initial treatment provided.2 The disparity in the reported

Surgical Treatment of Cavus Foot

  Surgical Treatment of Cavus Foot       DEFINITION A cavus foot deformity in children develops from muscle imbalance that leads to forefoot pronation in relation to the hindfoot. When well established, it is readily recognizable by an abnormally high medial

Split Posterior Tibial Tendon Transfer

  Split Posterior Tibial Tendon Transfer       DEFINITION The equinovarus deformity involves hindfoot equinus and varus and results from imbalance between inversion (tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, or both) and eversion of the foot. The deformity may

Open Lengthening of the Achilles Tendon

  Open Lengthening of the Achilles Tendon       DEFINITION Shortening of the Achilles tendon, gastrocsoleus complex (triceps surae), or both results in an equinus (plantarflexed) position of the calcaneus relative to the tibia. An equinus deformity is either

Triple Arthrodesis

Triple Arthrodesis       DEFINITION Triple arthrodesis involves fusion of the talocalcaneal, calcaneocuboid, and talonavicular joints. The procedure is most commonly indicated for salvage in severe, rigid deformities of the hindfoot which are unresponsive to less

Triple Innominate Osteotomy

  Triple Innominate Osteotomy         DEFINITION Triple innominate osteotomy (TIO) is a surgical procedure that includes osteotomy of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, allowing rotation of the acetabulum around the femoral head (FIG 1). This greater

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2C

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2C 2379. (3838) Q5-7621: An 18-month-old patient is suspected of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. The clinical findings are most likely to include all of the following except:   1) Below average stature 3) Dental abscesses or caries 2)

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2B

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2A 2072. (2226) Q5-2654: The protein neurofibromin normally acts in which of the following ways:   1) Inhibits fibroblast growth factor 3) Downregulates Ras protein 2) Promotes proteoglycan assembly 5) Promotes tumor formation 4)

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2A

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H2D A 4-year-old girl is brought in for examination by her mother because of a bump on the lateral side of her elbow. The girl is unable to extend her elbow. She falls as much as any child, but no particular injury to the elbow is recalled. Radiographs show a

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H1D

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE QUESTION BANK H1D Which of the following is a significant risk factor for a motor nerve palsy following a primary hip replacement:   1) Age <50 years 3) Prior hip surgery 2) Female sex 5) Developmental dysplasia 4) Body mass index

Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy

  Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy       DEFINITION Hip dysplasia is the most common etiology of coxarthrosis, often leading to arthroplasty long before joint replacement can be considered a lifetime solution.3 Surgical realignment of the congruous

Chiari Medial Displacement Osteotomy of the Pelvis

  Chiari Medial Displacement Osteotomy of the Pelvis           DEFINITION The Chiari osteotomy is primarily a “salvage” osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia in the painful, unstable hip. It is

Triple Innominate Osteotomy

  Triple Innominate Osteotomy         DEFINITION Triple innominate osteotomy (TIO) is a surgical procedure that includes osteotomy of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, allowing rotation of the acetabulum around the femoral head (FIG 1). This greater

Pericapsular Osteotomies of Pemberton and Dega

  Pericapsular Osteotomies of Pemberton and Dega   r       DEFINITION The Pemberton7 ( FIG 1) and Dega1, 2 ( FIG 2) osteotomies are performed for acetabular dysplasia that is either part of a developmental disorder or an

Innominate Osteotomy of Salter

Innominate Osteotomy of Salter       DEFINITION The Salter innominate osteotomy is commonly performed in conjunction with an open reduction for the dislocated hip in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) after 18 months of age. The osteotomy can also be performed

Anterior Drainage of the Septic Hip in Children

  Anterior Drainage of the Septic Hip in Children         DEFINITION Septic arthritis of the hip affects children of all ages, from the newborn to adolescents. The principles of treatment include early and accurate diagnosis, prompt surgical drainage,

Rib to Pelvis Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib Insertion to Manage Neuromuscular Scoliosis

  Rib to Pelvis Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib Insertion to Manage Neuromuscular Scoliosis       DEFINITION Vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) has gained enormous worldwide popularity in the last decade as an effective method to

Pelvic Fixation for Neuromuscular Scoliosis

  Pelvic Fixation for Neuromuscular Scoliosis       DEFINITION Neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) is a spinal deformity in the coronal plane in patients with abnormal myoneural pathways of the body.16 Pelvic fixation refers to the anchorage of spinal fixation to

