Orthopaedic oncology Structured oral examination question 6: Osteosarcoma
Orthopaedic oncology Structured oral examination question 6: Osteosarcoma
EXAMINER: This young lad presented with a painful knee and a lump after a football injury. What do you think of the X-ray? (Figure 7.6.)
CANDIDATE: [When I was shown the X-ray I immediately thought that the diagnosis was an osteosarcoma and described the X-ray changes that supported my initial reaction.] There is an intramedullary sclerotic lesion with a wide zone of transition and there is extension through
the cortices and into the soft tissues. There is sunray spiculation but at this resolution I can’t see an obvious Codman’s triangle.
Figure 7.6 Osteosarcoma.
EXAMINER: What’s a Codman’s triangle?
CANDIDATE: [I knew what a Codman’s triangle was but I did not have a clear definition at my fingertips (a triangle of reactive bone at the edge of the tumour where the periosteum is elevated). I struggled for a few seconds but managed to explain that it is indicative of a periosteal reaction.]
EXAMINER: So what do you think the diagnosis is?
CANDIDATE: I think the diagnosis is an osteosarcoma.1 The imaging shows an osteogenic tumour in an adolescent male. It is also in a classical position in the metaphyseal region of the distal femur, where about 35% of these tumours occur.
EXAMINER: So how would you investigate it further?
CANDIDATE: I would take a history and examine the patient.
I would refer the child on to a bone tumour MDT immediately rather than delay the process by organizing more investigations locally.
EXAMINER: Okay, so you’re working for the bone tumour MDT, what further investigations would you request?
CANDIDATE: I would request investigations to further delineate the tumour itself and I would arrange tests to assess for metastatic disease.
An MRI scan is the best modality for investigating the tumour itself and will delineate the local extent of the tumour, its relationship to key neurovascular structures, and the presence or absence of skip lesions. A CT scan can also be helpful as these lesions are osteogenic and therefore show up well on CT. These investigations can also be used to plan a biopsy.To stage the tumour one might initially get a chest
X-ray but CT scan of the chest is mandatory to look for metastases and these are sadly found in about 30% at diagnosis. Other investigations you might use are blood tests, for example alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, which, if elevated, are associated with a poorer prognosis.
EXAMINER: Tell me about the general principles of treatment in cases like this.
CANDIDATE: Before commencing treatment, a confirmatory tissue diagnosis is made by biopsy and staging investigations are completed. Treatment for osteosarcoma then follows four distinct phases: neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, surgical excision and reconstruction, adjuvant chemotherapy and follow-up with clinical examination and imaging to look for recurrent disease or distant metastases.
EXAMINER: Why does the treatment start with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy? Why don’t we start by excising the tumour and then start chemotherapy?
CANDIDATE: There are three main reasons for beginning treatment with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy rather than primary surgery. Firstly to treat occult micrometastases, which
are likely to be present in a much greater proportion of patients than the 30% who present with radiologically detectable metastases at diagnosis; secondly to reduce the inflammation around the primary tumour, aiding later surgical resection; and finally to allow assessment of response to the neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, determine prognosis and direct adjuvant chemotherapy.
EXAMINER: You mentioned assessment of response to neo- adjuvant chemotherapy. Why is this important?
CANDIDATE: Response of the tumour to chemotherapy treatment is measured as a percentage necrosis on histology of the resected specimen. A greater than 90% necrosis is considered a good response and this carries a better prognosis than poor or non- responders. The reason for this is that if the tumour has a good response to chemotherapy then occult, but clinically undetectable, micrometastases are more likely to be eliminated by treatment, reducing the risk of them enduring and developing into detectable metastases, and ultimately fatal disease.
EXAMINER: Do you know of any novel treatments?
CANDIDATE: I have read about muramyl-tripeptide. It is not directly tumouricidal but works by stimulating the immune system, causing macrophages to exhibit cytotoxic anti-tumour activity. In a randomized trial, Meyers et al. showed that, when MTP was added to the standard chemotherapy regime of cisplatin, doxorubicin and methotrexate, 6-year overall survival improved from 70% to 78%.2 At the current time, NICE have not permitted its use for osteosarcoma, but this decision is under further discussion and appraisal.
1. Beckingsale TB, Gerrand CH. Osteosarcoma.
Orthopaed Trauma 2010;24(5):321–331.
2. Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo MD et al. Osteosarcoma: the addition of muramyl tripeptide to chemotherapy improves overall survival – a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:633–638.