Lower limb Trauma Structured oral examination question 4
Lower limb Trauma Structured oral examination question 4
A 33-year-old roofer fell from a height of 20-feet, when scaffolding collapsed under him, landing on his feet. (Figure 8.4.)
Figure 8.4 Radiograph left lateral foot.
Minute 1
EXAMINER: This is a radiograph of his foot. What are your thoughts?
CANDIDATE: This is a radiograph of left foot, lateral view. It shows a displaced intra-articular fracture of calcaneus with reduced calcaneal height. There is flattening or even reversal of Bohler’s angle and a fracture of the calcaneal tuberosity.
A fall from a 20-feet height is a serious injury, so initially
I would assess the patient as a whole following ATLS protocol (Airway and protect cervical spine, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure and environment control).
I will exclude potential associated injuries. These include compression fractures of the spine (10–15% of cases), fracture of proximal femur, fractures around the knee, ankle and other foot injuries, open fractures and neurovascular deficit.
Minute 2
EXAMINER: Assume that there are no other injuries, how would you manage this closed calcaneal fracture?
CANDIDATE: My management would start with initial management, followed by further investigation, planning and then definitive management.
Initial management includes analgesia, splinting, foot elevation and monitoring for compartment syndrome of foot and status of the soft tissue envelope as well as patient reassessment. The key is to manage the soft tissue envelope, which may require cryotherapy and use of foot pumps to reduce the swelling. CT scan would be arranged to plan definitive management. Patient’s factors including medical
Figure 8.5 CT scan axial view left foot demonstrating calcaneal fracture.
conditions such as diabetes and peripheral vascular disease as well as smoking and occupation.
EXAMINER: Okay, this is the CT scan you requested, what can you see and what would you do next? (Figure 8.5.)
CANDIDATE: This CT scan section in axial view shows shorting of the calcaneus, varus deformity with a comminuted displaced fracture. There is a large sustentacular fragment, depressed middle fragment and blow-out of lateral wall. It also shows considerable heel widening.
I would discuss management options with the patient including open reduction and internal fixation once the soft tissue envelope has settled and swelling gone down. I would base the decision on the fracture pattern, soft tissue status and patient factors. This fracture pattern would benefit from surgical intervention but the decision will depend on factors such as smoking, drinking pattern, occupation, systemic illnesses and expectations of the patient.
Minute 3
EXAMINER: Following discussion with the patient you have decided to proceed with internal fixation. How will you do it?
CANDIDATE: I would take informed consent from the patient.
General anaesthesia, prophylactic antibiotics, tourniquet, lateral decubitus position and fluoroscopy control. I would use an L-shaped lateral incision taking care to avoid any damage to the sural nerve. I would keep full thickness flap by taking the incision down to the bone, I would use K-wires bent over themselves to act as retractors, take off the lateral wall, manipulate the fracture fragments to restore length and height of calcaneum as well as correction of varus deformity and
reconstruct the articular surface and then reapply the lateral wall. I would use K-wire for temporary fixation and definitively fix using screws and a calcaneal plate. My preference is a low-profile lateral calcaneal plate, the size of which depends on the patient’s calcaneus and I would contour the plate prior to application. The key is to capture the sustantacular fragment under fluoroscopy. Postoperatively, the patient should mobilize non-weightbearing for 6 weeks and then a further 6 weeks of partial weightbearing.
EXAMINER: What prognosis will you give for this patient?
CANDIDATE: A calcaneal fracture is a significant injury with a high incidence of long-term pain and disability. Thordarson & Krieger and Buckley et al. reported a more favourable outcome associated with open reduction and internal fixation, compared to non- operative treatment.1,2 Similar findings were also reported by Potter & Nunley.3 Management of calcaneum fracture is an ongoing controversial issue and attracts a lot of debate.
In other vivas, candidates were asked about associated injuries, Sanders’ classification and dealing with complications.
1. Thordarson DB, Krieger LE. Operative vs. nonoperative treatment of intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus:
a prospective randomized trial. Foot Ankle Int 1996;
17(1):2–9.
2. Buckley R, Tough S, McCormack R et al. Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84-A:1733–1744.
3. Potter MQ, Nunley JA. Long-term functional outcomes after operative treatment for intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91-A:1854–1860.