Growing Rod Instrumentation for Early-Onset Scoliosis

  Growing Rod Instrumentation for Early-Onset Scoliosis       DEFINITION Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is defined by the diagnosis of scoliosis at or before the age of 5 years. The many etiologies of EOS include the following: Congenital vertebral or spinal

Casting for Early-Onset Scoliosis

  Casting for Early-Onset Scoliosis         DEFINITION Early-onset scoliosis is defined as scoliosis occurring by age 5 years. The term was developed because it is more likely associated with long-term pulmonary compromise than in children with later

Spinal Fusion for Neuromuscular Scoliosis

  Spinal Fusion for Neuromuscular Scoliosis       DEFINITION Neuromuscular diseases are heterogeneous between and within diseases and are due to a vast number of pathologies involving the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and

Thoracoscopic Release and Fusion for Scoliosis

  Thoracoscopic Release and Fusion for Scoliosis       DEFINITION Thoracoscopy provides the ability to gain access to the thoracic spine via small incisions (portals). Anterior release includes removal of the annulus fibrosus, anterior longitudinal ligament,

Posterior Osteotomies of the Spine

Posterior Osteotomies of the Spine         DEFINITION Spinal osteotomies encompass a range of techniques involving resection of bone from the spinal column to induce flexibility and correct rigid pediatric spinal deformity. These osteotomies can resect the

Posterior Spinal Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis

Posterior Spinal Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis       DEFINITION Idiopathic scoliosis is a progressive three-dimensional spinal deformity in the absence of any congenital spinal anomaly or associated musculoskeletal condition. Categorized as early onset (before the

Posterior Exposure of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine

  Posterior Exposure of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine       DEFINITION Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine and rib cage. The hallmark of scoliotic spines is curvature in the coronal plane along with abnormal curvature in the sagittal

Posterior Spinal Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis

  Posterior Spinal Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis       DEFINITION Idiopathic scoliosis is a progressive three-dimensional spinal deformity in the absence of any congenital spinal anomaly or associated musculoskeletal condition. Categorized as early onset

Anterior Approach for Open Reduction of the Developmentally Dislocated Hip

  Anterior Approach for Open Reduction of the Developmentally Dislocated Hip         DEFINITION Developmental dysplasia or dislocation of the hip (DDH) is a disorder that may affect the development and stability of the hip joint during the critical

Transfer of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris for Wrist Flexion Deformity

  Transfer of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris for Wrist Flexion Deformity         DEFINITION Cerebral palsy is a primary central nervous system dysfunction that leads to significant functional impairment due to its secondary peripheral manifestations in the upper

Release of the A1 Pulley to Correct Pediatric Trigger Thumb

  Release of the A1 Pulley to Correct Pediatric Trigger Thumb         DEFINITION Pediatric trigger thumb is a condition in which tightness of the first annular (A1) pulley of the thumb and an enlargement or nodule of the flexor pollicis longus tendon

Correction of Thumb-in-Palm Deformity in Cerebral PalsyCorrection of Thumb-in-Palm Deformity in Cerebral Palsy

  Correction of Thumb-in-Palm Deformity in Cerebral Palsy           DEFINITION The thumb-in-palm deformity is a fixed adduction-flexion posture in the affected hand of the patient with spastic cerebral palsy. This influences both hand function

Distal Femoral Osteotomy for Crouch Gait

  Distal Femoral Osteotomy for Crouch Gait         DEFINITION Crouch gait is defined as walking with excessive knee flexion during stance. Crouch is a common walking pattern in neuromuscular conditions, particularly for individuals with cerebral

Lengthening of Gastrocnemius Fascia

  Lengthening of Gastrocnemius Fascia       DEFINITION Lengthening of gastrocnemius fascia is commonly performed for conditions in which the patient positions their foot in equinus either while standing or walking. Equinus represents a loss of dorsiflexion

Distal Hamstring Lengthening

  Distal Hamstring Lengthening         DEFINITION The gait pattern of children with cerebral palsy (CP) is frequently disrupted by dynamic overactivity and shortening of the medial hamstring muscles. This disruption is characterized by increased knee

Proximal Hamstring and Adductor Lengthening

  Proximal Hamstring and Adductor Lengthening       DEFINITION Proximal hamstring lengthenings are primarily performed in the treatment of spastic hip subluxation, mainly in children prior to adolescence. Based on modeling studies, the hamstrings are a

Rectus Femoris Transfer

Rectus Femoris Transfer         DEFINITION The gait pattern of children with cerebral palsy (CP) is frequently disrupted by dynamic overactivity of the rectus femoris muscle. This disruption is characterized by delayed and diminished peak knee flexion in

Adductor and Iliopsoas Release

  Adductor and Iliopsoas Release         DEFINITION Psoas and adductor contractures are most common in cerebral palsy but can occur in any neuromuscular condition owing to disuse, muscular imbalance, or spasticity. The degree of contracture varies

Distal Tibial Osteotomy

  Distal Tibial Osteotomy         DEFINITION Angular deformities of the distal tibia can lead to varus or valgus malalignment of the ankle joint. Rotational deformities of the tibia include both internal and external tibial torsion. Additional

Multiple Percutaneous Osteotomies and Fassier-Duval Telescoping Nailing of Long Bones in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

  Multiple Percutaneous Osteotomies and Fassier-Duval Telescoping Nailing of Long Bones in Osteogenesis Imperfecta   r   DEFINITION Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and syndromes with congenital brittle bones sustain recurrent fractures and deformity,

Limb Lengthening Using the Ilizarov Method or a Monoplanar Fixator

  Limb Lengthening Using the Ilizarov Method or a Monoplanar Fixator       DEFINITION Limb lengthening is a surgical procedure performed to lengthen a bone. In the Ilizarov method, lengthening is accomplished by gradual bone distraction through a low-energy,

Percutaneous Distal Femoral or Proximal Tibial Epiphysiodesis for Leg Length Discrepancy

  Percutaneous Distal Femoral or Proximal Tibial Epiphysiodesis for Leg Length Discrepancy         DEFINITION Epiphysiodesis involves manipulation of a physis (growth plate) to cause temporary or permanent, partial or complete growth inhibition to

Proximal Femoral Varus Osteotomy Using a 90-Degree Blade Plate

  Proximal Femoral Varus Osteotomy Using a 90-Degree Blade Plate         DEFINITION Proximal femoral varus osteotomy can be useful for many conditions: Coxa valga deformity Hip subluxation (nearly all etiologies) Containment for Perthes disease

Femoral Rotational Osteotomy (Proximal and Distal)

  Femoral Rotational Osteotomy (Proximal and Distal)       DEFINITIONS Femoral anteversion is the angle in the transverse (rotational) plane between the neck of the femur and the distal femur, as defined by the intercondylar axis. The term femoral

Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Loss of Motion

Chapter 40 Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Loss of Motion                   Laith M. Al-Shihabi Chris Mellano Robert W. Wysocki Anthony A. Romeo   DEFINITION Loss of motion is a common

Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Loss of Motion

Chapter 40 Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Loss of Motion                   Laith M. Al-Shihabi Chris Mellano Robert W. Wysocki Anthony A. Romeo   DEFINITION Loss of motion is a common

Submuscular Plating of Pediatric Femur Fractures

Chapter 26 Submuscular Plating of Pediatric Femur Fractures   Ernest L. Sink Benjamin F. Ricciardi   DEFINITION Submuscular bridge plating is a minimally invasive, soft tissue preserving approach that provides relative stability for length-unstable pediatric diaphyseal

ARAB BOARD ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK

ARAB BOARD ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK  PREFACE   Much effort has been put in this book, as every question was reviewed, analyzed and evaluated concerning the benefit, and information given to the student or Orthopedic Resident, that would allow one to realize his weak

Examination questions for grade 2018

                            Graduate Exam Question 2018 First, single-choice questions (1 point per question, 20 points) 1. The best treatment for liver

      Examination questions for grade 2019

                                              Examination questions for

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 14B

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 14B    Answer 04.50 # 2 In

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE23

Orthopedics MCQS ONLINE OITE23 1.03 What is the most common complication associated with surgical fixation of a transverse midshaft humeral fracture using antegrade statically locked medullary nail?   Infection Radial nerve palsy Brachial artery injury during

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE OITE 1213 1A

 ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 1213     2013 & 2012 OITE Study Guide © 2012 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2012 Orthopaedic In-Training

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 22

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 22 FOR OITE 22 FIGURES CLICK OITE22FIG 02.1 answer back A 30-year-old patient sustains an isolated type II open femoral shaft fracture. In addition to irrigation and debridement, management should include 1- skeletal traction. 2-

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 20

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 20   For OITE 20 FIGURE CLICK  OITE 20 FIGURES  00.1 A 25-year-old man sustains the injury shown in the radiographs in Figures 1A and 1B. Examination reveals that he is neurovascularly intact, and there is a transverse 3-cm open medial

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 97

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE BANK OITE 97 97.1 A 55-year-old woman reports a spontaneous onset of severe pain in her ribs. AP and lateral chest radiographs show severe osteopenia, two rib fractures, and three vertebral compression fractures. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin level of 9.0

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK OITE 96

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK OITE 96 96.1 A 4‑year‑old girl has had increasing left hip pain over the past 48 hours and has stopped walking. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F). Hip range of motion is limited. Aspiration of the hip reveals a WBC of 68,000/mm' and

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK OITE 99

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK OUTE 99 99.1 Examination of a 60-year-old man who has a painful flatfoot deformity reveals no demonstrable function of the posterior tibial tendon. Neither the hindfoot valgus nor the forefoot pronation is passively correctable, and management consisting of shoe

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK OITE98

Orthopaedic In-Training Exam 1998   Question 1 - A patient has a grade 2 open tibial fracture with 70% cross sectional bone loss that extends 2 cm in length. Treatment consists of stabilization with a nonreamed interlocking nail and successful secondary wound closure. Four months

Orthopaedics Examination questions

Graduation exams One, single-choice question (1 x 6 points) 1. Esophageal in situ cancer means (a) A limited to the mucous membrane B limited to intramuscular C Uninvaded and esophagus whole layer D not invaded the esophagus wall for a week E over the lower mucous membrane

Orthopaedics Examination questions

Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy

  Chapter 75 Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy   Travis H. Matheney and Michael B. Millis   DEFINITION Hip dysplasia is the most common etiology of coxarthrosis, often leading to arthroplasty long before joint replacement can be considered a lifetime

Chiari Medial Displacement Osteotomy of the Pelvis

  Chapter 74 Chiari Medial Displacement Osteotomy of the Pelvis   Travis H. Matheney and Brian Snyder   DEFINITION The Chiari osteotomy is primarily a “salvage” osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia in the painful, unstable hip. It

Triple Innominate Osteotomy

  Chapter 73   Triple Innominate Osteotomy   Dennis R. Wenger and Maya E. Pring   DEFINITION Triple innominate osteotomy (TIO) is a surgical procedure that includes osteotomy of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, allowing rotation of the

Pericapsular Osteotomies of Pemberton and Dega

  Chapter 71 Pericapsular Osteotomies of Pemberton and Dega   Tim Schrader and J. Anthony Gonzales, Jr.   DEFINITION The Pemberton8 (FIG 1A–C) and Dega1,2 (FIG 1D–F) osteotomies are performed for acetabular dysplasia that is

Innominate Osteotomy of Salter

  Chapter 70 Innominate Osteotomy of Salter   Richard E. Bowen and Norman Y. Otsuka   DEFINITION The Salter innominate osteotomy is commonly performed in conjunction with an open reduction for the dislocated hip in developmental dysplasia of the hip

Anterior Drainage of the Septic Hip in Children

  Chapter 69 Anterior Drainage of the Septic Hip in Children   Richard M. Schwend   DEFINITION Septic arthritis of the hip affects children of all ages, from the newborn to adolescents. The principles of treatment include early and accurate

Anterior Approach for Open Reduction of the Developmentally Dislocated Hip

  Chapter 67‌ Anterior Approach for Open Reduction of the Developmentally Dislocated Hip Richard M. Schwend   DEFINITION Developmental dysplasia or dislocation of the hip (DDH) is a disorder that may affect the development and stability of the hip joint

Unit Rod Instrumentation for Neuromuscular Scoliosis

  Chapter 61 Unit Rod Instrumentation for Neuromuscular Scoliosis   Kirk W. Dabney and Freeman Miller   DEFINITION Neuromuscular spinal deformity is a result of an abnormal neuromuscular system in childhood, as in cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy,

Thoracoscopic Release and Fusion for Scoliosis

  Chapter 60 Thoracoscopic Release and Fusion for Scoliosis   Daniel J. Sucato   DEFINITION Thoracoscopy provides the ability to gain access to the thoracic spine via small incisions (portals). Anterior release includes removal of the

Posterior Exposure of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine

  Chapter 56 Posterior Exposure of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine   James T. Guille and Reginald S. Fayssoux   DEFINITION Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine and rib cage. The hallmark of scoliotic spines is curvature in

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE OB SHOULDER AND ELBOW 1A

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE OB SHOULDER AND ELBOW 1A  ©   A 24-year-old avid volleyball player has noted gradual onset of shoulder fatigue and weakness limiting his game. Radiographs done by his primary care physician were normal and he has failed to improve with 6 weeks of

Transfer of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris for Wrist Flexion Deformity

  Chapter 50 Transfer of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris for Wrist Flexion Deformity Ann E. Van Heest   DEFINITION Cerebral palsy is a primary central nervous system dysfunction that leads to significant functional impairment owing to its secondary peripheral

Release of the A1 Pulley to Correct Congenital Trigger Thumb

  Chapter 49 Release of the A1 Pulley to Correct Congenital Trigger Thumb Roger Cornwall   DEFINITION Pediatric trigger thumb is a condition in which tightness of the first annular (A1) pulley of the thumb and an enlargement or nodule of the flexor pollicis

Correction of Thumb-in-Palm Deformity in Cerebral Palsy

  Chapter 48 Correction of Thumb-in-Palm Deformity in Cerebral Palsy   Thanapong Waitayawinyu and Scott N. Oishi   DEFINITION The thumb-in-palm deformity is a fixed adduction–flexion posture in the affected hand of the patient with spastic

Distal Femoral Osteotomy for Crouch Gait

  Chapter 45 Distal Femoral Osteotomy for Crouch Gait   Tom F. Novacheck   DEFINITION Crouch gait is defined as walking with excessive knee flexion during stance. Crouch is a common walking pattern in neuromuscular conditions, particularly

Gastrocnemius Fascia Lengthening

  Chapter 44 Gastrocnemius Fascia Lengthening   James J. McCarthy and David A. Spiegel   DEFINITION Lengthening of the gastrocnemius fascia is commonly performed for conditions in which the patient positions the foot in equinus either while standing

Distal Hamstring Lengthening

  Chapter 43 Distal Hamstring Lengthening   Jon R. Davids   DEFINITION The gait pattern of children with cerebral palsy (CP) is frequently disrupted by dynamic overactivity and shortening of the medial hamstring muscles. This disruption is

Proximal Hamstring and Adductor Lengthening

  Chapter 42 Proximal Hamstring and Adductor Lengthening   Freeman Miller and Kirk W. Dabney   DEFINITION Proximal hamstring lengthenings are primarily performed in the treatment of spastic hip subluxation, mainly in children prior to

Rectus Femoris Transfer

  Chapter 41   Rectus Femoris Transfer   Jon R. Davids   DEFINITION The gait pattern of children with cerebral palsy (CP) is frequently disrupted by dynamic overactivity of the rectus femoris muscle. This disruption is characterized

Adductor and Iliopsoas Release

  Chapter 40‌ Adductor and Iliopsoas Release   Tom F. Novacheck   DEFINITION Psoas and adductor contractures are most common in cerebral palsy but can occur in any neuromuscular condition owing to disuse, muscular imbalance, or

Hemi-Epiphysiodesis for Ankle Valgus

  Chapter 39 Hemi-Epiphysiodesis for Ankle Valgus   Peter M. Stevens   DEFINITION Ankle valgus is a lateral and upward slope of the tibiotalar joint resulting in foot pronation and sometimes lateral translocation of the talus relative to the

Multiple Percutaneous Osteotomies and Fassier-Duval Telescoping Nailing of Long Bones in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

    Chapter 37 Multiple Percutaneous Osteotomies and Fassier-Duval Telescoping Nailing of Long Bones in Osteogenesis Imperfecta   Paul W. Esposito   DEFINITION Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and syndromes with congenital brittle

Guided Growth to Correct Limb Deformity

  Chapter 35 Guided Growth to Correct Limb Deformity   Peter M. Stevens   DEFINITION Physiologic genu varum (before age 2) and genu valgum (before age 6) are ubiquitous in children. These deformities are self-correcting and need no intervention. At

Limb Lengthening Using the Ilizarov Method or a Monoplanar Fixator

  Chapter 34 Limb Lengthening Using the Ilizarov Method or a Monoplanar Fixator Roger F. Widmann, Purushottam A. Gholve, and Arkady Blyakher   DEFINITION Limb lengthening is a surgical procedure performed to lengthen a bone. In the Ilizarov method,

Proximal Femoral Varus Osteotomy Using a 90-Degree Blade Plate

  Chapter 27 Proximal Femoral Varus Osteotomy Using a 90-Degree Blade Plate Tom F. Novacheck   DEFINITION Proximal femoral varus osteotomy can be useful for many conditions: Coxa valga deformity Hip subluxation (nearly all

Proximal Femoral Rotational Osteotomy

  Chapter 26‌ Proximal Femoral Rotational Osteotomy   Unni G. Narayanan   DEFINITION Femoral anteversion is the angle in the transverse plane by which the neck of the femur is directed (forward) relative to the transcondylar or coronal

Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Loss of Motion

  Chapter 21 Arthroscopic Treatment of Elbow Loss of Motion   Matthew T. Provencher, Mark S. Cohen, and Anthony A. Romeo   DEFINITION Elbow stiffness can cause significant impairment in function of the upper extremity, especially in performance of

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE 010 PEDIATRIC

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE  010 PEDIATRIC  2010 Pediatric Orthopaedic Examination Answer Book • 7       Figure la Figure lb Question 1 A 5-year-old boy has had a limp for the past 4 weeks with intermittent pain at

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE 013 PEDIATRIC

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE 013 PEDIATRIC  2013 Pediatric Orthopaedic Self-Assessment Examination by Dr.Dhahirortho     1       Question 1-Figure 1 is the radiograph of a child who has pain in his

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE HAND 017

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE HAND017   HAND AND WRIST SELF-SCORED EXAMINATION AAOS 2016     Question 1 of

Orthopedic MCQS online Basic 018

Orthopedic MCQS online Basic 018   AAOS BASIC SCIENCE self Assessment 2018     Question 1 of 100 In the context of joint arthroplasty, the alpha-defensin immunoassay test is useful for the detection of aseptic loosening. metal

Orthopedics Mcqs Hand0019

  Hand and Wrist Scored and Recorded Self-Assessment Examination

HAND AND WRIST MCQS 019

HAND AND  WRIST MCQS 019 HAND AND WRIST SCORED AND RECORDED SELF-ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION 2019              Question 2 of 100 Figure 1 depicts an intraoperative photograph obtained following proximal row carpectomy. The

ORTHO MCQS PEDS 10

ORTHO MCQS PEDS 10   2010 Pediatric Orthopaedic Examination Answer Book • 7   Figure la Figure lb Question 1 A 5-year-old boy has had a limp for the past 4 weeks with intermittent pain at the foot. He remains normally active and has no

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS OB 20 SHOULDER AND ELBOW3

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS OB 20 SHOULDER AND ELBOW3 58) A 50-year-old male laborer has persistent pain in the right elbow and has been having difficulty with some activities of daily living over the last year. He has not seen any progress after 3 months of using the extension splint from his ulnar nerve

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS OB 20 SHOULDER AND ELBOW 2

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS OB 20 SHOULDER AND ELBOW 2 57) A 21-year old minor league pitcher returns to your office with persistent posteromedial pain in his throwing elbow that worsens after ball release and follow-through. His exam shows full range of motion and some tenderness to palpation over the

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK WITH ANSWER PEDS 01

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS BANK WITH ANSWER PEDS 01 1.          The inheritance of the deformity shown in Figure 1 is most commonly   1-        

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS WITH ANSWER PEDS 04

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS WITH ANSWER PEDS 04 1.         An 8-year-old boy sustains nondisplaced midshaft fractures of the tibia and fibula after being struck by a car while he was riding his bicycle.  No other injuries are noted, but the patient reports pain

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS WITH ANSWERS ONLINE FOOT AND ANKLE 06

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS WITH ANSWERS ONLINE FOOT AND ANKLE 06 1.      Figures 1a and 1b show the clinical photograph and oblique radiograph of a 52-year-old man who has plantar first metatarsal pain.  A felt pad in the shoe proximal to the area of pain has failed to provide

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE PEDIATRICS 07

ORTHOPEDIC MCQS ONLINE PEDIATRICS 07 1.      A pediatric orthopaedic surgeon refers a child to a neurologist.  The neurologist’s office requests the office records of the pediatric orthopaedic surgeon.  To maintain Health Insurance Portability and

online orthopedic mcqs

online orthopedic mcqs HAND AND WRIST 1- Figures 1 through 3 are the radiographs of a 40-year-old woman who sustained a minor injury to her left ring finger. Prior to this injury she was asymptomatic, but she now notes pain and swelling. What is the best course of

Structured oral examination question 4: Scoliosis

Structured oral examination question 4: Scoliosis EXAMINER : What can you see? (Figure 5.5.) CANDIDATE: This is an AP radiograph showing the spine, ribs and iliac crests. There is a left-sided, lumbar scoliosis. EXAMINER: What different types of scoliosis do you know? What type of

Structured oral examination question 4: Cavus foot

Structured oral examination question 4: Cavus foot EXAMINER: These are pictures of the left foot of a 20- year-old man. Describe them. (Figure 4.4.) CANDIDATE: These photographs show the anterior, medial and posterior views of a left foot with a cavus deformity. The hindfoot is in varus and

Hip structured oral questions

Chapter Hip structured oral questions 2   All viva questions outlined here are examples of actual questions asked in the FRCS (Tr & Orth) exam. Currently each viva question lasts 5 minutes and examiners are advised against switching to another topic earlier even if a candidate

Foot and Ankle Surgery

 Foot and Ankle Surgery  General Principles 1     Biomechanics  Take-Home Message •      The complex bony and ligamentous anatomy of the foot and ankle allows multiple foot

Basic Sciences

 Basic Sciences    Tissues 1     Bone  Take-Home Message •      Bone regeneration depends on an osteoinductive stimulus, osteoconduc-tive matrix, source of responding cells, and suffi cient

Hands and Paediatric Orthopaedics

viva Hands and Paediatric Orthopaedics    Hands and Paediatric Orthopaedics  Section 1 Hands Viva 1  What is the likely diagnosis?  What are the risk factors for this condition?  What are the two main

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1951.-2000.

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1951.-2000. 1951. (1091) Q5-1451: The timing of maximal progression of idiopathic scoliosis is most closely correlated with: 1) C hronological age 3) Peak height velocity 2) Skeletal age 5) Tanner stage 4) Risser sign The cause of

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1901.-1950.

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1901.-1950. 1901. (886) Q5-1154: Which of the following statements correctly represents the definitions of C hiari I and C hiari II malformations: 1) A C hiari I malformation is displacement of the brainstem through the foramen magnum; a C hiari II

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1851-1900.

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1851-1900. 1851. (813) Q5-1074: What percentage of the human genome represents the actual genes: 1) 80% 3) 50% 2) 66% 5) 5% 4) 20% The percentage of the genome that represents the sequence of our genes is approximately 5%. The rest of

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1751-1850..

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1751-1850.. 1801. (686) Q5-945: Which of the following statements is true regarding the growth plates around the ankle: 1) The distal fibula grows more than the distal tibia. 3) The anterolateral portion of the tibial physis ceases growing first. 2)

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1751-1800..

FREE Orthopedics MCQS 2022 1751-1800.. 1751. (585) Q5-821: A 15-year-old basketball player has mild scoliosis, pes planus, pectus carinatum, and long slender fingers. In order to help determine if he has Marfan syndrome and should be allowed to continue playing basketball, it is most

ORTHOPEDICS HYPERGUIDE 2022 MCQ1051-1100

ORTHOPEDICS HYPERGUIDE 2022 MCQ1051-1100   1051. (332) Q3-447: While he is working, an industrial worker sustains a puncture wound to the plantar aspect of his foot. He suspects the wound was caused by a sharp protruding nail that penetrated his sneaker. The most likely organism

Hip Dysplasia-Description-PATHOGENESIS

Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the Hip (DDH)-Description-PATHOGENESIS ■In all cases of DDH, the socket (acetabulum) is shallow, meaning that the ball of the thighbone (femur) cannot firmly fit into the socket.  ■Sometimes, the ligaments that help to hold the joint in place